[…] in 80-90% of individuals who present for treatment,7 and therefore this section describes the health state of an individual with bulimia nervosa, purging type. [acronymattic.com]

Case presentation We present as our main case a 20-year-old Japanese woman with anorexia nervosa who engaged in “tube vomiting.” [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Swelling

  People with bulimia may also experience symptoms such as tiredness, feeling bloated, constipation, abdominal pain, irregular periods, or occasional swelling of the hands and feet. [beateatingdisorders.org.uk]

  […] in the hands and feet Facial and cheek swelling from enlarged glands Causes The exact cause of bulimia is unknown. [mayoclinic.org]

  […] exercising Induced vomiting Misuse of diuretics or laxatives Disappearing as soon as she finished eating Lethargy and fatigue Feeling bloated Stomach pain Constipation Enlarged salivary glands Amenorrhea ( menstrual periods stop or become irregular) Swelling [healthmagaz.com]

  Although she claimed never to have performed self-induced vomiting, Russel’s sign and swelling of the parotid glands were observed. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Inflammation

  Physical problems include: swollen fingers, caused by overuse of laxatives gingivitis, or inflammation of the gums inflammation of the esophagus swelling of salivary glands, near the cheeks irregular menstruation Damage to the bowel muscles can lead to [medicalnewstoday.com]

  Chronic sore throat Kidney and liver damage Parotid gland enlargement Electrolyte imbalances Cathartic colon (caused from laxative abuse) Edema (swelling of hands and feet) Low blood pressure Chest pains Development of peptic ulcers and pancreatitis (inflammation [mirror-mirror.org]

  Inflammation of the esophagus is also typical. Bulimia may cause gastroparesis, a partial paralyzation of your stomach muscles. It is important to note that chronic health issues do not disappear once you are in recovery from bulimia. [bulimia.com]

  Chronically inflamed and sore throat Inflammation and possible rupture of the esophagus Potential for gastric rupture Decalcification of teeth, enamel loss, staining, severe tooth decay and gum disease as a result of repeated exposure to stomach acid [eatingdisorder.org]

  These may include: Inflammation of the throat from forced vomiting Tooth rot and harm from stomach acids. Imbalanced electrolytes Due to laxative and diuretic abuse, bowel problems develop. [reportshealthcare.com]

• Vomiting

  The baselines of both groups were comparable with regard to key features, including binge and vomiting frequency, and carbohydrate and lipid intake. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  […] uses other methods of compensation, such as fasting or excessive exercise, but does not regularly engage in self-induced vomiting or the use of laxatives, diuretics, or enemas. 7- Self-induced vomiting is the most common method to compensate for binge [acronymattic.com]

• Nausea

  Cardiovascular complications irregular heartbeat (arrhythmia) low pulse low blood pressure heart failure Gastrointestinal complications nausea and vomiting low blood sugar stomach pain and bloating constipation inflamed or damaged esophagus swollen jaws [psychcentral.com]

  […] non-draft ICD-10-CM) 2017 (effective 10/1/2016) : No change 2018 (effective 10/1/2017) : No change 2019 (effective 10/1/2018) : No change Code annotations containing back-references to F50.2 : Type 1 Excludes: R11, R63, F50.02 ICD-10-CM Diagnosis Code R11 Nausea [icd10data.com]

  Self-induced vomiting, misuse of laxatives, diuretics, and enemas Excessive exercising, fasting, or dieting Eating so much that it results in stomach pain Fluctuating weight – going up and down Gastrointestinal problems – diarrhea, gas, constipation, nausea [psycom.net]

  Gastric rupture, the most serious complication, is uncommon. 17 More often, patients describe nausea, abdominal pain and distention, prolonged digestion and weight gain. [aafp.org]

  When the patient is regurgitating previous swallowed food this might be partially digested and patient is not having nausea or involuntary retching. [clevelandclinicmeded.com]

• Eating Frequently

  […] vomiting Broken blood vessels in the eyes Electrolyte imbalances Weakening of tooth enamel due to repeated vomiting Enlarged glands in the neck or cheeks, resulting in a “chipmunk” cheeks Chronic gastric re-flux after eating Frequent use of the bathroom [amyboyers.com]

  Frequent self-induced vomiting can also lead to gastrointestinal dysmotility and to the development of additional symptoms and behaviors including spontaneous regurgitation, reflux and vomiting. [hopkinsmedicine.org]

  Frequently, but not always, people with eating disorders have been victims of sexual, physical or emotional abuse as children. [consumer.healthday.com]

  Expressing shame or guilt around eating. Frequently going to the bathroom during or immediately after meals. Increased irritability. Increased depression and suicidal ideation or self-harming behaviors. [eatingdisorderhope.com]

• Hematemesis

  ) hematemesis ( K92.0 ) neonatal hematemesis ( P54.0 ) newborn vomiting ( P92.0- ) psychogenic vomiting ( F50.89 ) vomiting associated with bulimia nervosa ( F50.2 ) vomiting following gastrointestinal surgery ( K91.0 ) ICD-10-CM Diagnosis Code R63 [icd10data.com]

  10% Refusal to eat Failure to respond to outpatient treatment Bulimia nervosa Syncope Serum potassium < 3.2 mmol/L Serum chloride < 88 mmol/L Esophageal tears Cardiac arrhythmias including prolonged QTc Hypothermia Suicide risk Intractable vomiting Hematemesis [aafp.org]

  […] in oral intake or weight despite maximally intensive outpatient interventions Prior knowledge of weight at which physical instability is likely to occur in the particular patient Serious physical abnormalities Electrolyte or metabolic abnormalities Hematemesis [clevelandclinicmeded.com]

• Recurrent Vomiting

  Moreover, the acid can aggravate or tear the esophagus, which can cause an individual to vomit blood. The circulatory system is affected in that recurrent vomiting, which can cause dehydration, weak muscles or fatigue. [therecoveryvillage.com]

  Recurrent inappropriate compensatory behaviors in order to prevent weight gain, such as self-induced vomiting; misuse oflaxatives, diuretics, or other medications; fasting; or excessive exercise. C. [aafp.org]

• Dental Caries

  caries Electrolyte abnormalities Gastrointestinal irritation, bleeding, or reflux Parotid abnormalities Secondary renal failure Based on information from references 35-38. [clevelandclinicmeded.com]

• Orthostatic Hypotension

  Consider admission for persistent and recurrent emesis alone (10 to 20 times a day), especially in the face of bradycardia or orthostatic hypotension. [acphospitalist.org]

  Bradycardia, orthostatic hypotension, and palpitations may progress to potentially fatal arrhythmias. Epigastric pain and a bloating sensation are common. Laxative abuse causes hemorrhoids and rectal prolapse. [aafp.org]

  hypotension and heart rate less than 40 beats per minute or greater than 110 beats per minute Inability to sustain body core temperature Comorbid psychiatric illness (suicidal, depressed, unable to care for self) Based on information from references [clevelandclinicmeded.com]

• Fear

  This can include restricting food, bingeing, vomiting or otherwise purging after eating, or other ritualistic behavior related to eating, usually for the purpose of losing weight or out of fear of gaining weight. [pediatrics.uams.edu]

  Anorexia nervosa (AN) is defined by the persistent restriction of energy intake, intense fear of gaining weight and disturbance in self-perceived weight or shape. [nedc.com.au]

  Anorexia Nervosa is characterised by low body weight and body image distortion with an obsessive fear of gaining weight which manifests itself through depriving the body of food. It often coincides with increased levels of exercise. [eatingdisorders.org.au]

  Diagnosis According to the current edition of the "Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders" (DSM-5), diagnostic criteria for anorexia includes: Intense fear of gaining weight: People with anorexia typically fear weight gain and dread becoming [verywellmind.com]

• Low Self-Esteem

  Low self-esteem: Women or men who think of themselves as useless, worthless, and unattractive are at risk for bulimia. Things that can contribute to low self-esteem include depression, perfectionism, childhood abuse, and a critical home environment. [soulutionscounselling.com]

  Often times individuals will have emotional trauma, low self esteem, mental health disorders, a history of self-harm or substance abuse disorders that are driving them to engage in self-induced purging. [centerfordiscovery.com]

  Left unchecked, it can to lead to metabolic disorders, low self-esteem, depression, or even death. It is therefore, important to seek treatment for this complex and dangerous form of bulimia, and the emotional issues that accompany it. [eatingdisorders.com]

  They may also be preoccupied with and secretive around food, and feel self-conscious about eating around others. Low self-esteem, irritability and mood swings, and feelings of guilt, shame, and anxiety, especially after a binge, are also common. [beateatingdisorders.org.uk]

  Psychotherapy : Some forms of treatment are psychotherapy, which uses counseling to uncover the reason for bulimia and to help boost self-esteem. [belmarrahealth.com]

• Preoccupation with Food

  Their preoccupation with food and weight may become an obsession that severely impacts what and how they eat. They will create extreme rules and restrictions about their diets, and some people with anorexia may binge eat and then purge. [healthdirect.gov.au]

  Warning Signs of Anorexia Nervosa Preoccupation with body shape, weight and/or appearance Intense fear of gaining weight Preoccupation with food or food related activities Negative or distorted body image; perceiving self to be fat when at a healthy weight [eatingdisorders.org.au]

  Anorexia nervosa and bulimia are psychiatric illnesses that center on food and its consumption and are usually characterized by: Excessive preoccupation with food and dissatisfaction with one’s body shape or weight A compulsion to engage in extreme eating [hopkinsmedicine.org]

  An eating disorder is an unhealthy preoccupation with food, weight, or appearance that interferes with everyday life. [eatingdisorderfoundation.org]

• Mood Swings

  Has mood swings. May buy large amounts of food that suddenly disappear. Has unusual swelling around the jaw. Has chronic sore throat. Frequently eats large amounts of food on the spur of the moment. [ohioline.osu.edu]

  Low self-esteem, irritability and mood swings, and feelings of guilt, shame, and anxiety, especially after a binge, are also common. [beateatingdisorders.org.uk]

  […] related activities Negative or distorted body image; perceiving self to be fat when at a healthy weight/underweight Low self-esteem (guilt, self-criticism, worthlessness) Rigid thinking (‘black and white’, ‘good and bad’ foods) Feeling out of control Mood [eatingdisorders.org.au]

  […] purge) Vomiting/purging Laxative, diet pill or diuretic abuse Weight fluctuations (usually with 10-15 lb range) Swollen glands Broken blood vessels Harsh exercise regimes if the sufferer uses exercise to purge Fasting or avoiding eating after a purge Mood [mirror-mirror.org]

• Obsessive Thoughts

  […] with food and need for control • ‘Black and white’ thinking - rigid thoughts about food being ‘good’ or ‘bad It is never advised to ‘watch and wait’. [nedc.com.au]

  Others may find that they need the extra boost that medication provides in order to reduce obsessive thoughts, compulsive behaviors, rigid beliefs, or other symptoms that make it extra challenging to utilize new, healthier coping strategies. [amyboyers.com]

• Seizure

  In addition to anorexia, a number of disorders may mimic bulimia, including: borderline personality disorder brain tumors depression epileptic seizures Klein-Levin syndrome (a rare condition more common in men that causes excessive eating) Kluver-Bucy [psychiatric-disorders.com]

  […] hypothermia anemia menstrual irregularities (missing or irregular periods) insulin resistance (which can lead to type 2 diabetes) bone loss (osteopenia or osteoporosis) high cholesterol reduced resting metabolic rate kidney failure Neurological complications seizures [psychcentral.com]

  Paresthesias, tetany, seizures or cardiac arrhythmias are potential metabolic complications that require acute care. 17 Chemistry profiles should be obtained regularly in patients who continue to vomit or abuse purgatives on a regular basis. [aafp.org]

  Malnutrition (can lead to loss of muscle and bone density [osteoporosis] resulting in dry, brittle bones) Severe dehydration, which can result in kidney failure and chemical imbalances (can lead to seizures, irregular heartbeats and possibly heart failure [disabled-world.com]

• Stroke

  This can lead to serious health problems like stroke or coma or can even lead to death. Continued Russell’s sign. Regularly using your fingers to make yourself throw up can make the back of your finger joints discolored or callused. [webmd.com]

  This can cause a stroke or heart attack. Binge eating disorder is the most prevalent form of eating disorder and one of the most common chronic illnesses among adolescents (12). [healthline.com]

  […] osteoporosis) high cholesterol reduced resting metabolic rate kidney failure Neurological complications seizures difficulty falling or staying asleep problems concentrating numbness or tingling in the hands, feet, or other extremities muscle cramps sleep apnea stroke [psychcentral.com]

  […] problems Worn tooth enamel, and increasingly sensitive and decaying teeth as a result of exposure to stomach acid Electrolyte imbalance, too low or too high levels of sodium, calcium, potassium, and other minerals that can lead to a heart attack or stroke [disabled-world.com]

• Perseveration

  […] deficiency, dependence on enteral feeding or oral supplements, and/or marked interference with psychosocial functioning Lack of disturbed perception and experience of one’s own body weight or shape Behavior described as restrictive, selective, choosy, or perseverant [freedeatingdisorders.org]

• Hyperactivity

  Attention deficit hyperactivity symptoms and disorder in eating disorder inpatients. Int J Eat Disord. 2009. 42:375-378. Wonderlich SA, Rosenfeldt S, Crosby RD, et al. [emedicine.medscape.com]

Psychoeducational principles in treatment. In: Garner D.M., Garfinkel P.E. (Eds.) Handbook of treatment for Eating Disorders. New York, Guilford, 1997, pp. 145–174. Google Scholar 6. [link.springer.com]

With its emphasis on treatment strategies, this text can be used by practitioners as well as by professors in the classroom in introductory courses in addictions or in subsequent courses that focus on treatment strategies. [books.google.com]

Disorders Diabulimia Treatment Programs Inpatient Eating Disorder Treatment Residential Eating Disorder Treatment Partial Hospitalization Eating Disorder Treatment Intensive Outpatient Eating Disorder Treatment Virtual PHP and IOP Programs Adult LGBTQ [waldeneatingdisorders.com]

For severe cases, inpatient treatment is needed to effectively address the behaviors associated with bulimia. What Happens in Bulimia Inpatient Treatment? The most important part of inpatient treatment is getting you medically stable. [bulimia.com]

Personality variables ( i.e., perfectionism) may influence or be a consequence of anorexia nervosa. 109 Prognosis is improved with early detection and intervention. [www150.statcan.gc.ca]

Both are illnesses of the lung with cough and fever, but each will have a slightly different natural history, treatment, and, sometimes, prognosis. [kartiniclinic.com]

Prognosis: 1. The expected course of a disease. 2. The patient's chance of recovery. The prognosis predicts the outcome of a disease and therefore the future for the patient. His prognosis is grim, for example, while hers is good. [psychologistanywhereanytime.com]

[…] changes in nerve & muscle function � Low blood pressure � Slow heart rate � Kidney & gastrointestinal problems � Bone mass declines � Skin dry & nails brittle � Hair loss � Death from life-threatening illness or suicide Eating Disorders - Anorexia Nervosa Prognosis [www2.hawaii.edu]

Prognosis The outcome for individuals with eating disorders can be described by the rule of thirds. One-third of individuals improve, do well, and lead normal lives. [acphospitalist.org]

Often accompanied by: depressed mood, anxiety, substance abuse (esp. stimulants), suicide, illegal behavior (esp. stealing) � Physical consequences of purging i.e. electrolytes, irritation of stomach and intestines, loss of dental enamel, amenorrhea Etiology [www2.hawaii.edu]

Etiology of Binge Eating: Biological mechanisms. In: Fairburn C.G., Wilson G.T. (Eds.) Binge Eating. Nature, Assessment and Treatment. New York, Guilford, 1993, pp. 206–224. [link.springer.com]

Frequent vomiting has been reported to cause swelling of the salivary glands in approximately 8 percent of patients with bulimia nervosa. 20 The exact etiology is unknown. [aafp.org]

"Epidemiological studies on adverse dieting behaviours and eating disorders among young people in Hungary". Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology. 39 (8): 647–54. doi:10.1007/s00127-004-0783-z. PMID 15300375. [en.wikipedia.org]

In disease epidemiology, the incidence is the number of newly diagnosed cases during a specific time period. The incidence is distinct from the prevalence which refers to the number of cases alive on a certain date. [psychologistanywhereanytime.com]

Smink FR, van Hoeken D, Hoek HW. epidemiology of eating disorders: incidence, prevalence and mortality rates. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2012; 14:406–414. Carter JC, Mercer-Lynn KB, Norwood SJ, et al. [clevelandclinicmeded.com]

The inclusion of BED as a formal diagnosis in DSM-5, along with reference to its epidemiology in the accompanying text, will, it is hoped, go some way to redressing this problem. [jeatdisord.biomedcentral.com]

Child sexual abuse and later disordered eating: a New Zealand epidemiological study. Int J Eat Disord, Vol. 29(4):380-92. Raffi AR, et al. Life events and prodromal symptoms in bulimia nervosa. Psychol Med, vol. 30(3):727-31. Webster JJ, et al. [consumer.healthday.com]

The “pathophysiologic model” suggests that brain chemistry causes the disorder. [bulimiaguide.org]

The research in this field is continuously evolving, as is the current knowledge of pathophysiology, clinical recognition and inpatient management of NI and eating disorders. [acphospitalist.org]

Back to Top Pathophysiology and Natural History Biologic and psychosocial factors are implicated in the pathophysiology of eating disorders, but the underlying causes and mechanisms remain unknown. 7,18,19 Biologic Factors First–degree female relatives [clevelandclinicmeded.com]

“Eating disorders: clinical features and pathophysiology”. Physiol. Behav. 81 (2): 359–74.doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2004.02.009. PMID 15159176 6. Douglas Harper (November 2001). “Online Etymology Dictionary: bulimia“.Online Etymology Dictionary. [mirror-mirror.org]

He or she may be in a good position to identify early indicators of an eating disorder and help prevent its development. [mayoclinic.org]

Laxative and enema abuse Laxatives are medications used to treat or prevent constipation and are often inappropriately used to rid the body of calories of food. [centerfordiscovery.com]

Nonpurging bulimics use other compensatory behaviors including fasting and excessive exercise to prevent weight gain. The causes of bulimia nervosa are unclear. [ohioline.osu.edu]

Prevention of bulimia Preventive measures to reduce the incidence of bulimia are not known at this time. [stanfordchildrens.org]