Symptoma

Chlamydial Pelvic Inflammatory Disease

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Due to Chlamydia Trachomatis

Two cases of chlamydial pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) are presented. Each was clinically assessed and followed by laboratory methods now available to practitioners. These patients presented with vaginal discharge and chronic abdominal pain. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Non-gonococcal and non-chlamydial PID present as similar to gonococcal disease. [news-medical.net]

It may be asymptomatic or may present with discharge or irregular bleeding. [clinicaladvisor.com]

Classic Presentation Women typically present with bilateral lower abdominal pain, purulent vaginal discharge, or less frequently with abnormal vaginal bleeding. [cdemcurriculum.com]

  • Unsafe Sexual Practices

    It is mostly acquired through unsafe sexual practices and is one of the most serious consequences of sexually transmitted diseases (STD). [drelsa.ae]

    sexual practices, and routinely using appropriate barrier protection. [emedicine.medscape.com]

  • Malaise

    Patients may also present with fever, nausea, vomiting and general malaise, but this is variable and may range from minimally symptomatic to toxic appearing. [cdemcurriculum.com]

  • Reiter's Syndrome

    Reiter's syndrome (reactive arthritis). In pregnancy: PID is associated with an increase in preterm delivery, and maternal and fetal morbidity. Neonatal: perinatal transmission of C. trachomatis or N. gonorrhoeae can cause ophthalmia neonatorum. [patient.info]

  • Abdominal Pain

    These patients presented with vaginal discharge and chronic abdominal pain. They initially had positive chlamydia cultures which became negative after treatment with tetracycline. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

    Additional information on symptoms, other evidence of infection, or indications of severe disease included the following: abdominal pain (noted for 13 women); the presence of two of three symptoms (abdominal pain, cervical-motion or uterine tenderness [nejm.org]

    In practice, when a woman of a generative age presents with pelvic or lower abdominal pain, PID must be taken into account in the differential diagnosis. [news-medical.net]

    Symptoms in women include Abnormal vaginal discharge, which may have a strong smell A burning sensation when urinating Pain during intercourse If the infection spreads, you might get lower abdominal pain, pain during sex, nausea, or fever. [icdlist.com]

  • Chronic Abdominal Pain

    These patients presented with vaginal discharge and chronic abdominal pain. They initially had positive chlamydia cultures which became negative after treatment with tetracycline. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

    If a pregnancy occurs following an ectopic pregnancy, the rate of another ectopic pregnancy is about 20%. 20 Chronic Abdominal Pain Chronic abdominal pain lasting longer than 6 months occurred in 17–18% of women after one or more episodes of PID, compared [glowm.com]

  • Rectal Pain

    pain, discharge, and/or bleeding. [icdlist.com]

  • Vaginal Discharge

    These patients presented with vaginal discharge and chronic abdominal pain. They initially had positive chlamydia cultures which became negative after treatment with tetracycline. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

    Others have pain in the lower abdomen, fever, smelly vaginal discharge, irregular bleeding, and pain during intercourse or urination. Doctors diagnose PID with a physical exam, lab tests, and imaging tests. Antibiotics can cure PID. [icdlist.com]

    Cervical / vaginal discharge Irregular vaginal bleeding Heavy blood loss suggests endometritis Fever (About 1/3 of patients) Cervicitis The cervix will appear red and will bleed easily OFTEN ASYMPTOMATIC! [almostadoctor.co.uk]

    Vaginal discharge with an odor, painful urination or bleeding between menstrual cycles can be associated with a sexually transmitted infection (STI). If these signs and symptoms occur, stop having sex and see your doctor soon. [mayoclinic.org]

    To find out if someone has PID, health care providers: ask about sexual activity ask about symptoms do a physical exam, including a pelvic exam test urine (pee) and vaginal discharge for STDs Sometimes more testing is needed. [kidshealth.org]

  • Pelvic Pain

    This can lead to infertility, ectopic pregnancy, pelvic pain, abscesses, and other serious problems. PID is the most common preventable cause of infertility in the United States. [icdlist.com]

    SLIDESHOW Pelvic Pain: What's Causing Your Pelvic Pain? See Slideshow Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) Center Medically Reviewed on 8/16/2018 References SOURCE: "Pelvic Inflammatory Disease." womenshealth.gov. Updated August 31, 2015. [medicinenet.com]

    PID can also cause long term lower abdominal or pelvic pain. Tests There is no test that can say for sure whether a women has PID or not. [nt.gov.au]

    Chronic pelvic pain. Pelvic inflammatory disease can cause pelvic pain that might last for months or years. Scarring in your fallopian tubes and other pelvic organs can cause pain during intercourse and ovulation. Tubo-ovarian abscess. [mayoclinic.org]

    And early presentation for the diagnosis and treatment of pelvic pain should be a key message of all sexual health promotion programs. [theconversation.com]

  • Salpingitis

    Ossler S, Persson K (1982) Epidemiologie and serodiagnostic aspects of chlamydial salpingitis. Obstet Gynecol 59: 206 Google Scholar 18. Paavonen J, Saikku P, Vesterinen E, Aho K(1979) Chlamydia trachomatis in acute salpingitis. [link.springer.com]

    (catarrhal) (fallopian tube) (nodular) (pseudofollicular) (purulent) (septic) N70.91 ICD-10-CM Diagnosis Code N70.91 Salpingitis, unspecified 2016 2017 2018 2019 Billable/Specific Code Female Dx chlamydial A56.11 ICD-10-CM Codes Adjacent To A56.11 A54.89 [icd10data.com]

    A56.11 - Disease, diseased - See Also: Syndrome; - pelvis, pelvic - inflammatory (female) - N73.9 - chlamydial - A56.11 - Endometritis (decidual) (nonspecific) (purulent) (senile) (atrophic) (suppurative) - N71.9 - chlamydial - A56.11 - Salpingitis [icdlist.com]

    The relative importance of N. gonorrhoeae in these women usually has not been simultaneously determined, but in one report infertility rates after chlamydial salpingitis (23%), gonococcal salpingitis (24%), and nonchlamydial nongonococcal salpingitis [glowm.com]

    Salpingitis with endometritis and oophoritis, with or without peritonitis, is often called salpingitis even though other structures are involved. Pus may collect in the tubes (pyosalpinx), and an abscess may form (tubo-ovarian abscess). [msdmanuals.com]

  • Cervical Motion Tenderness

    More common presentations include acute pelvic pain (of variable intensity), cervical motion tenderness, vaginal discharge, fever, dyspareunia, and leukocytosis. Right upper quadrant pain from perihepatitis in Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome is possible. [radiopaedia.org]

    motion tenderness and adnexal or uterine tenderness. [sti.guidelines.org.au]

    The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) suggest that the presence of cervical motion tenderness or tenderness of the uterus or adnexa on exam are the minimum diagnostic criteria. [clinicaladvisor.com]

    On pelvic examination PID is very likely if there is purulent endocervical discharge, cervical motion tenderness (chandelier sign), and adnexal tenderness with bimanual examination. Rectovaginal examination can further support these findings. [pedclerk.bsd.uchicago.edu]

    motion tenderness or uterine tenderness or adnexal tenderness. [cdc.gov]

  • Adnexal Tenderness

    The most common physical exam findings are bilateral adnexal tenderness and purulent cervical discharge. Cervical motion, uterine, and lower abdominal tenderness may also be present. [cdemcurriculum.com]

    tenderness, noted for 18); and the presence of all three symptoms (noted for 6). [nejm.org]

    Key constituents of the physical examination include an abdominal exam (with right upper quadrant palpation), vaginal speculum exam (that includes inspection of the cervix), bimanual exam (to assess cervical motion, adnexal tenderness and pelvic masses [news-medical.net]

    Pelvic inflammatory disease should be suspected in at risk patients who present with pelvic or lower abdominal pain with no identified etiology, and who have cervical motion, uterine, or adnexal tenderness. [aafp.org]

Consequently, a pregnancy test is mandatory in the workup of women of childbearing age who have lower abdominal pain. (See DDx.) [emedicine.medscape.com]

  • Elevated Sedimentation Rate

    Insistence on rigid diagnostic criteria such as fever, abdominal tenderness, leukocytosis, and an elevated sedimentation rate can uncover only the most overt cases of PID while excluding most cases. [glowm.com]

  • Chlamydia Trachomatis

    Johannisson G, Löwhagen G-B, Nilsson S (1982) Chlamydia trachomatis and urethritis in men. In: Mårdh P-A, Moller BR, Paavonen J (eds) Chlamydia trachomatis in genital and related infections. [link.springer.com]

    […] of cervix due to Chlamydia trachomatis Infection of peritoneum due to Chlamydia trachomatis Pelvic inflammation with female sterility due to Chlamydia trachomatis PID with female sterility due to Chlamydia trachomatis Index to Diseases and Injuries References [icdlist.com]

    Article Figures/Media 29 References 402 Citing Articles Letters Abstract Background Chlamydia trachomatis is a frequent cause of pelvic inflammatory disease. [nejm.org]

    Abstract: Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) results most frequently from the ascent of sexually transmitted Chlamydia trachomatis or Neisseria gonorrhoeae infections from the cervix to the upper genital tract. [popline.org]

    Catherine O'Connell, Uma Nagarajan, Harold Wiesenfeld, Sharon Hillier and Toni Darville J Immunol May 1, 2014, 192 (1 Supplement) 185.4; Abstract Processes driving development of immune pathology after Chlamydia trachomatis infection are poorly understood [jimmunol.org]

They initially had positive chlamydia cultures which became negative after treatment with tetracycline. Their chlamydia titers increased throughout the course of their disease and treatment. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Since PID is the most significant consequence of sexually transmitted bacterial infections, treatments to prevent its long-term sequelae are essential. [popline.org]

Early treatment is important. Waiting too long increases the risk of infertility. [icdlist.com]

Allergy to principal treatment choice Seek specialist advice. [sti.guidelines.org.au]

[…] become prominent due to infection draining in to lymphatics along the course of the gonadal veins MRI May show an ill-defined adnexal mass containing fluid with various signal intensities: T1 C (Gd): wall and surrounding tissues may enhance Treatment and prognosis [radiopaedia.org]

Prognosis and complications Recurrence rates amongst patients with PID is high. One study of low income AA age 19 showed recurrence rates of 25 and 20 percent, respectively, at 84 months post-treatment. [pedclerk.bsd.uchicago.edu]

Prognosis Getting prompt treatment and follow-up care can cure pelvic inflammatory disease and keep it from causing further problems. [drugs.com]

This article reviews the available literature on the etiology of PID, its clinical manifestations, the pathogenesis and host response to C. trachomatis in PID, diagnosis, PID management, PID-related morbidity, and prevention. [popline.org]

Etiological studies with emphasis on chlamydial infection. Obstet Gynecol 59: 550 PubMed Google Scholar 14. [link.springer.com]

If NAAT is negative, or if another cause is more likely, there are other possible etiologies of cervicitis. [clinicaladvisor.com]

Acute pelvic inflammatory disease: etiology, risk factors and pathogenesis. Clin Obstet Gynecol 1976 Mar;19(1):147-69. (2) McCormack MW. Pelvic Inflammatory Disease. N Engl J Med 1994; 330:115-119 (3) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. [virtualmedstudent.com]

Sexually transmitted diseases, pelvic inflammatory disease, and infertility: an epidemiologic update. Epidemiol Rev 1990 ;12: 199 - 220 3. Westrom L, Wolner-Hanssen P. Pathogenesis of pelvic inflammatory disease. Genitourin Med 1993 ;69: 9 - 17 4. [nejm.org]

Eschenbach DA (1980) Epidemiology and diagnosis of acute pelvic inflammatory disease. Obstet Gynecol Suppl 55: 142 Google Scholar 13. Gjønnaess H, Dalaker K, Ånestad G, Mårdh P-A, Kvile G, Bergan T (1982) Pelvic inflammatory disease. [link.springer.com]

Epidemiology Every year in the United States PID accounts for 2.5 million outpatient visits, 200,000 hospitalizations, and 100,000 surgical procedures. [pedclerk.bsd.uchicago.edu]

Epidemiology 2000 Sep;11(5):589-97. The Self-Care Advisor:230 The Health Publishing Group 1996. Brigham Narins, Editor. World of Health:872-74. The Gale Group 2000. [consumer.healthday.com]

Epidemiology of acute pelvic inflammatory disease. [glowm.com]

Symptoms manifesting from these responses include an oral temperature 38.3 C (101 F), elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate or C-reactive protein, or presence of white blood cells on microscopy of vaginal secretions. 1,2,11 Pathophysiology and Diagnosis [uspharmacist.com]

C 28, 29 Pathophysiology The microorganisms that are implicated in PID are thought to spread in three ways: Intra-abdominally, traveling from the cervix to the endometrium, through the salpinx, and into the peritoneal cavity (causing endometritis, salpingitis [aafp.org]

Pathophysiology Most cases of PID are presumed to occur in 2 stages. The first stage is acquisition of a vaginal or cervical infection. This infection is often sexually transmitted and may be asymptomatic. [emedicine.medscape.com]

Pathophysiology of abscess formation. Clin Obstet Gynecol 10:93, 1983 56 Moller BR, Freundt EA, Block FT, et al. Experimental infection of the genital tract of female grivet monkeys by Mycoplasma hominis. [glowm.com]

Recent technological advances should further enhance efforts to prevent chlamydial infection and PID. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Since PID is the most significant consequence of sexually transmitted bacterial infections, treatments to prevent its long-term sequelae are essential. [popline.org]

Can I prevent chlamydia? The only sure way to prevent chlamydia is to not have vaginal, anal, or oral sex. Correct usage of latex condoms greatly reduces, but does not eliminate, the risk of catching or spreading chlamydia. [icdlist.com]

Several pieces of the prevention puzzle have been put in place in recent decades. The prevention of sexually transmitted infections that can cause pelvic inflammatory disease has received deservedly increased attention. [nejm.org]

Back to top Prevention STIs, mainly untreated chlamydia or gonorrhea, is the main preventable cause of PID. Women can protect themselves from PID by taking action to prevent STIs or by getting early treatment if they do get an STI. [pamf.org]