The Pharmacological and Epidemiological Aspects of Adolescent Drug Dependence is a collection of proceedings presented at the International Symposium on the Pharmacological and Epidemiological Aspects of Adolescent Drug Dependence, held in London on September [books.google.com]

His bill would be presented to the full Legislature for consideration when it convenes in January. If the bill becomes law, Maine would be the first state to allow medical marijuana treatment for addiction to opioids and other drugs, Julia said. [pressherald.com]

Because multiple disorders are often present, it is important that treatment addresses all of the problems an individual is facing. Without treating all present disorders, relapse is likely. [townsendla.com]

The FDA has also approved two drugs containing a synthetic version of a substance that is present in the marijuana plant and one other drug containing a synthetic substance that acts similarly to compounds from marijuana but is not present in marijuana [fda.gov]

Everyone needs to remember it’s a very addictive drug of marginal medicinal value, says Dr Bobby Smyth CANNABIS is a complex drug, often presented as a miracle medication. But I see its darker side. [irishexaminer.com]

• Pain

  Still, doctors are prescribing them at alarming rates because, well, people are in pain—or so they say. However, it is now known that cannabis can also have a notable effect on pain. [hightimes.com]

  The findings in the Journal of Pain study that found chronic pain sufferers reduced their opioid use when using medical pot were limited because participants self-reported the data. [cbsnews.com]

  “This pain doesn’t respond as well to traditional pain medication, the opioid-type drugs, so what our studies showed is that cannabis has benefits with this kind of pain over and above the standard treatments patients were already receiving,” says Grant [apa.org]

  Read More CBD and Your Aching Joints 04/22/2019 The most common type of chronic pain is musculoskeletal pain, especially in the joints and back. [marijuanadoctors.com]

• Fever

  Ex-users have about a week of discomfort with symptoms that include: Fever Chills Irritability Diarrhoea Insomnia Anxiety Dagga use may not be considered as serious as other drug addictions, like heroin, but the effects are still serious enough that some [falsebaytc.co.za]

  […] or anxiety Sleep difficulty (ie, insomnia, disturbing dreams) Decreased appetite or weight loss Restlessness Depressed mood At least one of the following physical symptoms causing significant discomfort: abdominal pain, shakiness/tremors, sweating, fever [emedicine.medscape.com]

  At least one of the following physical symptoms causing significant discomfort: abdominal pain, shakiness/tremors, sweating, fever, chills, or headache. [mentalhealth.com]

• Severe Pain

  Medical Cannabis (Medical Marijuana) There are eight medical conditions for which patients can use cannabis: Cancer Glaucoma HIV/AIDS Muscle spasms Seizures Severe pain Severe nausea Cachexia or dramatic weight loss and muscle atrophy (wasting syndrome [drugs.com]

• Cough

  Both of these can lead to respiratory illness, cough and infections. This can make them more detached from family due to being ill from smoking marijuana. It may also impair their ability to be physically active with their family. [livestrong.com]

  Some examples of Schedule V drugs are: cough preparations with less than 200 milligrams of codeine or per 100 milliliters (Robitussin AC), Lomotil, Motofen, Lyrica, Parepectolin Alphabetical listing of Controlled Substances [dea.gov]

  These are: addiction to nicotine (the drug in tobacco), coughs, chest infections and in the longer-term, cancer and heart disease. Mixing Is it dangerous to mix with other drugs? Yes, any time you mix drugs together you take on new risks. [talktofrank.com]

  […] taken Take the drug for a non-medical reason Types of prescription drugs that are most often abused include: Opioid pain relievers Medicine used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder Anxiety medicine The most commonly abused OTC drugs are cough [webmd.com]

  Regular marijuana smokers can develop several lung-related problems commonly found in tobacco smokers, such as ongoing throat irritation, increased coughing and mucus (phlegm) production, increased risks for airway blockages and increased risks for infectious [drugaddictiontreatment.com]

• Throat Irritation

  Regular marijuana smokers can develop several lung-related problems commonly found in tobacco smokers, such as ongoing throat irritation, increased coughing and mucus (phlegm) production, increased risks for airway blockages and increased risks for infectious [drugaddictiontreatment.com]

  Throat irritation. Abdominal pain (upper), oral mucosal discolouration, oral mucosal disorder, oral mucosal exfoliation, stomatitis, tooth discolouration. Application site irritation. [patient.info]

• Pharyngitis

  Uncommon Pharyngitis. Hallucination (unspecified, auditory, visual), illusion, paranoia, suicidal ideation, delusional perception. Syncope. Palpitations, tachycardia. Hypertension. Throat irritation. [patient.info]

• Nausea

  In some instances, patients or their caregivers are turning to marijuana in an attempt to treat conditions such as seizures and chemotherapy-induced nausea. [fda.gov]

  Cesamet (nabilone) is used for the control of nausea and vomiting caused by chemotherapeutic agents used in the treatment of cancer. [drugs.com]

  The withdrawal symptoms of synthetic marijuana are generally the same as those for marijuana, and include nausea, diarrhea, anxiety, anger, aggression, irritability, insomnia, decreased appetite. and cravings. [addictioncenter.com]

  The experience Justin had with cannabis was similar to what has been described by many users: “It calmed me down [and] made my anxiety and nausea symptoms go way down. [thedailybeast.com]

  Constipation, diarrhoea, dry mouth, glossodynia, mouth ulceration, nausea, oral discomfort, oral pain, vomiting. Application site pain, asthenia, feeling abnormal, feeling drunk, malaise. Falls. Uncommon Pharyngitis. [patient.info]

• Dry Eyes

  Physical effects Dry mouth. Dry eyes. Bloodshot eyes. Increased heart rate. Effects are prolonged for 2-3 hours after smoking, with no clear evidence of hangover or lasting effect. [patient.info]

• Muscle Spasticity

  A separate, as-yet-unpublished study funded by the University of California center found that cannabis reduced muscle spasticity and pain intensity in people with multiple sclerosis beyond the relief available through conventional medication, Grant says [apa.org]

• Sweating

  Sweating and chills. During detox from weed, many users suffer from night sweats and chills, which should fade after a few days. The sweating is triggered by your body attempting to rid itself of toxins. Gastrointestinal distress. [addictionresource.com]

  Symptoms include: 8 Anxiety Irritability Loss of appetite and upset stomach Sweating, chills and tremors Restless sleep and nightmares 6 Medicinal cannabis Medicinal cannabis is cannabis prescribed to relieve the symptoms of a medical condition, such [adf.org.au]

  Other negative effects from taking too much include loss of coordination, shortness of breath, increased heart rate and shaking, chills and sweats. Symptoms will usually pass if you don't take anymore and try to keep calm. [drugfoundation.org.nz]

  Side effects of synthetic marijuana may include: High blood pressure Anxiety Nausea/vomiting Paranoia Seizures Rapid heart rate Profuse sweating Confusion Hallucinations Heart attacks Kidney damage [Synthetic marijuana use] is not an epidemic. [addictioncenter.com]

  For example, withdrawal symptoms such as shaking, sweating, nausea, vomiting, or seizures may occur once alcohol use is stopped after regular or excessive use. Psychological dependence is manifested in the form of craving for a drug. [luxury.rehabs.com]

• Dermatitis

  These drugs, however, may produce jaundice, dermatitis, or, infrequently, convulsive seizures, and they do not combine well with the drinking of alcohol. [britannica.com]

• Euphoria

  Some people report feelings of relaxation and euphoria while other people report experiences of anxiety and paranoia. 4 The effects of cannabis may be felt immediately if smoked, or within an hour or two if eaten and effects may include: 3,4 Feelings [adf.org.au]

  THC activates the reward center of the brain, which causes feelings of euphoria and the desire to repeat the experience of taking the drug. [townsendla.com]

  Cannabis is a drug that produces euphoria and reduces anxiety. It can cause dependence; however, addiction, as shown by increasing use and inability to discontinue use, is uncommon. [patient.info]

  Psychological Effects Many users describe two phases of the marijuana high: initial stimulation (giddiness and euphoria), followed by sedation and a pleasant tranquility. [cesar.umd.edu]

  Common temporary symptoms include: heightened awareness and sensations elevated heart rate euphoria increased appetite mood changes decreased coordination decreased concentration decreased energy difficulty solving problems memory problems trouble sleeping [healthline.com]

• Delusion

  …… uncomplicated F12.11 …… in remission F12.12 Cannabis abuse with intoxication F12.120 …… uncomplicated F12.121 …… delirium F12.122 …… with perceptual disturbance F12.129 …… unspecified F12.15 Cannabis abuse with psychotic disorder F12.150 …… with delusions [icd10data.com]

  […] coordination and reactions so you are more at risk of accidents, especially if you also drink alcohol Other dangers As with tobacco, smoking hash may cause cancer Cannabis psychosis – when you disconnect from reality and start showing symptoms such as delusions [drugs.ie]

  Psychotic symptoms include delusions, hallucinations and seeing or hearing things that do not exist or are distorted. [adf.org.au]

  Trouble thinking Coordination loss Altered sense of time Mood swings In high doses, marijuana can cause hallucinations, delusions and psychosis. [drugrehab.com]

  […] addition to feelings of euphoria and relaxation, marijuana can have various other short-term effects, including: Heightened sensory perceptions Uncontrollable laughter Altered perception of time Increased appetite Anxiety Fear Distrust Panic Hallucinations Delusions [townsendla.com]

• Visual Hallucination

  …The clinical picture is primarily a paranoid psychosis with ideas of reference, delusions of persecution, auditory and visual hallucinations in a setting of clear consciousness. [britannica.com]

• Depersonalization

  One may also experience some loss of reality contact in terms of not feeling involved in what one is doing; this may lead to considerable detachment and depersonalization. [britannica.com]

• Perceptual Distortion

  Perceptual distortions may also occur, involving space, time, sense of distance, and sense of the organization of one’s own body image. [britannica.com]

• Insomnia

  The most common symptom of marijuana withdrawal is insomnia. Insomnia can manifest itself as a complete inability to sleep, or as waking up regularly during the night. [addictionresource.com]

  Cannabis may increase the effects of other drugs that cause drowsiness, including antidepressants, alcohol, antihistamines, sedatives (used to treat insomnia), pain relievers, anxiety medicines, seizure medicines, and muscle relaxants. [drugs.com]

  Insomnia can persist for many months, often pushing individuals to relapse and to return to marijuana. Anxiety and depression are also common outcomes of marijuana abuse that can persist for months, often leading to relapse. [addictions.com]

  Ex-users have about a week of discomfort with symptoms that include: Fever Chills Irritability Diarrhoea Insomnia Anxiety Dagga use may not be considered as serious as other drug addictions, like heroin, but the effects are still serious enough that some [falsebaytc.co.za]

  They include: Irritability Insomnia Anxiety Nightmares Anger and fluctuating emotions Headaches Depression Loss of appetite And of course, craving to continue to use the drug. [narconon.org]

• Seizure

  In robust Phase 3 studies with 516 patients with either seizure type, Epidiolex, taken along with other medications, was shown to be effective in reducing the seizure frequency when compared with placebo. [drugs.com]

  More than 800 seizures. 17. GHB Class C drug. A clear liquid dance drug said to induce euphoria, also described as a date rape drug. Can trigger comas and suppress breathing. Caused 20 deaths and 47 seizures were recorded. 18. Ecstasy Class A. [mentalhealth.com]

  In some instances, patients or their caregivers are turning to marijuana in an attempt to treat conditions such as seizures and chemotherapy-induced nausea. [fda.gov]

  Anticonvulsant medications, for example, are used to prevent seizures, while mucolytic drugs break down mucus and relieve congestion. [luxury.rehabs.com]

  These include: high blood, pressure, abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting, chest pain, heart palpitations, severe anxiety and paranoia, fear of dying, hallucinations, tremors and seizures, violent behaviour, and suicidal thoughts. [drugfoundation.org.nz]

• Headache

  The most difficult withdrawal symptoms will occur on the second and third days and may include headaches, cravings, sweating, chills, and gastrointestinal distress. [addictionresource.com]

  They include: Irritability Insomnia Anxiety Nightmares Anger and fluctuating emotions Headaches Depression Loss of appetite And of course, craving to continue to use the drug. [narconon.org]

  Some of the side effects of abuse include: Heart and blood pressure problems Respiratory issues Headaches Dizziness Vomiting or nausea Dry mouth Seizures Weakened immune system Depression Decreased mental functions These are only some of the problems [dualdiagnosis.org]

  Some people experience weed hangovers that include headache and fatigue. In general, these effects are mild compared to hangovers caused by alcohol. [drugrehab.com]

  “The headaches and body aches seemed lessened,” Kevin says of his experience. “Yes, I was still sick, but it made everything just a little more tolerable, and every little bit helps in that position.” [thedailybeast.com]

• Memory Impairment

  People who are dependent on marijuana are at a higher risk of suffering from the negative consequences of using the drug, such as short term memory impairment, mental health problems and respiratory diseases (if marijuana is smoked). [learnaboutmarijuanawa.org]

  impairment Slower reflexes Bloodshot eyes Increased heart rate Mild anxiety and paranoia Long-term effects Long-term effects are dependent on how much and how often the cannabis is consumed and may also be affected by how the cannabis is consumed (e.g [adf.org.au]

  Frequent, long-term marijuana use can create ongoing disruptions of normal intellectual function that effectively mimic the symptoms of permanent memory or learning impairment. [drugaddictiontreatment.com]

  ADHD on its own can cause forgetfulness and memory impairment. Coupling the disorder with marijuana which also has those effects can alter brain chemistry and make school and work even harder. [dualdiagnosis.org]

  Amnesia, balance disorder, disturbance in attention, dysarthria, dysgeusia, lethargy, memory impairment somnolence. Blurred vision. Vertigo. [patient.info]

• Agitation

  Marijuana withdrawal symptoms include, but are not limited to: Insomnia Mood swings Periods of depression or agitation Loss of appetite Flulike symptoms A strong desire for more marijuana Marijuana Withdrawal Notwithstanding the severity of a marijuana [treatmentsolutions.com]

  Symptoms of marijuana withdrawal are more pronounced in heavy users, and can include: Agitation. Anxiety. Changes in mood. Cravings to use marijuana. Difficulty sleeping. Increased irritability. Physical discomfort. Reduced appetite. [projectknow.com]

  They are used extensively in the treatment of various hyperactive and agitated states, and as antipsychotic agents. [britannica.com]

  Symptoms include agitation, bloodshot eyes, challenges in problem solving, and paranoia. [3] Cannabis use is associated with comorbid mental health problems, such as mood and anxiety disorders, and discontinuing cannabis use is difficult for some users [en.wikipedia.org]

You may be offered testing and treatment for hepatitis or HIV, for example. Where will you have your treatment? You may have your treatment while living at home or as a hospital inpatient. [nhs.uk]

The map showing what drugs countries seek the most treatment for Recovery Brands, an online resource for those seeking treatment for addiction, has used data from the 2014 United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) to map out the demand for treatment [independent.co.uk]

Currently, there are no FDA-approved medications for the treatment of marijuana addiction. Behavioral treatments, like individual and group therapy, are the preferred treatment methods. [townsendla.com]

In, American Psychiatric Association Practice Guidelines: Treatment of Patients With Substance Use Disorders 2006 May. Budney AJ, Roffman R, Stephens RS, Walker D. Marijuana dependence and its treatment. [medicinenet.com]

[…] to self-help meetings to enhance the treatment experience. [projectknow.com]

Therapy: randomized controlled trial Drug Therapy: multicenter randomized controlled trial Drug Therapy: placebo-controlled randomized controlled trial Economic Impact Education Electroconvulsive Therapy Embryology Enzymology Epidemiology Escitalopram Etiology [mentalhealth.com]

In the past, most attention in etiologic research on drug dependence has been fixed upon risks of first drug use or first appearance of drug dependence. [nature.com]

The Pharmacological and Epidemiological Aspects of Adolescent Drug Dependence is a collection of proceedings presented at the International Symposium on the Pharmacological and Epidemiological Aspects of Adolescent Drug Dependence, held in London on September [books.google.com]

Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology 2 : 244–268 Anthony JC, Helzer JE. (1995): Epidemiology of drug dependence. In Tsuang M, Tohen M, Zahner G (eds), Psychiatric Epidemiology. [nature.com]

Cancer Epidemiological Biomarkers Preview 1999 December; 8(12): 1071-1078. Zickler P. Marijuana-related disorders, but not prevalence of use, rise over past decade. National Institute on Drug Abuse 2005 May; 19(6). Zickler P. [medicinenet.com]

Estimates of the number of people addicted to marijuana are controversial, in part because epidemiological studies of substance use often use dependence as a proxy for addiction even though it is possible to be dependent without being addicted. [drugabuse.gov]

The National Comorbidity Survey (1990-1992) estimate was 23% dependence rate (with a standard error [SE] of 5%); National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (2001-2002) estimate (SE) was 28% (4%); and National Epidemiologic Survey [drugwarfacts.org]

Pathophysiology Cannabis can be smoked or ingested - eg, herbal tea, butter paste. When cannabis is ingested it produces cannabinoids which results in its psychological and physical effects. The most active of these is tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). [patient.info]

The DOJ is focused on priorities, such as: Preventing the distribution to minors Preventing revenues from sale of marijuana towards criminal activity Preventing diversion of marijuana from states where it is legal to states where it is not legal Preventing [drugs.com]

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved 7 May 2018. ^ E.B., Robertson. "Information on Cannabis Addiction". National Institute on Drug Abuse. [en.wikipedia.org]

The best way to prevent marijuana abuse and addiction is to avoid using the drug, unless a medical professional prescribes it to you. Always use prescribed medications only as recommended. [healthline.com]

Parents and Prevention Parents can help their children learn about the harmful effects of marijuana use. [aacap.org]

Substance Abuse Treatment and Prevention Policy 2007; 2: 3. Merriam Webster's Dictionary 2011. www.merriam-webster.com. National Institute on Drug Abuse. Gender and ethnic patterns in drug use among high school seniors 2003 August; 18(2). [medicinenet.com]