Carbonic anhydrases (CAs, EC 4.2.1.1) are wide-spread zinc enzymes, present in archaeo- and eubacteria, algae, green plants and animals. [doi.org]

Expert opinion: The present patents address an important healthcare problem by proposing a new pharmacological approach and may represent a valid alternative for the treatment of sleep apnea. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Article / Publication Details First-Page Preview Abstract The purpose of the present review is to describe the use of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors in clinical medicine and renal physiology. [karger.com]

• Epilepsy

  Keywords: antiglaucoma drugs, anti-ulcer drugs, carbonic anhydrase, cerebrovasodilators, diagnostic tools, diuretics, enzyme activator, epilepsy, isozymes I-XIV, macular oedema, neurological disorders, osteoporosis, sulphonamide, tumour growth inhibition [doi.org]

  A number of CA forms are targets for inhibition in treatment of cancer, edema, glaucoma, obesity, epilepsy, and osteoporosis. Resveratrol, catechin, silymarin, and curcumin are natural products known as polyphenols. Resveratrol comes from red wine. [rainbow.coop]

  Acetazolamide is also used as an anticonvulsant to control certain seizures in the treatment of epilepsy. [mayoclinic.org]

  Acetazolamide is also used for the treatment and prevention of acute mountain sickness (also known as altitude sickness) and in some types of epilepsy. Dichlorphenamide may be used to treat certain inherited muscle disorders. [drugs.com]

  Abstract Antiseizure drugs (ASDs), also termed antiepileptic drugs, are the main form of symptomatic treatment for people with epilepsy, but not all patients become free of seizures. [works.bepress.com]

• Congestive Heart Failure

  […] to evaluate the clinical efficacy of Diamox as a diuretic in patients with severe congestive heart failure. [nejm.org]

  Sulphonamide CA inhibitors (CAIs) are useful as diuretics, or in the treatment and prevention of a variety of diseases such as glaucoma, epilepsy, congestive heart failure, mountain sickness, gastric and duodenal ulcers, neurological disorders and osteoporosis [doi.org]

  Effect of Enalapril on Survival in Patients with Reduced Left Ventricular Ejection Fractions and Congestive Heart Failure. N Engl J Med. 325:293-302 (1991) 2) Claudio Sartori,et al. Salmeterol for the Prevention of High-Altitude Pulmonary EdemaN. [med.nagoya-cu.ac.jp]

  The increase in extracellular fluid volume could exacerbate congestive heart failure or pulmonary congestion. c) Clinical Uses Osmotic diuretics maintain renal blood flow in patients with acute renal failure. [uky.edu]

• Anemia

  Some side effects are urinary frequency, kidney stones, loss of the sense of taste, depression, and anemia. [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]

  Side effects The use of systemic CAIs have been associated with numerous side effects, giving patients significant problems with malaise, fatigue, depression, paresthesias, metallic taste, nausea, decreased libido, hypokalemia, aplastic anemia, metabolic [eyewiki.aao.org]

  Hypoxia-activated tumor pathways of angiogenesis and pH regulation independent of anemia in head-and-neck cancer. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 59, 67–71 (2004). 77. Potter, C. P. & Harris, A. L. [nature.com]

  Wu-Hsien Kuo, Shun-Fa Yang, Yih-Shou Hsieh, Chiou-Sheng Tsai, Wen-Li Hwang and Shu-Chen Chu, Differential expression of carbonic anhydrase isoenzymes in various types of anemia, Clinica Chimica Acta, 351, 1-2, (79), (2005). [doi.org]

• Pneumonia

  Peripheral infiltrate Optisol-GS Anoxic encephalopathy 58 10:31 7 Phakic Positive blood culture Optisol-GS Metastatic breast cancer 66 12:00 5 Phakic Peripheral infiltrate Optisol-GS Cerebrovascular accident 68 8:33 6 Phakic Positive blood culture Optisol-GS Pneumonia [iovs.arvojournals.org]

• Nausea

  […] pale stools ringing or buzzing in the ears sore throat trembling unusual bruising or bleeding yellow eyes or skin Symptoms of too much potassium loss Dryness of mouth increased thirst irregular heartbeats mood or mental changes muscle cramps or pain nausea [mayoclinic.org]

  Carbonic anhydrase (CA) inhibitors, particularly acetazolamide, have been used at high altitude for decades to prevent or reduce acute mountain sickness (AMS), a syndrome of symptomatic intolerance to altitude characterized by headache, nausea, fatigue [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  However, if stomach upset (nausea or vomiting) continues, check with your doctor. This medicine may cause an increase in the amount of urine or in your frequency of urination. [allinahealth.org]

  The common side effects of acetazolamide and methazolamide are change in taste, numbness and tingling in fingers and toes, blurred vision, tinnitus, dizziness, decrease in hearing, polyuria, nausea, diarrhea, fatigue, and headache. [livertox.nih.gov]

  Side effects The use of systemic CAIs have been associated with numerous side effects, giving patients significant problems with malaise, fatigue, depression, paresthesias, metallic taste, nausea, decreased libido, hypokalemia, aplastic anemia, metabolic [eyewiki.aao.org]

• Vomiting

  […] are bothersome or if you have any questions about them: More common Diarrhea general feeling of discomfort or illness increase in frequency of urination or amount of urine (rare with methazolamide) loss of appetite metallic taste in mouth nausea or vomiting [mayoclinic.org]

  However, if stomach upset (nausea or vomiting) continues, check with your doctor. This medicine may cause an increase in the amount of urine or in your frequency of urination. [allinahealth.org]

  Life-threatening episodes manifest with poor feeding, vomiting, weight loss, lethargy, tachypnea, seizures or coma and are caused by hyperammonemia, metabolic SNOMEDCT-BE (disorder) / 764456001 SNOMEDCT-BE (disorder) / 764456001 anhydrase carbonique carbamylyte [wordscope.com]

  Overview Snapshot A 32-year-old previously healthy man develops headache, fatigue, vomiting, and shortness of breath about 12 hours after arriving to Mt. Everest Base Camp. Over the next day, he develops mild difficulty walking, and confusion. [medbullets.com]

  Discontinue when pain of gout attack begins to subside, when maximum dose is reached, or when GI symptoms (eg, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea) indicate cellular poisoning. Decreases leukocyte motility and phagocytosis in inflammatory responses. [emedicine.medscape.com]

• Hypertension

  It also has been shown to lower IOP in patients with ocular hypertension when delivered in a gel vehicle. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  It is used for glaucoma, epilepsy (rarely), idiopathic intracranial hypertension, and altitude sickness. [en.wikipedia.org]

• Osteoporosis

  Keywords: antiglaucoma drugs, anti-ulcer drugs, carbonic anhydrase, cerebrovasodilators, diagnostic tools, diuretics, enzyme activator, epilepsy, isozymes I-XIV, macular oedema, neurological disorders, osteoporosis, sulphonamide, tumour growth inhibition [doi.org]

  A number of CA forms are targets for inhibition in treatment of cancer, edema, glaucoma, obesity, epilepsy, and osteoporosis. Resveratrol, catechin, silymarin, and curcumin are natural products known as polyphenols. Resveratrol comes from red wine. [rainbow.coop]

  This study supports a proposed role for carbonic anhydrase in human bone resorption and suggests a possible future utility for carbonic anhydrase inhibitors in prophylaxis or management of primary involutional osteoporosis. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Indications Glaucoma, diuretics, seizures, migraines, intracranial hypertension, peptic ulcers, acute mountain sickness, osteoporosis and possibly sleep apnoea. [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]

  Their clinical use has been established as anti-glaucoma agents, diuretics, antiepileptics, in the management of mountain sickness, gastric and duodenal ulcers, idiopathic intracranial hypertension, neurological disorders, or osteoporosis. [en.wikipedia.org]

• Loss of Libido

  Of the 92 patients, 44 complained of a symptom-complex of malaise, fatigue, weight loss, depression, anorexia, and loss of libido, which we have found most commonly to threaten continuation of therapy. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Seizure

  Other examples are; Dorzolamide Methazolamide Brinzolamide Dichlorphenamide Acetazolamide is effective in the treatment of most types of seizures, including generalized tonic-clonic and focal seizures and especially absence seizures, although it has limited [en.wikipedia.org]

  The ketogenic diet leads to increases in circulating ketones, which may contribute to the efficacy in treating pharmacoresistant seizures. [works.bepress.com]

  They have been used for seizure control with some success. Read about carbonic anhydrase inhibitor treatment of ankylosing spondylitis. The Latin name for milk thistle is Silybum marianum. Turmeric is Curcuma longa. [rainbow.coop]

  Acetazolamide is also used as an anticonvulsant to control certain seizures in the treatment of epilepsy. [mayoclinic.org]

• Stroke

  The carbonic anhydrase inhibitor (CAI) methazolamide (MTZ) was identified among a library of drugs as an inhibitor of CytC release and proved to be neuroprotective in Huntington's disease and stroke models. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Stroke. 40, 1877. Konstantopoulos, N., et al. 2012. Diabetes. Data Sheet Note that this data sheet is not lot-specific and is representative of the current specifications for this product. [emdmillipore.com]

  However, if the volume is reduced too much, stroke volume will fall because the heart will now be operating on the ascending limb of the Frank-Starling relationship. [cvpharmacology.com]

  Hyperuricemia and risk of stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. Atherosclerosis. 2014 Feb. 232 (2):265-70. [Medline]. Liu L, Lou S, Xu K, Meng Z, Zhang Q, Song K. [emedicine.medscape.com]

  Transl Stroke Res 3:130–137 PubMed Google Scholar 61. [doi.org]

The estimated average Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study equivalent improvement was 0.09 (slightly less than one line on the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study chart) with a 95% confidence interval of 0.08 to 0.11. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Carbonic anhydrase IX expression, a novel surrogate marker of tumor hypoxia, is associated with a poor prognosis in non-small-cell lung cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 21, 473–482 (2003). 80. Dorai, T. et al. [nature.com]

Sung-Weon Choi, Joo-Young Kim, Joo-Yong Park, In-Ho Cha, Jin Kim and Sun Lee, Expression of carbonic anhydrase IX is associated with postoperative recurrence and poor prognosis in surgically treated oral squamous cell carcinoma, Human Pathology, 10.1016 [doi.org]

Synthesizes a classical approach to the glaucomas-based on seven earlier editions spanning over 40 years-with the most up-to-date evidence-based and epidemiologically-derived classifications and outcomes.Coherently correlates with authoritative consensus [books.google.de]

The epidemiology of uric acid and fructose. Semin Nephrol. 2011 Sep. 31(5):410-9. [Medline]. [Full Text]. Bae J, Chun BY, Park PS, Choi BY, Kim MK, Shin MH, et al. [emedicine.medscape.com]

Each disease-oriented section begins with an up-to-date review of pathophysiology and then focuses on specific diseases. [books.google.de]

Objectives: We evaluated the efficacy of acetazolamide in the treatment of chronic mountain sickness and the importance of nocturnal hypoxemia in its pathophysiology. [doi.org]

[…] antiarrhythmic drugs. 6 iii) Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents reduce the efficacy of thiazide diuretics. 6 iv) Thiazides can increase the blood levels of lithium. e) Clinical Uses Thiazides can be used to treat edema associated with a variety of pathophysiologic [uky.edu]

Carbonic anhydrase (CA) inhibitors, particularly acetazolamide, have been used at high altitude for decades to prevent or reduce acute mountain sickness (AMS), a syndrome of symptomatic intolerance to altitude characterized by headache, nausea, fatigue [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitors Class Summary Prevent gouty arthritis attacks and nephropathy. Used to treat hyperuricemia secondary to diuretics or antineoplastics. Prevent recurrent uric acid nephrolithiasis. [emedicine.medscape.com]

Some diuretics inhibit the activity of carbonic anhydrase in proximal convoluted tubules and prevent reabsorption of bicarbonates from renal tubules. [en.wikipedia.org]