Orbit. 2004;23(1):19-26.), which coincides with the location in the present case. [scielo.br]

Although primary lacrimal canaliculitis accounts for only 2% to 4% of lid pathologies, it is important to recognize, as misdiagnosis may result in delayed treatment and worsening infection.1 Patients commonly present with localized pain, persistent unilateral [reviewofoptometry.com]

Our patient was also previously diagnosed and treated as a case of chronic conjunctivitis prior to his presentation at our hospital. [bjid.org.br]

Common presenting symptoms include epiphora, swelling of the eyelid, pain, and redness. [link.springer.com]

Multiple dacryoliths can be present and obstruct the lacrimal outflow system, from the canaliculus and extending into the common canaliculus and lacrimal sac. [eyewiki.aao.org]

• Pneumonia

  Among the Streptococcus spp., S. viridans (24.4%), S. constellatus (6.1%), S. pneumoniae (3.8%), and S. gamma hemolytic (3.8%) are the most common bacterial causes of canaliculus infection(22 Gogandy M, Al-Sheikh O, Chaudhry I. [scielo.br]

Am J Emerg Med. 1999;17(4):385-6.), systemic antibiotic treatment may be prescribed. [scielo.br]

However, with any of the modality of treatment, it is important to send the material for a meticulous microbiological examination and culture sensitivity profile. [link.springer.com]

Telephonic questionnaires were used to assess the incidence of post-treatment epiphora. [tandfonline.com]

Surgical procedure of canaliculoplasty in the treatment of primary canaliculitis associated with canalicular dilatation. [bmcophthalmol.biomedcentral.com]

Clinical features, microbiological profiles and treatment outcome of lacrimal plug-related canaliculitis compared with those of primary canaliculitis Yu-Yun Huang1, Wei-Kuang Yu1, Chieh-Chih Tsai1, Shu-Ching Kao1, Hui-Chuan Kau2, Catherine Jui-Ling Liu1 [bjo.bmj.com]

Actinomycosis: etiology, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment, and management. Infect Drug Resist, 7 (2014), pp. 183-197 [3] Q. Zhang, B. Xu, X.X. Li, M.W. Li. [bjid.org.br]

Pathophysiology Canaliculitis is caused by infection of the canaliculus. Although most often caused by a bacterial pathogen, it may also result from fungal or viral infection. [eyewiki.aao.org]

In addition, the positive rate of microbiologic cultures is low in this study, which prevents us from conducting a comprehensive microbiological analysis. [bmcophthalmol.biomedcentral.com]

Greater awareness of this condition would prevent misdiagnosis and delays in referral for definitive treatment.Conflicts of interest The authors declare no conflicts of interest. References [1] E. Baldursdóttir, H. Sigurdsson, L. Jónasson, N. [bjid.org.br]

Placement of a temporary silicone stent may also be indicated to prevent scarring of the inflamed canaliculus postoperatively, and is often based on surgeon preference. Surgical intervention should be combined with topical antibiotic drops. [eyewiki.aao.org]

Conclusion In summary, oculists should avoid misdiagnosis of canaliculitis to prevent delays in treatment. Our study suggested that syringing with pressing of lacrimal sac area may help better diagnosis of canaliculitis. [hindawi.com]