This feature is similar to that present in the closely related caryophyllideans and spathebothriideans. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Of the 100 species already allocated to the genus only twenty-two are accepted at present; further studies may show that only three of these, viz. [royalsocietypublishing.org]

Paranoplocephala omphalodes Paranoplocephala microti Paranoplocephala kirbyi Microtus miurus Nearctic (Alaska) Present study ( N = 22) Microtus oeconomus Holarctic Present study ( N = 52) Microtus agrestis Palearctic Present study, Haukisalmi et al. [academic.oup.com]

[…] id=16176 Image Occurrence Present Absent Doubtful Native Introduced Naturalised Invasive Managed No data Environment marine Importance no data Provided by GUID urn:lsid:marinespecies.org:taxname:1051 urn:lsid:faunaeur.org:taxname:16176 Last modified 2004 [eu-nomen.eu]

• Fishing

  This cestode is highly pathogenic for fishes especially fry. [scielo.sa.cr]

  Food and Drug Administration (FDA) requires that all fish be frozen before it can be served raw anywhere in the United States. [snopes.com]

  View Article PubMed Google Scholar Shephard KL: Functions for fish mucus. Rev Fish Biol Fisheries. 1994, 4: 401-429. 10.1007/BF00042888. [parasitesandvectors.biomedcentral.com]

  Diphyllobothrium Latum - Fish Tapeworm Diphyllobothrium latum (fish tapeworm) life cycle, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment as well as pictures and videos. [parasitesinhumans.org]

• Pain

  STOMACH pain can be a sign of several mild conditions - trapped wind, indigestion, constipation, diarrhoea or food poisoning. But it can also be a symptom of a more serious gut infection. [express.co.uk]

  Symptoms generally include abdominal pain, diarrhea, nausea, and other gastrointestinal symptoms. Sometimes, the parasite may migrate to the appendix, pancreas, or bile duct causing severe abdominal pain. [bionity.com]

  Abdominal pain Mettus/Shutterstock Pain in the abdomen—often described as a sharp and shooting pain that extends for long periods of time—could signal that you have a parasitic infection. [rd.com]

  For any salmon sashimi addicts reading this, that doesn’t mean you have give up your habit on pain of contracting a tapeworm infection, but it does mean you need to make sure the raw salmon you consume has been handled properly. [snopes.com]

  Parasites Clinical features/Laboratory Treatment Transmission/Prevention Taeniasis Taenia saginata Taenia solium (worldwide) Often asymptomatic Segments expelled in the stools, sometimes gastrointestinal disturbances (epigastric or abdominal pain, nausea [medicalguidelines.msf.org]

• Weight Loss

  “Those desiring to lose weight are advised to stick with proven weight loss methods — consuming fewer calories and increasing physical activity.” [today.com]

  The worm's appearance — though terrifying — seemed to explain the months Meyer spent fighting fatigue, loss of appetite, and unexplained weight loss. Microscopic images of Diphyllobothrium latum tapeworm eggs. [uk.businessinsider.com]

  A society lady, encouraged by a friend’s success with an easy new weight-loss treatment, pays $25 for ‘ two rather large and suspicious-looking pills.’ [thequackdoctor.com]

  If someone is infected with one of these suckers they’ll have symptoms that include abdominal discomfort, diarrhea, vomiting, and weight loss. Some might find that latter symptom to be advantageous. [inverse.com]

  loss, and various secondary manifestations. — Burton J. [merriam-webster.com]

• Swelling

  Infection in the eyes may cause swelling or detachment of the retina. [medicinenet.com]

  Doctors at Fortis Hospital in New Delhi, India, told India Today the larvae traveled to the girl's brain through her bloodstream, causing massive swelling. [foxnews.com]

  Most of the eggs are filled by pyrite and some have a special polar swelling (operculum), suggesting they are non-erupted eggs. One of the eggs contains a probable developing larva. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Doctors gave the man a prescription for some steroids to reduce the swelling plus some anti-TB drugs and sent him home. Soon he was back, however, with the same symptoms. [scientificamerican.com]

  […] sp. nov., from dasyatid rays taken in coastal waters off New England and Chesapeake Bay, Virginia, is distinguished by the presence of a wide band of hooks on the external face of the tentacle, a single row of 4 intercalary hooks, absence of a basal swelling [publish.csiro.au]

• Asymptomatic

  “The exact percentages of tapeworms that are asymptomatic are not fully known, but it is accepted that the majority of patients will be asymptomatic,” Dr. Sonpal says. [rd.com]

  The worm is usually asymptomatic - and Dr Mosley suffered no obvious effects, although he did put on about 1kg (2.2lbs) in weight. [bbc.com]

  Different treatments will apply to cysts confined to non-CNS areas, such as skeletal muscle, asymptomatic cases many not require treatment, and excision can be performed for solitary lesions. [infectiousdiseaseadvisor.com]

• Diarrhea

  […] that a number of news outlets had reported that a man in Fresno, California, had walked into a local emergency room carrying a 5-foot-long tapeworm he said he had pulled out of his own body after experiencing symptoms that included cramping and bloody diarrhea [snopes.com]

  Symptoms may include upper abdominal discomfort, diarrhea, and loss of appetite. However, infestations are usually asymptomatic. Worm segments or eggs may be found in the stool of an infected person. [bionity.com]

  As Banh explained, a young man came into the emergency department complaining of bloody diarrhea. He also specifically asked to be treated for a tapeworm. [blogs.discovermagazine.com]

  The man, who suffered from bloody diarrhea, told medics it felt like his ‘guts were coming out’ – with doctors astonished to discover just how long the wriggling creature was when they pulled it out. [metro.co.uk]

  Kenny Banh says the man came in complaining of bloody diarrhea, which is fairly common, but then he said he wanted to be tested for worms. Things got even more interesting when the man opened a grocery bag he was carrying. [kmph.com]

• Abdominal Pain

  Symptoms generally include abdominal pain, diarrhea, nausea, and other gastrointestinal symptoms. Sometimes, the parasite may migrate to the appendix, pancreas, or bile duct causing severe abdominal pain. [bionity.com]

  pain, loss of appetite and weight loss. [livescience.com]

  The patient had complained of abdominal pain. During a bout of bloody diarrhoea, reports Bahn, “he says: ‘I look down and I look like there’s a piece of intestine hanging out of me.’ [theguardian.com]

  A male patient from Saint Laurent du Maroni (French Guiana) presenting abdominal pain was examined in France for the diagnosis of intestinal parasites. Diphyllobothrium-like eggs were observed in his stool. [pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Tell a parent or call a doctor if you see worms in your feces or if you have abdominal pain or other symptoms that might suggest a tapeworm infection. [kidshealth.org]

• Vomiting

  GETTY Symptoms of tapeworm: Diarrhoea and feeling sick or vomiting are also signs 10 common health myths Thu, July 20, 2017 Here are 10 common health myths that most people think are true. [express.co.uk]

  Corbis The Food Standards Agency said EU legislation dictates that certain fish products must be frozen before use, to limit the risk of worms They treated a 32-year-old man who had been suffering severe stomach pain, vomiting and fever for more than [thesun.co.uk]

  If someone is infected with one of these suckers they’ll have symptoms that include abdominal discomfort, diarrhea, vomiting, and weight loss. Some might find that latter symptom to be advantageous. [inverse.com]

  You might spot bits of tapeworm segment in your stool – small, pale, rice-like bits – or experience stomach pain or vomiting. Of the more than 10,000 known species of tapeworm, only a small number can infect humans. [theguardian.com]

  The research chronicled the case of a 32-year-old man who had severe stomach pain, vomiting, and a low-grade fever. He said that he recently ate sushi. Tests found he had a parasite. Typically, Anisakiasis is treated by removing the worm. [womenshealthmag.com]

• Loss of Appetite

  But although tapeworms often cause no symptoms, abdominal discomfort, fatigue, and loss of appetite are not uncommon. Fortunately, tapeworms can usually be treated with simple oral medication, often in a single dose. [giantmicrobes.com]

  […] of appetite and weight loss. [livescience.com]

  PUBLISHED: 15:21, Tue, Jan 23, 2018 | UPDATED: 15:45, Tue, Jan 23, 2018 Stomach pain, diarrhoea, feeling sick or vomiting, loss of appetite or increased appetite and weight loss can all be symptoms of a tapeworm infection. [express.co.uk]

  The worms are made up of segments, which can break apart and be passed through the digestive system and in to the loo • Stomach pain, vomiting and diarrhoea, which are often mistaken for other illnesses • Loss of appetite, malnutrition and weight loss [independent.co.uk]

  The worm's appearance — though terrifying — seemed to explain the months Meyer spent fighting fatigue, loss of appetite, and unexplained weight loss. Microscopic images of Diphyllobothrium latum tapeworm eggs. [uk.businessinsider.com]

• Blood in Stool

  Your doctor can rule it out with a simple blood or stool test. Learn about the parasite millions of Americans are exposed to. [rd.com]

• Jaundice

  […] other illnesses • Loss of appetite, malnutrition and weight loss, although infection from beef or pork tapeworms can cause an increase in appetite • Fish tapeworms can cause vitamin B12 deficiency, which may lead to anaemia • Dizziness • Insomnia • Jaundice [independent.co.uk]

  The cyst becomes symptomatic when complications develop (biliary obstruction; anaphylactic shock in the event of rupture into peritoneal cavity, vessels or an organ; febrile painful jaundice in the event of rupture into the biliary tree, etc.). [medicalguidelines.msf.org]

  If ducts become blocked, you could develop jaundice—a yellowing of the skin that’s due to a buildup of bilirubin in the blood—or pancreatitis. [rd.com]

• Fear

  Banh said he’s seen patients who think they have a tapeworm, but their fears are often unwarranted. But this time, Banh’s patient had proof. “I see next to him he’s got this little grocery bag, plastic bag, sitting next to him. [blogs.discovermagazine.com]

  Now they fear it’s possible that salmon caught along North America’s Pacific coast could have it. The tapeworm was brought in on a roll of toilet paper. [inverse.com]

  The good news is that the issue seems confined to salmon, so you can still enjoy your spicy tuna roll without the fear of a tiny monster growing into a larger monster inside your intestinal tract. [elitedaily.com]

  The gross bacteria and parasites lurking in YOUR shopping basket Graphic Warning TUMMY TROUBLES Man in pain for two months has SIX FOOT tapeworm pulled out of his mouth by docs in hour-long op 'I STILL HAVE STOMACH CRAMPS' Couple fear they have tapeworms [thesun.co.uk]

• Seizure

  "When eggs reach the brain through the nervous system they cause neurocysticercosis, which is characterised by a severe headache, epileptic seizures and confusion." [foxnews.com]

  The girl suffered from severe headaches and epileptic seizures, and she was put on steroids to help with the cysts that formed in her brain. [iflscience.com]

  Seizures SMK4pix/Shutterstock Some species of tapeworm can travel outside of the digestive tract and end up wreaking havoc on other body systems—including the eyes and brain. [rd.com]

  A serious infection in the brain can lead to mental complications, including seizures and personality changes. [science.jrank.org]

  The swelling will go down, and often symptoms (such as seizures) will go away. To prevent cysticercosis and other disease causing germs: Avoid eating raw or undercooked pork and other meats. [medicinenet.com]

• Headache

  The girl suffered from severe headaches and epileptic seizures, and she was put on steroids to help with the cysts that formed in her brain. [iflscience.com]

  "When eggs reach the brain through the nervous system they cause neurocysticercosis, which is characterised by a severe headache, epileptic seizures and confusion." [foxnews.com]

  When they move to other parts of the body, he warned they can "cause cysts in the body, such as in the brain, causing seizures and headaches". He added: "In some cases, they can be fatal." [thesun.co.uk]

  Cysts in the brain can cause various symptoms, such as headaches, seizures, confusion, and sometimes severe, life-threatening disease. [msdmanuals.com]

  Called neurocysticercosis (noor-o-sis-tih-sur-KOE-sis), this especially dangerous complication of invasive pork tapeworm infection can result in headaches and visual impairment, as well as seizures, meningitis, hydrocephalus or dementia. [mayoclinic.org]

• Irritability

  An Oregon also woman found 14 worms hanging out in her eye after she went to the doctor for eye irritation. [bustle.com]

  Tapeworms can cause you to feel ill and lose your appetite, due to irritation in your bowels. In some cases, parasites can even induce vomiting or diarrhea in patients. Here are 9 silent signs you’re not taking care of yourself. [rd.com]

  Some tapeworms attach themselves to the walls of the intestines, where they cause irritation or mild inflammation, while others may pass through to your stool and exit your body. [mayoclinic.org]

  Infections by Enterobius cause irritability and sleeplessness in humans, especially children. > ascarid ‘roundworms’ have large bodies with 3 prominent anterior lips. [parasite.org.au]

  The large female worm, up to 80 cm in length, protrudes from the skin, usually of the leg, and causes intense inflammation and irritation, signs that are so unusual and unambiguous that ancient texts can be interpreted with some certainty. [cmr.asm.org]

A change in the pattern of treatment for tapeworms was reported which may have resulted in a recent decline in the prevalence of infection. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Find information such as life cycle, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment as well as pictures and videos. [parasitesinhumans.org]

Treatment for tapeworms in humans is fairly simple: usually a single dose of an oral antihelminthic, a drug that kills the worms, “similar to the deworming medication you give your pet dog,” Banh says. [snopes.com]

Antiparasitic treatment without diagnosis of location by computerirsed tomography and/or magnetic resonance imaging can worsen the symptoms even threat the life. Neurosurgical treatment can be required. [medicalguidelines.msf.org]

Particular emphasis will be given to the etiology, pathogenesis and description of gross and microscopic pathologic patterns occurring during the progress and outcome of major human diseases and conditions. [pathmicro.med.sc.edu]

The etiology, diagnosis and treatment of amebiasis. The Williams & Wilkins Co., Baltimore, Md. ↵ Crosby, A. W. 1986. Ecological imperialism: the biological expansion of Europe, 900-1900. [cmr.asm.org]

Nevertheless, the suitability of further molecular targets deserves to be widened, and the comparison of samples of different geographical origin could allow their intra-specific characterization, which could also be useful for epidemiological purposes [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

For a number of reasons, T. solium is a candidate for control: (i) neurocysticercosis has a tremendous impact on human health; (ii) since T. solium is the only source of cysticercosis for both humans and pigs, it may be epidemiologically controllable; [asmscience.org]

Infectious agents are discussed in relation to their morphology, biology, epidemiology and pathogenesis. [pathmicro.med.sc.edu]

(Reviews the current knowledge about the pathophysiology of Taenia infections based on animal modeling.) Scholz, T, Garcia, HH, Kuchta, R, Wicht, B. “Update on the human broad tapeworm (genus diphyllobothrium), including clinical relevance”. [infectiousdiseaseadvisor.com]

Transmission by faecal-oral route or auto-infection Prevention: • individual: hand washing, nail cutting • collective: hygiene and sanitation (water, latrines, etc.) [medicalguidelines.msf.org]

Prevention Prevention is one of the best ways to control the spread of cestode infections. It's also less complicated and much cheaper as compared to treatment. [microscopemaster.com]

In general, measures that help prevent infection by parasites involve Good personal hygiene Avoiding insect bites Avoiding contact with contaminated water or soil Many preventive measures are sensible everywhere but some are more important in specific [merck.com]

Digenean trematode, in contrast to monogeneans, digest blood extracellularly and their secretions include molecules capable of lysing erythrocytes and preventing blood clotting. [doi.org]

Treat tapeworm The worms can be prevented by annually administering a worm course of treatment to fish. Excellent means are available to this end. A fish which has been infected already can be treated with the same means. [velda.com]