Campylobacter jejuni is known for its rather important role in the pathogenesis of gastrointestinal infections. It is described as one of the main causes of acute gastroenteritis in all parts of the world [1] [2] [3] [4] [5]. In the United States and the Western world, the infection is more commonly encountered in adults, whereas children under 2 years of age are the main patient population in the developing world [1] [4]. In order for Campylobacter jejuni infection to occur, humans must ingest this microorganism from contaminated animal products, such as undercooked or raw meat (poultry, beef) and dairy products (unprocessed milk) [1] [2] [5] [6]. However, consumption of contaminated water, poor hygiene, and sanitation are responsible for the high rate of infection in the African, Asian and Middle-Eastern subcontinents [3] [4]. The clinical presentation of Campylobacter jejuni infection starts approximately 2-3 days after ingestion of bacteria and comprises of non-specific signs such as the acute onset of watery (or sometimes bloody) diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and high-grade fever (>40°C) [1] [3]. Up to 10 or more stools can be expected in typical cases, and the duration of symptoms is usually one week [1] [3], but a prolonged course of the disease with several-week-long complaints is reported in a subset of patients [1]. An array of complications has been described due to Campylobacter jejuni infection, including local spread (cholecystitis, peritonitis, pancreatitis), dissemination of infection into other tissues (meningitis, relapsing septic arthritis, osteomyelitis), or even sepsis [1] [3] [4]. The development of Guillain-Barré syndrome, however, an autoimmune disease of the peripheral nervous system in which weakness and acute flaccid paralysis are seen after C. jejuni infection, is perhaps the most common adverse event [1] [2] [7].

• Weakness

  Neuromuscular Clinic, Leicester General Hospital, University Hospitals of Leicester, Leicester LE5 4PW, United Kingdom. [email protected] Abstract We report the case of a patient with Parkinson's disease who developed rapidly progressive weakness [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  The development of Guillain-Barré syndrome, however, an autoimmune disease of the peripheral nervous system in which weakness and acute flaccid paralysis are seen after C. jejuni infection, is perhaps the most common adverse event. [symptoma.com]

• Fatigue

  One of the most common symptoms associated with Candida is fatigue. While there’s no evidence that Candida causes fatigue, there are a couple of ways in which it could contribute to it. [healthline.com]

  Chronic Fatigue If you have fatigue or exhaustion that you simply cannot shake, regardless of the number of hours you sleep, you may have chronic fatigue syndrome. [draxe.com]

  Besides diarrhoea (98%), the main symptoms included abdominal pain (87%), fatigue (81%), fever (78%), malaise (70%) and headache (51%). Arthralgia was observed in 19% and arthritis in 2% of patients. [link.springer.com]

  Digestive issues, mood swings, brain fog, headaches, skin problems, immunity issues, fatigue, exhaustion, weight gain: these symptoms are all linked to a common cause – Candida. [bodygenius.com.au]

  Some complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) practitioners blame common symptoms such as fatigue, headache and poor memory on overgrowth of the fungus-like organism Candida albicans in the intestines, sometimes called "yeast syndrome." [mayoclinic.org]

• Swelling

  Candida arthritis is associated with pain, stiffness and swelling in your joints. Hips and knees tend to be the most commonly infected. [healthline.com]

  A steroid cream may also be given to help ease any itching or swelling. The skin should also be kept dry while recovering. In cases where the infection is widespread, oral fluconazole pills may be prescribed. [medicalnewstoday.com]

  The symptoms include: Extreme itchiness in the vagina Redness and swelling of the vagina and vulva (the outer part of the female genitals) Pain and burning when you pee Discomfort during sex A thick, white “cottage cheese” discharge from the vagina A [webmd.com]

  Three days later, she developed rapid neck swelling due to bleeding when her INR was above the superior measurable range, the aPTT >5 and thrombin time >180, and emergency re-intubation was required. [omicsonline.org]

• Malaise

  Abstract Campylobacter jejuni infection frequently presents as acute enteritis with diarrhoea, malaise, fever and abdominal pain. Vomiting and bloody diarrhoea are reported less frequently. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Besides diarrhoea (98%), the main symptoms included abdominal pain (87%), fatigue (81%), fever (78%), malaise (70%) and headache (51%). Arthralgia was observed in 19% and arthritis in 2% of patients. [link.springer.com]

  At first, you may have a 12- to 48-hour period of fever, headache, muscle aches, and malaise (a general feeling of sickness). These early symptoms are followed by crampy abdominal pain and diarrhea, sometimes with nausea and vomiting. [drugs.com]

  18/11/2005 Accepted: 30/01/2006 Cover date: 01/06/2006 Abstract Fulltext Figs (0) References (36) Cited By (17) Supplementary Material (0) Metrics Related Content Campylobacter jejuni infection frequently presents as acute enteritis with diarrhoea, malaise [jmm.microbiologyresearch.org]

  After an incubation period (usually of 2–4 days), the patient develops diarrhea, fever, malaise, and often abdominal cramps and pain. [dx.doi.org]

• Veterinarian

  Work with your veterinarian to keep your animal healthy to prevent disease. More information about how to prevent illness when handling puppies and dogs is available for pet owners . [cdc.gov]

• Abdominal Pain

  Abstract Campylobacter jejuni infection frequently presents as acute enteritis with diarrhoea, malaise, fever and abdominal pain. Vomiting and bloody diarrhoea are reported less frequently. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Hoyme Medicine Der Gynäkologe 2016 The diagnosis of septic abortion must be considered when any woman of reproductive age presents with symptoms of fever, chills, abdominal pain, vaginal bleeding, often with the passage of placental tissue, and uterine [semanticscholar.org]

  You have severe abdominal pain. [nlm.nih.gov]

  Diarrhea accompanied by cramping, abdominal pain, and fever are the main symptoms. A number of complications may be seen with Campylobacter jejuni infection, one of them being Guillain-Barré syndrome. [symptoma.com]

• Nausea

  You have diarrhea and are unable to drink fluids due to nausea or vomiting. You have a fever above 101°F (38.3°C), and diarrhea. [nlm.nih.gov]

  Jejuni infection in humans include acute, watery or bloody diarrhoea, stomach pain, fever, nausea and headaches. After a few weeks, the infection can even lead to serious auto-immune diseases, such as Guillain-Barré syndrome. [uu.nl]

  Symptoms usually appear within 2 to 5 days after eating the contaminated food and include fever, stomach cramps, muscle pain, diarrhea, nausea and vomiting. Infection from C. jejuni may be treated with certain antibiotics. [babymed.com]

  The trickle soon grew to dozens, then hundreds, and ultimately thousands of residents suffering from debilitating cramps, headaches and nausea. [waterandhealth.org]

• Acute Diarrhea

  Diagnosis and prevalence of enteropathogenic bacteria in children less than 5 years of age with acute diarrhea in Tehran children's hospitals. J Infect. 2009 Jan. 58(1):21-7. [Medline]. Wang SC, Chang LY, Hsueh PR, et al. [emedicine.medscape.com]

  In Sweden, Campylobacter species is the most common pathogen reported in patients with acute diarrhea [ 1 ]. After an incubation period (usually of 2–4 days), the patient develops diarrhea, fever, malaise, and often abdominal cramps and pain. [dx.doi.org]

  A number of studies have shown that probiotics like L. acidophilus may help prevent and reduce diarrhea that's associated with various diseases (13). Evidence on the ability of L. acidophilus to treat acute diarrhea in children is mixed. [healthline.com]

• Arthralgia

  At the clinical examination, 6 ReA patients had subsiding signs of synovitis, 2 had only arthralgia, and one was symptom-free. CONCLUSION: The frequency of ReA following an outbreak of C. jejuni was low: 2.6% (9 of 350). [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Arthralgia was observed in 19% and arthritis in 2% of patients. The mean duration of diarrhoea was 10.8 days, of fever 2.8 days. [link.springer.com]

• Anuria

  […] candiduria - Most catheterized patients with persistent candiduria are asymptomatic Ascending pyelonephritis - Flank pain, abdominal cramps, nausea, vomiting, fever, chills and hematuria Fungal balls - Intermittent urinary tract obstruction with subsequent anuria [emedicine.medscape.com]

• Guillain-Barré Syndrome

  Abstract Guillain-Barré syndrome has been considered to be primarily an acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (AIDP). Our experience with Guillain-Barré syndrome in northern China differs from the traditional concept. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Electrophysiologic Diagnoses of Patients with Guillain–Barré Syndrome Table 4. Table 4. Electrophysiologic Diagnoses of Patients with Guillain–Barré Syndrome. [nejm.org]

• Headache

  The outbreak was recognized when blood cultures obtained from 11 previously healthy persons with acute febrile illnesses (characterized in over 80% by fever, diarrhea, and headaches) were positive for C. jejuni. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  […] dizziness, nausea, headaches, dry mouth, tiredness, and oliguria (infrequent urination) a constant feeling that you need to pass stool vomiting, which is rare Diarrhea can make you dehydrated. [healthline.com]

  Jejuni infection in humans include acute, watery or bloody diarrhoea, stomach pain, fever, nausea and headaches. After a few weeks, the infection can even lead to serious auto-immune diseases, such as Guillain-Barré syndrome. [uu.nl]

  Some complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) practitioners blame common symptoms such as fatigue, headache and poor memory on overgrowth of the fungus-like organism Candida albicans in the intestines, sometimes called "yeast syndrome." [mayoclinic.org]

  The trickle soon grew to dozens, then hundreds, and ultimately thousands of residents suffering from debilitating cramps, headaches and nausea. [waterandhealth.org]

• Dizziness

  You have signs of dehydration (thirst, dizziness, lightheadedness) You have recently traveled to a foreign country and developed diarrhea. Your diarrhea does not get better in 5 days, or it gets worse. You have severe abdominal pain. [nlm.nih.gov]

  […] symptoms do occur, they typically include: diarrhea and sometimes bloody feces abdominal pain abdominal cramping fever, headaches, and muscle pain, which are usually experienced during the first 24 hours of infection dehydration, which may also cause dizziness [healthline.com]

  Symptoms that show the candida cleanse and the candida diet are working include: Impaired brain function Headache Fatigue Dizziness Intestinal distress including bloating, gas, constipation and nausea Sweating and fever Sinus infection Skin breakouts [draxe.com]

• Areflexia

  An unusual variant of acute idiopathic polyneuritis (syndrome of ophthalmoplegia, ataxia and areflexia). N Engl J Med 1956 ;255: 57 - 65 9. Gregson NA, Koblar S, Hughes RAC. [nejm.org]

  2011/59/5/717/86547 » Introduction The Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is a frequent cause of acute flaccid paralysis worldwide and is characterized by symmetrical ascending flaccid paralysis, areflexia and albumino-cytological dissociation in cerebrospinal [neurologyindia.com]

• Limb Weakness

  Miller Fisher syndrome was diagnosed in patients who presented with the triad of ataxia, ophthalmoplegia, and areflexia in the absence of clinically important limb weakness. 8 Patients who were not studied electrophysiologically or for whom insufficient [nejm.org]

Because acute gastroenteritis has a wide bacterial etiology with similar signs and symptoms, the physician's role in conducting a proper clinical workup is of importance. During history taking, patients should be asked about recent travel, consumption of "suspicious" animal products (particularly poultry, other meat products, and milk), while the course and progression of symptoms must be assessed as well. After a thorough physical examination, a complete laboratory workup is necessary, but apart from an increased white blood cell count, basic biochemical parameters are usually within physiological limits [1]. For this reason, microbiological studies are the focus of the diagnostic investigation. In all patients who present with signs of gastroenteritis, stool cultures are a vital component of the workup, including for Campylobacter jejuni infection [1] [2] [3]. Stool cultures require specific conditions (higher temperature and use of cephalothin), but because infected patients excrete bacteria in stools only for a few weeks [7], the use of more advanced methods is recommended. Identification of specific antibodies through serological methods possesses higher success rates compared to cultures, but the introduction of molecular methods and polymerase chain reaction (PCR), which are able to detect bacterial DNA in patient samples, have greatly improved the overall rate of diagnosis for many pathogens, including Campylobacter jejuni [2] [3] [7] .

• Colitis

  Ten patients had abnormal colonoscopic findings, including erythema (4), ulcers (4), colitis (1), and hemorrhage (1). [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  To Infectious colitis NOS Infectious enteritis NOS Infectious gastroenteritis NOS Type 1 Excludes colitis NOS ( K52.9 ) diarrhea NOS ( R19.7 ) enteritis NOS ( K52.9 ) gastroenteritis NOS ( K52.9 ) noninfective gastroenteritis and colitis, unspecified [icd10data.com]

  エントリ H00321 名称 カンピロバクター感染症 カテゴリ 感染症 階層分類 感染症疾患 [BR: jp08401 ] 細菌感染症 イプシロンプロテオバクテリアによる感染症 H00321 カンピロバクター感染症 ICD-11 による疾患分類 [BR: jp08403 ] 01 Certain infectious or parasitic diseases Gastroenteritis or colitis of infectious origin Bacterial intestinal [genome.jp]

  It's considered normal to find candida in the human gut (gastrointestinal tract), but an overgrowth of candida can exacerbate existing gastrointestinal diseases such as ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. [mayoclinic.org]

Recrudescent Campylobacter infections after treatment may be more common than has previously been appreciated. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

As can be seen in figure 2, the effects of treatment show some variability, which indicates heterogeneity between studies. One such factor that differed between studies was the time interval from first symptoms to treatment. [doi.org]

The presence of Cj infection is more important than anti-GM1 positivity in determining the extent of axonal involvement and, hence, prognosis. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Prognosis Most otherwise healthy adults recover from Campylobacter infection within several days. Occasionally diarrhea may persist for up to 10 days. Complications other than dehydration are very uncommon. [drugs.com]

In addition, all patients were followed for one year to determine the effect of C. jejuni infection on prognosis. [nejm.org]

CMV reactivation in critically ill patients is known to worsen prognosis and increase mortality [ 26 - 28 ]. [omicsonline.org]

Because acute gastroenteritis has a wide bacterial etiology with similar signs and symptoms, the physician's role in conducting a proper clinical workup is of importance. [symptoma.com]

Smith T : The etiological relation of spirilla ( Vibrio fetus ) to bovine abortion. Journal of Experimental Medicine 1919, 30: 313–323. Google Scholar 3. [link.springer.com]

The NIH appears to accept the role of Campylobacter in GBS etiology and has moved to outlining steps for improving mechanistic knowledge (11); the published literature also reflects this general acceptance. [scienceblogs.com]

Key words Campylobacter, Argentina, prevalence, resistance, fluorquinolones, diarrhea, etiology Clasificación en siicsalud Artículos originales > Expertos de Iberoamérica > página www.siicsalud.com/des/expertocompleto.php/ Especialidades Principal: Infectología [siicsalud.com]

University of Oklahoma Study Abroad Microbiology in Arezzo, Italy [1] Etiology/Bacteriology Taxonomy | Domain = Bacteria | Phylum = Proteobacteria | Class = Epsilon Proteobacteria | Order = Campylobacterales | Family = Campylobacteraceae | Genus = Campylobacter [microbewiki.kenyon.edu]

Epidemiological Report for 2017 Surveillance report - 11 Jun 2019 Publication Q fever - Annual Epidemiological Report for 2017 Surveillance report - 11 Jun 2019 Publication Yellow fever - Annual Epidemiological Report for 2017 Surveillance report - 11 [ecdc.europa.eu]

Epidemiology of Campylobacter jejuni infections in the United States and other industrialized nations. In Campylobacter (2 ed., Vol. II/6, pp. 121-138). Washington, USA: ASM International. [orbit.dtu.dk]

Sporadic accounts of case histories similar to the present have appeared in the literature, but the incidence and epidemiology of this infection in obstetric patients is still unclear. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Abstract: Knowledge of the epidemiology of the infections of the Campylobacter organism causes has been steadily accumulating. [asmscience.org]

Pathophysiology of Campylobacter enteritis. Microbiol Rev. 1986 Mar. 50(1):81-94. [Medline]. Wassenaar TM, Blaser MJ. Pathophysiology of Campylobacter jejuni infections of humans. Microbes Infect. 1999 Oct. 1(12):1023-33. [Medline]. [emedicine.com]

Guillain Barré syndrome: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology and Management: Drugs 2004;64:597-610. 6. Nachamkin I, Allos BM, Ho T. Campylobacter species and Guillain-Barré syndrome. Clin Microbiol Rev 1998;11:555-67. 7. Asbury AK, Cornblath DR. [neurologyindia.com]

Pathophysiology Factors responsible for the diseases caused by C jejuni are not well known. [emedicine.medscape.com]

Author information 1 Department of Preventive Environment and Nutrition, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Kuramoto-cho 3-18-15, Tokushima City, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

NIH-funded research has greatly increased knowledge of asthma and led to better treatment and prevention options. Director, Dr. Anthony S. Fauci NIAID Offices, Divisions & Centers [niaid.nih.gov]

Routine treatment of drinking water and pasteurization of milk are core prevention strategies. [asmscience.org]

General Information Campylobacter (CDC) General information on diagnosis, treatment, prevention, and more. Campylobacter Questions and Answers (USDA) General information on symptoms, complications, trends, prevention, and more. [foodsafety.gov]

1. Allos BM. Campylobacter jejuni Infections: update on emerging issues and trends. Clin Infect Dis. 2001;32(8):1201-1206.
2. Nyati KK, Nyati R. Role of Campylobacter jejuni Infection in the Pathogenesis of Guillain-Barré Syndrome: An Update. Biomed Res Int. 2013;2013:852195.
3. Kaakoush NO, Castaño-Rodríguez N, Mitchell HM, Man SM. Global Epidemiology of Campylobacter Infection. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2015;28(3):687-720.
4. Coker AO, Isokpehi RD, Thomas BN, Amisu KO, Obi CL. Human Campylobacteriosis in Developing Countries1. Emerg Infect Dis. 2002;8(3):237-243.
5. Friedman CR, Hoekstra RM, Samuel M, et al. Risk factors for sporadic Campylobacter infection in the United States: A case-control study in FoodNet sites. Clin Infect Dis. 2004;38(3):S285-296.
6. Sarkar SR, Hossain MA, Paul SK, et al. Campylobacteriosis - an overview. Mymensingh Med J. 2014;23(1):173-180.
7. Nachamkin I, Allos BM, Ho T. Campylobacter Species and Guillain-Barré Syndrome. Clin Microbiol Rev. 1998;11(3):555-567.