Short-duration chronic daily headache (CDH) are brief headache syndromes and trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias. They are relatively rare and only a small proportion of CDH patients are affected by them [1] [2].

The trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias have autonomic features with unilateral trigeminal distribution, these include paroxysmal hemicrania, chronic cluster headache, and short-lasting unilateral neuralgiform attacks with autonomic cranial symptoms or conjunctival tearing and injection.

Brief headache syndromes are primary stabbing, primary exertional, primary cough, and hypnic headaches.

Most cases with long-duration CDH are affected by migraines or tension-type headaches. Other types include new daily persistent headache and hemicrania continua [3].

The term "transformed migraine" is used to describe chronic migraines in patients with a gradual or rapid progression to CDH with flare-ups similar to their previous episodes of a migraine [4].

Medication overuse further complicates treatment in two-thirds of patients who regularly use abortive medication such as acetaminophen, caffeine, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, triptans, and narcotics.

In tension-type headaches, bilateral or occipital bandlike discomfort build up in a slow way and can last for several days. Unlike migraines, nausea and photophobia are generally absent. If a headache becomes constant in 72 hours it is new daily persistent headache instead of chronic tension-type headache which develops more slowly.

New daily persistent headache is more refractory to treatment compared to chronic tension-type headache.

Patients who progress to CDH may have symptoms of both a migraine and tension-type headaches which result in a challenging treatment planning [5].

• Headache

  If a headache becomes constant in 72 hours it is new daily persistent headache instead of chronic tension-type headache which develops more slowly. [symptoma.com]

  METHODS: A Headache Center to characterize headaches in children (3 to 18 years old) was established. Over 34 months, 577 children have been evaluated. With use of a definition of > or =15 headaches per month, 200 (34.6%) children had CDH. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Recurrent Headache

  The long-term goals of this study are to reduce the symptoms that are associated with recurrent headaches and to collect data that can be used for future acupuncture studies. [clinicaltrials.gov]

  Sustained or recurrent headaches can greatly impact school performance and may even induce behavioral disturbances. 1 Headache accounts for approximately 1% of all pediatric ED visits. 2,3 Fortunately, most headaches in children prompting an ED visit [accessmedicine.mhmedical.com]

  Headache disorders, characterized by recurrent headache, are among the most common disorders of the nervous system. [who.int]

If primary CDH is diagnosed, detection of the subtype is necessary to plan appropriate treatment accordingly.

Secondary causes of headaches have to be excluded before forming a management plan for CDH.

Evaluation of red flags is important as they suggest a secondary etiology for a headache [3] [6].

Red flags and their suggestive etiologies:

• A headache that is aggravated or relieved by an upright or supine position: intracranial hemorrhage
• A headache provoked by the Valsalva maneuver: Arnold-Chiari malformation
• Sudden onset of a headache: Subarachnoid hemorrhage
• Onset after 50 years: Brain neoplasm
• Papilledema: Increased intracranial pressure
• Lateralizing or focal neurologic signs: Hemorrhagic stroke
• Systemic symptoms (fever, weight loss, myalgias): Meningitis, giant cell arteritis, encephalitis
• Recent pregnancy: Postpartum preeclampsia

Imaging studies must be ordered when red flags are observed [5]. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is considered the most useful method since it has a higher sensitivity to detect secondary causes of headaches compared to computed tomography (CT). In absence of contraindications, MRI with contrast should be ordered, especially when an intracranial mass is suspected. CT scans are more appropriate for acute settings to exclude intracranial mass or hemorrhage. Primary headaches do not have specific MRI findings.

CDH results in a reduction in quality of life, high economic costs for the society and significant pain and suffering for the patient [7] [8].

Our experience with intravenous treatment of headaches and migraines was summarized recently and a 97.5% success rate for this type of treatment was found in the clinic. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

New daily persistent headache is more refractory to treatment compared to chronic tension-type headache. Patients who progress to CDH may have symptoms of both a migraine and tension-type headaches which result in a challenging treatment planning. [symptoma.com]

Compared with the treatments commonly available in the emergency department, the specialist’s clinic can offer more effective headache-altering definitive treatments. [link.springer.com]

In these trials both groups had fewer headaches than before treatment, but there was no difference between the effects of the two treatments. [dx.doi.org]

The diagnosis, classification, treatment, and long-term prognosis continue to be poorly understood. Recent epidemiologic studies and updated classifications have been done in this area, but further work is needed to help these children. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

[…] worse prognosis at follow-up. [migrainetrust.org]

Patient education Prognosis Even with optimal therapy, about one third of those who improve will have return of their daily headache and medication overuse pattern. [migraines.org]

Seventy-six cases of presumed sudden hearing loss occurring in 1973: Prognosis and incidence. Laryngoscope 1977 ; 87: 817 – 825. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI 3. Schreiber, BE, Agrup, C, Haskard, DO. Sudden sensorineural hearing loss. [doi.org]

Evaluation of red flags is important as they suggest a secondary etiology for a headache. [symptoma.com]

CONCLUSIONS: Carnitine palmityltransferase II deficiency may represent another etiology for migraine headache, and may be useful in further defining the pathophysiology of migraine. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Table 159-1 Etiology of Headache View Table | Favorite Table | Download (.pdf) Table 159-1 Etiology of Headache Critical Secondary Causes Reversible Secondary Causes Vascular conditions Non–central nervous system infections Subarachnoid hemorrhage Focal [accessmedicine.mhmedical.com]

Table 159-1 Etiology of Headache View Large | Save Table Table 159-1 Etiology of Headache Critical Secondary Causes Reversible Secondary Causes Vascular conditions Non–central nervous system infections Subarachnoid hemorrhage Focal Intraparenchymal hemorrhage [web.archive.org]

The evolution of the classification of chronic daily headache has aided epidemiologic efforts. The disorder can be primary or related to other neurologic or systemic conditions. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Technische Universität München 3 Department of Neurology, Technische Universität München 4 Institute of Social Medicine, Epidemiology, and Health Economics, Charité University Medical Centre, Berlin, Germany 5 Private practice, Munich 6 Department of [doi.org]

Carnitine is used by mitochondria for fatty acid transportation; its deficiency, however, has not been implicated in migraine pathophysiology. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

The pathophysiology of MOH is complex, and there certainly is a genetic predisposition toward MOH as well. [practicalpainmanagement.com]

Conclusion: There is evidence of oxidative stress in migraine pathophysiology. Following treatment, oxidative stress declined following both pharmacological and rTMS. [doi.org]

Some anti-seizure drugs seem to prevent migraines. These medications may be used to prevent chronic daily headaches as well. Options may include gabapentin (Neurontin) and topiramate (Topamax). NSAIDs. [hoag.org]

Medications There are several reasons to consider daily medication to prevent migraines should. [clevelandclinicmeded.com]

Bridging this period with rescue and preventive medications is helpful. OTC medications should be used two days per week or less to avoid medication overuse headache. Therapeutic medication includes rescue and/or prevention. [consultqd.clevelandclinic.org]

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3. Halker RB, Hastriter EV, Dodick DW. Chronic daily headache: an evidence-based and systematic approach to a challenging problem. Neurology. 2011;76(7 suppl 2):S37–S43.
4. Goadsby PJ, Boes C. Chronic daily headache. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2002;72 suppl 2:ii2–ii5.
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6. Wiendels NJ, Knuistingh Neven A, Rosendaal FR, et al. Chronic frequent headache in the general population: prevalence and associated factors. Cephalalgia. 2006;26(12):1434–1442.
7. Stewart WF, Ricci JA, Chee E, Morganstein D, Lipton R. Lost productive time and cost due to common pain conditions in the US workforce. JAMA 2003;290(18):2443–2454.
8. Lipton RB, Stewart WF, Scher AI. Epidemiology and economic impact of migraine. Curr Med Res Opin 2001;17(Suppl 1): s4-s12.