Exposure to hyperthermia and certain medications, such as valproic acid and carbamezapine, also increase the risk. [now.aapmr.org]

Maternal risk factors Folic acid deficiency [about 50% of cases are attributed] Pregestational diabetes – increases the risk of CNS malformation Maternal obesity Hyperthermia Maternal diarrhea Intrauterine exposure to antiepileptic drugs and drugs used [boneandspine.com]

[…] socioeconomic status Theories Recessive inheritance with less than 1:4 ratio due to early fetal loss (Lorber) Environmental factors (Von Reckllinghausen) Hamartomatous growth (Pattern) Association with: Low maternal dietary folate Maternal IDDM Maternal hyperthermia [orthopaedicsone.com]

Increased incidence of osteoporosis, associated with pathological fractures Increased incidence of obesity, short stature and precocious puberty Variable sexual dysfunction and fertility Increased incidence of depression High incidence of latex allergy [now.aapmr.org]

Spinal deformities Congenital – vertebrae and rib anomalies Acquired due to muscle imbalance Lower limb deformities Short Stature Cranial nerve dysfunction – Ocular muscle palsies, dysphagia and dysphonia. [boneandspine.com]

Hunt GM (1997) 'The median survival time in open spina bifida'. Dev Med Child Neurol 39: 568. Oakeshott P, Hunt GM (2003) Long-term outcome in open spina bifida. Br J Gen Pract 53: 632-636. [omicsonline.org]

Adulthood Obesity, metabolic syndrome, venous stasis and lymphedema are not uncommon. Bowel incontinence can be an important barrier to employment. Shoulder and wrist pain, including rotator cuff injuries are possible. [now.aapmr.org]

Most died of meningitis, hydrocephalus, and sepsis. Laurence described a cohort of 290 children with spina bifida (mostly myelomeningoceles) left untreated in Wales during the 1950s and 1960s. [spinabifidasupport.com]

Shoulder and wrist pain, including rotator cuff injuries are possible. [now.aapmr.org]

Increased incidence of osteoporosis, associated with pathological fractures Increased incidence of obesity, short stature and precocious puberty Variable sexual dysfunction and fertility Increased incidence of depression High incidence of latex allergy [now.aapmr.org]

dysfunction, skeletal deformations social and mental impairment [ 1, 2 ]. [jneuro.com]

Chehrazi B, Haldeman S (1985) Adult onset of tethered spinal cord syndrome due to fibrous diastematomyelia: case report. Neurosurgery 16: 681-685. [omicsonline.org]

Merx JL, Bakker-Niezen SH, Thijssen HOM, Walder HAD (1984) The tethered spinal cord syndrome: a correlation of radiological features and peroperative findings in 30 patients. Neuroradiology 31:63–70 Google Scholar 18. [link.springer.com]