View videos of surgical procedures and access the complete contents of Retina, 5th Edition online at www.expertconsult.com, fully searchable, with regular updates and a downloadable image gallery. [books.google.com]

Retinal Perforations, Breaks Surgical Procedures and Postoperative Cases Toxic Retinopathies; see also Light Toxicitiy Trauma (Injury) Tumors, Neoplasma Vascular Diseases (see also: Systemic Immunologic Diseases) Sclera Strabismus, Ocular Motility Disorders [atlasophthalmology.net]

Watzke RC, Folk JC, Lang RM (1982) Pattern dystrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium. Ophthalmology 89: 1400–1406 Google Scholar 28. [link.springer.com]

1 Mutations in CTNNA1 cause butterfly-shaped pigment dystrophy and perturbed retinal pigment epithelium integrity. ( 26691986 ) 2016 2 Butterfly-shaped pattern dystrophy in myotonic dystrophy. ( 22892517 ) Makino S....Tampo H. 2012 3 Genetic heterogeneity [malacards.org]

Mutations in CTNNA1 cause butterfly-shaped pigment dystrophy and perturbed retinal pigment epithelium integrity. Nat Genet. 2016 Feb;48(2):144-51. [disorders.eyes.arizona.edu]

Subsequently the putative involvement of the ROM-1 gene, 4 genes expressed in cone photoreceptors, all known non-syndromic macular, retinal pigment epithelium and choroidal dystrophy loci, all known Leber congenital amaurosis loci and all known non-syndromic [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Among CTNNA1’s roles is building and maintaining the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). [jax.org]

This 44-year-old patient showed a distinctive bilateral pigmentary lesion of the macula which led to the tentative diagnosis, butterfly-shaped pigment dystrophy of the fovea. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Macular Dystrophy, Patterned 1 Clinical Characteristics Ocular Features: Patterned dystrophies of the macula are clinically heterogeneous. It is common for different patterns to be seen among multiple members of a single family. [disorders.eyes.arizona.edu]

[…] angiogram, angiogram good, concept pigment, pigmentation degeneration, deterioration area, math-related concept, spatial butterfly, neoptera, endopterygota, lepidoptera pattern, properties color, properties patient, medicine condition dark, quality macula [medicalimages.com]

The disease is characterized by accumulation of pigmented material in the macula that can resemble the wings of a butterfly3. [arcillaresearch.com]

Morphological studies in tvrm5 mice demonstrated increased cell shedding and the presence of large multinucleated RPE cells, suggesting defects in intercellular adhesion and cytokinesis. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Several mutations in separate genes have been linked to these disorders suggesting that this group is genetically as well as clinically heterogeneous. [disorders.eyes.arizona.edu]

The findings suggest a role for CTNNA1 in macular degenerative diseases. CTNNA1 encodes the protein CTNNA1, an alpha-catenin, which is part of the cellular machinery that glues cells to one another. [jax.org]

The mutation segregates with the disease phenotype (Z max 4, Θ 0) strongly suggesting that it causes the macular disease in this family. [nature.com]

However, this is a generalized retinal disorder as revealed by the abnormal mass response (decreased light/dark ratio) of the electrooculogram (EOG). [disorders.eyes.arizona.edu]