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CADASIL Syndrome
Presentation
- This can positively diagnose CADASIL, though a negative result on this test does not necessarily mean that the disease is not present.[web.archive.org]
- Family history suggesting an autosomal dominant inheritance is usual but not essential Not everyone presents with all features but the following gives an indication of presentation and chance of occurence, although the figures are based on different[patient.info]
- Clinical Presentation: Clinical presentation may vary.[ajnr.org]
- […] two patients with molecularly confirmed CADASIL presenting with a parkinsonian syndrome.[jnnp.bmj.com]
- The variable clinical presentation should lead physicians to actively pursue the diagnosis in many settings and to more thoroughly investigate family history in first degree relatives. A rational approach to genetic testing is however needed.[ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
Entire Body System
Fatigue
- We ask about general symptoms (anxious mood, depressed mood, fatigue, pain, and stress) regardless of condition. Last updated: January 31, 2019[patientslikeme.com]
- […] mini-strokes); This a progressively debilitating disease; The progress, severity and specific symptoms are variable from person to person and can include migraines, headaches, small strokes, strokes, gait problems, mood disorder, anxiety, depression, apathy, fatigue[rarediseaseday.org]
Gastrointestinal
Vomiting
- The other individual (PN 3) had visual, sensory, and aphasic aura followed by unilateral headache, photophobia, phonophobia, and vomiting, with attacks clustering in the first 3 years of adolescence.[jamanetwork.com]
- Common accompanying features were seizures (n 10), fever (n 4), hallucinations (n 13), nausea and/or vomiting (n 9) and meningism (n 2) ( Table 3 ).[journals.plos.org]
- There was vomiting, pyrexia, confusion and formed, dream-like visual hallucinations. The illness was also associated with odd food preferences (Ruskin, 1909a ). He had to stay in bed for 3 weeks.[doi.org]
Nausea
- Some of the symptoms can be somewhat pedestrian like numbness or tingling and dizziness or nausea to more serious warnings like severe migraine headaches and even strokes.[theexaminernews.com]
- Common accompanying features were seizures (n 10), fever (n 4), hallucinations (n 13), nausea and/or vomiting (n 9) and meningism (n 2) ( Table 3 ).[journals.plos.org]
Eyes
Hypertensive Retinopathy
- Ruchoux MM, Droy-Lefaix MT, Bakri F, Ruchoux P, Lhuintre Y (1990) Cicletanine and hypertensive retinopathy. Ophthalmic Res 22: 318–329 Google Scholar 37.[doi.org]
Neurologic
Dysarthria
- Her mother had a similar progressive illness of three years duration with difficulty in walking, dysarthria, cognitive impairment, and incontinence with white matter changes in brain MRI.[neurologyindia.com]
- […] mechanism.(1) It is noteworthy that risk factors such as hypertension and diabetes mellitus are not common.(1) The age of onset is usually in the 40’s, with most patients presenting with a typical lacunar syndrome (pure motor and/or sensory stroke, dysarthria[eso-stroke.org]
- His family history disclosed that his brother had a similar episode of dysarthria.[thejournalofheadacheandpain.springeropen.com]
- . · Ischemic events are commonly subcortical and sometimes manifest as lacunar syndromes such as pure motor, pure sensory strokes or ataxic hemiparesis , sensory-motor deficit, dysarthria–clumsy hand syndrome (difficulty in speech articulation associated[medium.com]
- Neurological examination findings revealed dysarthria and severe brachiofacial spastic hemiparesis with slight hemihypesthesia on the left side. Extensor plantar response was present on both sides. Perioral reflexes were brisk.[jamanetwork.com]
Aphasia
- Homonymous Hemianopia (Visual loss in lateral half of both eyes) Kaleidoscopic vision (flashing shapes, patterns, floating specks of light) Sensory Aura: Involving face and arm Motor Aura: Involving arm Aphasic aura Speech Disturbances with expressive aphasia[medium.com]
- Severe aphasia, apraxia or agnosia are rare in CADASIL. Psychiatric disorders, mainly mood disturbances, appear in 20% of patients, in general as severe depressive episodes.[jneuro.com]
Gait Apraxia
- However, gait can occasionally be affected without a stroke in a syndrome called gait apraxia. This is where disruption of connections within the white matter in the brain alters the ability to coordinate one’s walking.[cambridgestroke.com]
Workup
Serum
Hypercapnia
- Vasoreactivity was assessed by hypercapnia and intravenous application of l-Arginine, which is the substrate for eNOS.[ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
Treatment
- Treatment was started with 40 mg, followed by a dosage increase to 80 mg after 4 weeks. Transcranial Doppler sonography measuring mean flow velocity (MFV) in the middle cerebral artery was performed at baseline and the end of the treatment period.[ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
- Management and treatment There is no cure for CADASIL. Antiplatelet therapy is often used but it has not yet been proven as an effective treatment.[orpha.net]
- “However, we found a significant treatment effect on several measures of executive function,” he said.[doi.org]
- There is so far no specific treatment and death occurs after a mean of twenty years.[ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
- Because hyperbaric oxygen treatments have not been approved for brain tissue healing, insurance will not pay for this treatment.[hbot.com]
Prognosis
- Prognosis The prognosis is poor with most patients eventually becoming bed-ridden and dement and requiring constant nursing care. The median age at death is 68 years. Expert reviewer(s): Dr S.A.J. [Saskia] LESNIK OBERSTEIN - Dr G.M.[orpha.net]
- The phenotypic variability in families carrying the same molecular defect as presented here makes the prediction of prognosis inconceivable.[ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
- Prognosis Prognosis is progressive and the earliest forms of CADASIL are the most severe. Prolonged periods of stability or even transient mild improvements lasting years are common.[cadasil.weebly.com]
- Talk to your doctor and entire medical team about the diagnosis of CADASIL and individual prognosis. Dichgans M. Cerebral Autosomal Dominant Arteriopathy with Subcortical Infarcts and Leukoencephalopathy. UpToDate Inc. website.[thinkgenetic.com]
- Prognosis Symptoms usually progress slowly. By age 65, the majority of persons with CADASIL have cognitive problems and dementia. Some will become dependent due to multiple strokes.[brainfacts.org]
Etiology
- Insights gained from the study of CADASIL should help us better understand its etiology, as well as the options for treatment of the more common forms of microvascular disease seen in the elderly.[ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
- The original reference is provided for historical interest, and review articles are included to show recent advances in etiology and treatment.[books.google.de]
- Etiology CADASIL is caused by mutations in the NOTCH3 gene ( 95% of cases), located to 19p13.2-p13.1, which encodes transmembrane receptor NOTCH3, mainly expressed in vascular smooth muscle cells.[orpha.net]
- They are organised into groups, and further divided into clinical, etiological or histopathological sub-types.[orpha.net]
- This case highlights the evolving process of affective disorder diagnosis and underlying organic etiologies.[dovepress.com]
Epidemiology
- Summary Epidemiology In Europe, the prevalence of CADASIL has been estimated to range between 1/50 000- 1/25 000.[orpha.net]
- Synonyms: C erebral A utosomal D ominant A rteriopathy with S ubcortical I nfarcts and L eucoencephalopathy (CADASIL), familial vascular leukoencephalopathy Epidemiology This is a rare familial form of multi-infarct dementia and other neurological problems[patient.info]
- Epidemiology • Unknown prevalence – 400 families world-wide – 2/100,000 – Largely undiagnosed • Gender effect – women less severely impaired cf. to men after adjusting for age and education after 50 years of age • Presents in mid-20s to age 45 • Shortened[slideshare.net]
- Carrier prevalence was found to be 4.14/100000[3].An epidemiological study in Northeast England found a similar prevalence of 1.32/100000 for the disease [4].[medium.com]
Sex distribution
Age distribution
Pathophysiology
- Mutations described here cause an odd number of cysteines in the N-terminal of the EGF domain of Notch3 protein, which seems to have an important functional effect in the pathophysiology of CADASIL.[ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
- . * A comprehensive source that thoroughly examines the neurological manifestations of stroke * A guide to highly studied topics, including stroke complications, syndromes, and stroke related psychiatric disorders * A better understanding of the pathophysiological[books.google.de]
- The pathophysiology of CADASIL is poorly understood, and there is no proven effective therapy. Patients require genetic counseling and close follow-up.[pediatrics.aappublications.org]
- Ongoing research intends to find out the exact pathophysiology of the disease using animal models so that specific therapeutics can be developed.[medium.com]
Prevention
- By that time, the two main clinical trials on aspirin in primary stroke prevention—the US and British studies, published in the late 1980s—recruited only male participants.[cadasilfoundation.org]
- Migraine should be treated both symptomatically and prophylactically (with preventative methods), depending on the frequency of symptoms.[checkorphan.org]
- Treatment is usually focused on the prevention of complications. For example, anti-platelet agents such as aspirin, are given to prevent occurrence of stroke.[brighthub.com]
- […] manifestations of stroke * A guide to highly studied topics, including stroke complications, syndromes, and stroke related psychiatric disorders * A better understanding of the pathophysiological basis of strokes that will help practitioners better diagnose, prevent[books.google.de]
- Asprin is used in patients who have other risk factors for stroke such as diabetes and heart disease as a prophylactic (preventative) medication.[ulf.org]