However, patients with AML may experience extreme weakness and fatigue, gum hypertrophy, and skin infiltration, whereas those with ALL often present with lymphadenopathy. [oncologynurseadvisor.com]

Presentation Presentation is highly variable depending on the child's age and the extent of leukaemic infiltration of the bone marrow and other sites, as well as cytokine systemic effects: The classical signs of anaemia, thrombocytopenia, hepatosplenomegaly [patient.info]

Presenting signs and symptoms were recorded as described in each study, and numbers of children presenting with each feature noted. [adc.bmj.com]

When any of these symptoms are present and children limit their participation in play, they need to be examined by a medical professional. [choosept.com]

Seven children actually lost all of the CNAs present before relapse, and five children had no change in CNAs between diagnosis and relapse. [sciencemag.org]

• Exposure to Benzene

  Maternal benzene exposure during pregnancy and risk of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a meta-analysis of epidemiologic studies. PLoS One. 2014; 9 ( 10 ):e110466. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ] 51. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  […] to benzene, exposure to pesticides, and infections. [en.wikipedia.org]

• Developmental Delay

  Maternal periconceptional folic acid intake and risk of autism spectrum disorders and developmental delay in the CHARGE (CHildhood Autism Risks from Genetics and Environment) case-control study. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Painter

  Lightfoot TJ, Johnston WT, Painter D, et al. Genetic variation in the folate metabolic pathway and risk of childhood leukemia. Blood. 2010 May 13; 115 (19):3923–3929. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ] 147. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Muscle Weakness

  If a drug called vincristine (Oncovin, Vincasar) is part of your child’s chemotherapy, there may be muscle weakness and nerve pain. These side effects usually go away after treatment is finished. [cancer.net]

  Children receiving chemotherapy may experience side effects, including nausea; vomiting; hair loss; mouth sores; decreased blood counts; changes in sensation, particularly in the feet; muscle weakness; and fatigue. [choosept.com]

• Ataxia

  The commonest genetic predisposition syndromes are Down Syndrome, Neurofibromatosis type 1, Bloom Syndrome, Fanconi Anemia, Li-Fraumeni syndrome and Ataxia Telangiectasia. [health.clevelandclinic.org]

  Ataxia telangiectasia. Bloom's syndrome (a rare autosomal recessive condition associated with short stature and an increased risk of developing various cancers) [ 10 ]. [patient.info]

  These include having one of several genetic disorders, including: Ataxia-telangiectasia Bloom syndrome Diamond-Blackfan anemia Down syndrome Fanconi anemia Klinefelter syndrome Li-Fraumeni syndrome Neurofibromatosis Schwachman-Diamond syndrome Trisomy [mdanderson.org]

  Also, inherited genetic conditions that affect the immune system like ataxia telangiectasia, neurofibromatosis, and Li–Fraumeni syndrome may also increase a child’s risk of developing the disease. [news-medical.net]

  The risk for childhood leukemia increases if your child has: An inherited disorder such as Li-Fraumeni syndrome, Down syndrome, or Klinefelter syndrome An inherited immune system problem such as ataxia telangiectasia A brother or sister with leukemia, [webmd.com]

• Neglect

  Siblings may feel neglected with the understandable shift of focus to the sick child. Good communication between all of the many professionals involved in the child's care is critical. [patient.info]

A treatment clinical trial is a research study meant to help improve current treatments or obtain information on new treatments for patients with cancer. [cancer.gov]

Before treatment begins, talk with your child’s doctor about the goals of each treatment in the treatment plan. You should also talk about the possible side effects of the specific treatment plan and palliative care options. [cancer.net]

[…] remission with initial treatment. [texasoncology.com]

Continued Before cancer treatment begins, sometimes a child needs treatment to address illness complications. [webmd.com]

Your child receives a personalized treatment and follow-up plan that’s tailored to their needs. [dukehealth.org]

Specific chromosome changes affect prognosis. AML that started because of treatment for a different cancer usually has poorer prognosis. [en.wikipedia.org]

Individual prognosis is highly dependent upon staging by the various classifications. Prognosis is best for children aged 1-10 years. [patient.info]

Fortunately, the therapy of ALL in childhood is quite successful, with overall cure rates of about 80% in developed countries, and research still focuses on clinical and biological aspects of ALL to identify factors that are relevant for prognosis in [ikmb.uni-kiel.de]

While most survive, about 15 percent relapse despite today's best treatments, and their prognosis is bleak. In a key study of 63 advanced patients, 83 percent went into remission. [france24.com]

[…] any cancer, prognosis and long-term survival can vary greatly from child to child. [chop.edu]

The etiology of childhood leukaemia remains largely unknown, mainly because of its biological diversity and multifactorial etiology. [iarc.fr]

Pooled analyses supported the hypothesis that child’s immune status and fetal growth are pivotal pathways in the etiology of ALL. [circle.berkeley.edu]

Further investigations of such clusters may be desirable, however, as a potential source of clues regarding the etiology of childhood tumors. [cdc.gov]

[…] studies aimed at improving therapy and understanding etiology. [nature.com]

Molecular characterization of the cases with translocations may provide insight into the timing of critical exposures and the nature of the etiological agent involved. One comparison subject (control) is recruited for each consenting case. [clinicaltrials.gov]

Paediatric and perinatal epidemiology. 2011 Nov; 25 (6):559–565. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ] 165. Hu FB. Dietary pattern analysis: a new direction in nutritional epidemiology. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

"We are dealing with an obesity epidemic in this country," said senior author Jian-Min Yuan, MD, PhD, professor of epidemiology at Pitt Public Health and coleader of the Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Program at UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, in a statement [medscape.com]

References Third National Cancer Survey: Incidence Data, National Cancer Institute Monograph No. 41, 1975, pp 102-103 Knox G: Epidemiology of childhood leukaemia in Northumberland and Durham. [cdc.gov]

The first author on the paper, Signe Holst Søegaard, a graduate student in the department of epidemiology, Statens Serum Institut, says that their findings “suggest that children who develop ALL are immunologically disparate already at birth.” [genengnews.com]

Moreover statistical associations between childhood leukaemia and weak low- frequency magnetic fields have been consistently observed in epidemiological studies. [bfs.de]

Langston also said many details would need to be worked out before a new strategy for prevention or treatment could be developed. [ajc.com]

The research may be a step toward developing preventative measures. However, Charles Swanton, chief clinician of Cancer Research UK, stressed that the causes and prevention methods are still unconfirmed. [edition.cnn.com]

Leukemia is the most common childhood cancer and may one day be preventable. A prominent scientist in the UK has an explanation for the development of some types of childhood leukemia and claims it may be one day be preventable. [forbes.com]

This research may even someday help us prevent the onset of other autoimmune disorders, including type 1 diabetes and allergies. [bigthink.com]

Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology. 2015 Jan; 24 (1):48–56. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ] 150. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]