Here we present the first reported case of bilateral iliopsoas tendon rupture associated with prolonged ciprofloxacin use. This older woman presented with non-traumatic, sudden onset hip pain which was diagnosed as a right iliopsoas rupture on MRI. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Intravenous Administration

  Intravenous administration of ciprofloxacin in patients with additional risks may elevate the risk of QTc interval prolongation. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  with moderate to excellent bioavailability. 1, 4 Serum drug levels achieved after oral administration are comparable to those with intravenous dosing, which allows an early transition from intravenous to oral therapy and a potential reduction of treatment [aafp.org]

  However, this may change the absorption of the medication compared to taking the capsule whole.[15] Chemistry[edit] It has a volume of distribution of 2.4 L/kg following intravenous administration.[1] References[edit] ^ a b c d e "Zanaflex (tizanidine [en.wikipedia.org]

• Collapse

  The chest X-ray showed total collapse of the left lung. A ciprofloxacin tablet was observed and extracted during the bronchoscopy. To the best of our knowledge this is the first report of a ciprofloxacin tablet aspiration. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Irritability Anxiety Depression Weakness Paranoia Twitching Hot flushes Migraine Angina Disturbed vision, hearing, taste or smell Gout flare-up Dysuria Changes in haematology and hepatic and renal biochemistry laboratory parameters Severe Cardiovascular collapse [myvmc.com]

  An allergic reaction to Ciloxan can cause cardiovascular collapse and unconsciousness. Also, tell your doctor about any prescription or over-the-counter medications you're taking, as some may interact with Ciloxan. [sharecare.com]

  If the victim has collapsed, had a seizure, has trouble breathing, or can't be awakened, immediately call emergency services at 911. Keep all appointments with your doctor and the laboratory. [medlineplus.gov]

• Nausea

  She presented to clinic with nausea and anorexia within a few days of addition of ciprofloxacin to her current regimen of medications, which included digoxin. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Can be exacerbated by the drugs’ effects on cell membrane channels Adverse Effects Use of fluoroquinolones may result to these adverse effects: GI: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, dry mouth CNS: headache, dizziness, insomnia, depression Immunological: bone [nurseslabs.com]

  Both treatments were well tolerated, but the frequencies of nausea and diarrhea were lower in the ciprofloxacin ER group than in the ciprofloxacin IR group (nausea, ER, 0.6%; IR, 2.2%; P = 0.033; diarrhea, ER, 0.2%; IR, 1.4%; P = 0.037). [aac.asm.org]

  The patient was discharged, but returned 12 hours later because of nausea, arthralgias, and no urinary output for 24 hours. Her temperature was 38.2°C, her serum [jamanetwork.com]

  The most frequently reported adverse effects are nausea, diarrhoea, vomiting, dyspepsia, abdominal pain, headache, restlessness, rash, dizziness and pruritus. Drug interactions Plasma levels of theophylline may be increased. [apps.who.int]

• Abdominal Pain

  Upon physical examination a slight general abdominal pain on palpation and some fresh blood at rectal digital examination were found. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  The most frequently reported adverse effects are nausea, diarrhoea, vomiting, dyspepsia, abdominal pain, headache, restlessness, rash, dizziness and pruritus. Drug interactions Plasma levels of theophylline may be increased. [apps.who.int]

  Adverse Effects Use of penicillins and penicillinase-resistant antibiotics may result to these adverse effects: GI: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, glossitis, stomatitis, gastritis, sore mouth, furry tongue Pain and inflammation at the injection [nurseslabs.com]

• Tachycardia

  Torsades de pointes (Tdp) is a polymorphic form of ventricular tachycardia and a life-threatening event. A variety of non-cardiovascular drugs, including fluoroquinolone antibiotics, have been shown to possess arrhythmogenic properties. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Due To An Allergy Low Blood Counts Due To Bone Marrow Failure Low Blood Pressure Low Blood Sugar Low Levels Of White Blood Cells Mental Problems From Taking The Drug Methemoglobinemia, A Type Of Blood Disorder Pancreatitis Paroxysmal Supraventricular Tachycardia [webmd.com]

  [Ref] Uncommon (0.1% to 1%): Tachycardia, vasodilatation, hypotension Rare (0.01% to 0.1%): Vasculitis Frequency not reported: Angina pectoris, cardiopulmonary arrest, myocardial infarction, hypertension, palpitation, bradycardia, arrhythmia, atrial flutter [drugs.com]

  L, the patient was given a preliminary clinical diagnosis of sepsis based on a joint assessment of systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) criteria and quick Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (qSOFA), with a SIRS score of 3/4 (leukocytosis, tachycardia [ptcommunity.com]

  […] symptoms may occur during or after antimicrobial treatment), pulmonary embolism, purpura, renal calculi, renal failure, respiratory arrest, respiratory distress, restlessness, serum sickness-like reaction, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, sweating, syncope, tachycardia [ndrugs.com]

• Heart Block

  †Surgery may be required because of heart failure or failure of medical therapy. ‡Echocardiography should not be the primary modality used to detect or monitor heart block. [doi.org]

• Diplopia

  […] histamine-2 receptor antagonists) Antiarrhythmics Digoxin Ferrous sulfate Phenytoin Sucralfate Theophylline Warfarin † Neurologic Confusion Dizziness Drowsiness Hallucinations Headaches Seizures Endocrine/Metabolic Glycosuria Hyper- and hypoglycemia Ocular Diplopia [jfponline.com]

  […] difficile associated diarrhea, candidiasis (cutaneous, oral), candiduria, cardiac murmur, cardiopulmonary arrest, cardiovascular collapse, cerebral thrombosis, chills, cholestatic jaundice, chromatopsia, confusion, convulsion, delirium, depression, diplopia [ndrugs.com]

  [Ref] Ocular Uncommon (0.1% to 1%): Visual disturbances (e.g., chromatopsia, diplopia, photopsia) Very rare (less than 0.01%): Visual color distortions Frequency not reported: Decreased visual acuity, blurred vision, cataracts, multiple punctate lenticular [drugs.com]

• Arthralgia

  The patient was discharged, but returned 12 hours later because of nausea, arthralgias, and no urinary output for 24 hours. Her temperature was 38.2°C, her serum [jamanetwork.com]

  In Summary Commonly reported side effects of ciprofloxacin include: pyelonephritis, arthralgia, and musculoskeletal signs and symptoms. Other side effects include: myalgia, and pain. See below for a comprehensive list of adverse effects. [drugs.com]

  TABLE Fluoroquinolones: Adverse effects to guard against * 2 Cardiovascular Hypotension Torsades de pointes Immunologic Anaphylactoid reaction Hypersensitivity reaction Dermatologic Eruption (angioedema, pruritus, rash, urticaria) Musculoskeletal Arthralgias [jfponline.com]

  […] from use of ciprofloxacin in pregnancy show no higher rate of birth defects than background Do not use oral suspension in nasogastric tube; to prepare, add microcapsules to diluent Commonly seen adverse reactions include tendinitis, tendon rupture, arthralgia [reference.medscape.com]

  The serious side effects include tendonitis, tendon rupture, arthralgia, pain in extremities, gait disturbance, neuropathies associated with paraesthesia, depression, fatigue, memory impairment, sleep disorders, and impaired hearing, vision, taste and [ema.europa.eu]

• Muscle Cramp

  cramps) that contains blood or mucus – if you have severe diarrhoea without blood or mucus for more than 4 days, you should also speak to a doctor a faster or irregular heartbeat seizures or fits (this side effect can happen if you have epilepsy) Serious [nhs.uk]

  […] pain, muscle cramps, or inflamed, painful or ruptured tendons such as the Achilles tendon tinnitus (ringing in the ears), problems with hearing symptoms of hypoglycaemia (low blood sugar) e.g. sweating, weakness, dizziness, trembling, headache, and having [mydr.com.au]

• Skin Rash

  Acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis (AGEP) is an uncommon and self-limiting skin rash commonly caused by drugs and is characterized by the acute onset of fever, pustulosis, and neutrophilia from 4 to 10 days after the drug intake. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  […] or eyes); or severe skin reaction --fever, sore throat, swelling in your face or tongue, burning in your eyes, skin pain, followed by a red or purple skin rash that spreads (especially in the face or upper body) and causes blistering and peeling. [cigna.com]

  Where The Red Blood Cells Burst Called Hemolytic Anemia A Type Of Blood Disorder With A Decrease In All Types Of Blood Cells Called Pancytopenia A Type Of Bumpy Skin Rash Called A Maculopapular Rash A Type Of Kidney Inflammation Called Interstitial Nephritis [webmd.com]

  red or purple skin rash that spreads and causes blistering and peeling). [drugs.com]

• Urticaria

  The reaction was mainly characterized by pruritus and urticaria, although dyspnea and hypotension were noted in the first and second patient, respectively. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  TABLE Fluoroquinolones: Adverse effects to guard against * 2 Cardiovascular Hypotension Torsades de pointes Immunologic Anaphylactoid reaction Hypersensitivity reaction Dermatologic Eruption (angioedema, pruritus, rash, urticaria) Musculoskeletal Arthralgias [jfponline.com]

  (dose varies by agent; 3–day regimen) c 90 (85–98) 91 (81–98) Nausea/vomiting, diarrhea, headache, drowsiness, insomnia [ 35, 43, 44, 46–52 ] β-lactams (dose varies by agent; 3–5 day regimen) d 89 (79–98) 82 (74–98) Diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, rash, urticaria [doi.org]

  Hematology: bone marrow depression, leading to immunosuppression and resultant superinfections GI: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, weight loss, stomatitis, hepatotoxicity CV: palpitations, hypotension, hypertension Hypersensitivity reactions: purpura, rash, urticaria [nurseslabs.com]

  Skin/Subcutaneous Tissue Disorders: rash, photosensitivity/ phototoxicity reaction, pruritus, urticaria. [ndrugs.com]

• Petechiae

  Uncommon side effects Oral and cutaneous candidiasis Photosensitivity Perspiration Flushing Papules Petechiae Vasculitis Erythema multiforme/Stevens Johnson syndrome Hyperpigmentation Haemorrhagic bullae Anorexia Constipation Ileus Jaundice Lethargy Confusion [myvmc.com]

  […] nephritis, nightmares, nystagmus, oral ulceration, pain (arm, back, breast, chest, epigastric, eye, extremities, foot, jaw, neck, oral mucosa), palpitation, pancreatitis, pancytopenia, paranoia, paresthesia, peripheral neuropathy, perspiration (increased), petechia [ndrugs.com]

  [Ref] Dermatologic Common (1% to 10%): Rash Uncommon (0.1% to 1%): Pruritus, urticaria Rare (0.01% to 0.1%): Angioedema, photosensitivity reactions, sweating/hyperhidrosis, petechiae, blistering Very rare (less than 0.01%): Erythema multiforme, erythema [drugs.com]

• Chancroid

  Sinusitis 12.Chancroid 13.Gynaecological infections 14.Tularemia Special Precautions while taking Ciprofloxacin 1.Hepatic impairment 2.Renal impairment 3.Epilepsy 4.Dehydration 5.Caution while driving the vehicle or operating machine or involved in any [rosheta.com]

  500mg extended release tablets q24h Complicated UTI/Pyelonephritis: 500mg PO q12h / 400mg IV q12h x 7-14 days 1000mg extended release tablets q24h Prostatits: 500mg PO q12h / 400mg IV q12h x 28 days Uncomplicated gonococcal infections: 500mg PO x 1 dose Chancroid [antimicrobe.org]

  Haemophilus diverticulitis cystic fibrosis and infection from Pseudomonas bacteria diabetic foot infection bacterial stomach or intestine infection due to anthrax skin infection caused by anthrax infection of the brain or spinal cord caused by anthrax chancroid [webmd.com]

  Report 1 Stars Posted 3 months ago (2/24/2019) 1 Rated Ciprofloxacin (Cipro) for Chancroid Report Try being given 180 pills over 3 years. Had told my doctor I was stiffening over the months and now everything is screwed up. [everydayhealth.com]

  Ciprofloxacin is also sometimes used to treat cat scratch disease (an infection that may develop after a person is bitten or scratched by a cat), Legionnaires' disease (type of lung infection), chancroid (genital sores caused by bacteria), granuloma inguinale [medlineplus.gov]

• Kidney Failure

  We present a case of myoglobin-associated kidney failure in the setting of repeated ciprofloxacin administration in a lung transplant patient. Kidney biopsy was critical to establishing the diagnosis and avoiding future exposure. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Other possible serious side effects and adverse events include liver dysfunction or failure. high blood sugar (hyperglycemia), renal failure (kidney failure), cardiac arrest, hepatitis, stroke, convulsions, seizures, jaundice, leukopenia, C. difficile [medicinenet.com]

  Ciprofloxacin can cause damage to the liver and kidneys, which can result in sudden liver or kidney failure. Patients can also develop problems with making new blood cells, resulting in anemia. [livestrong.com]

  Inflammation Called Interstitial Nephritis A Type Of Muscle Paralysis Due To Blocked Nerve Function Called Neuromuscular Blockade A Yellowing Of The Eyes Or Skin From Buildup Of Bilirubin Called Jaundice Abnormal Heart Rhythm Acute Kidney Failure Acute [webmd.com]

  You must tell your doctor if your child has ever had any reaction to any antibiotic or if your child has kidney failure. If you have forgotten to tell your doctor, check with the doctor or pharmacist before giving ciprofloxacin to your child. [medicinesforchildren.org.uk]

• Headache

  Headache, confusion, seizures, cortical visual disturbances or blindness are the key symptoms. As this syndrome is reversible and readily treated by interrupting or discontinuing the aetiology, it should sharply be acknowledged. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Stop using this medicine and call your doctor at once if you have symptoms such as: headache, hunger, irritability, numbness, tingling, burning pain, confusion, agitation, paranoia, problems with memory or concentration, thoughts of suicide, or sudden [uofmhealth.org]

  Common side effects may include: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, stomach pain; vaginal itching or discharge; headache; or abnormal liver function tests. This is not a complete list of side effects and others may occur. [uwhealth.org]

  Can be exacerbated by the drugs’ effects on cell membrane channels Adverse Effects Use of fluoroquinolones may result to these adverse effects: GI: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, dry mouth CNS: headache, dizziness, insomnia, depression Immunological: bone [nurseslabs.com]

• Meningism

  BACKGROUND: Epidemics of meningococcal meningitis are common in the "African meningitis belt." Current response strategies include reactive vaccination campaigns, which are often organized too late to have maximal impact. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Antibiotic prophylaxis is not currently recommended for contacts of cases during a meningitis epidemic in the African Meningitis Belt. Reactive vaccination campaigns are the preferred strategy for prevention during an epidemic. [clinicaltrials.gov]

  Ciprofloxacin is the antibiotic treatment option for systemic infection or meningitis caused by Citrobacter kosery. Ciprofloxacin has been used to treat neonatal pneumonia, meningitis, and septicemia and was effective in all cases. [ijp.mums.ac.ir]

  Meningitis caused by Gram-negative organisms in penicillin allergic patients. [hopkinsguides.com]

  Preventing meningitis in contacts of people with bacterial meningitis. Preventing or treating anthrax affecting the lungs, following exposure to anthrax spores. [netdoctor.co.uk]

• Somnolence

  Vol. 11, Pg. 343, 1991. mouse LD50 intravenous 122mg/kg (122mg/kg) BEHAVIORAL: SOMNOLENCE (GENERAL DEPRESSED ACTIVITY) BEHAVIORAL: ALTERED SLEEP TIME (INCLUDING CHANGE IN RIGHTING REFLEX) Korean Journal of Toxicology. [chem.nlm.nih.gov]

  […] side effects Oral and cutaneous candidiasis Photosensitivity Perspiration Flushing Papules Petechiae Vasculitis Erythema multiforme/Stevens Johnson syndrome Hyperpigmentation Haemorrhagic bullae Anorexia Constipation Ileus Jaundice Lethargy Confusion Somnolence [myvmc.com]

  […] patients treated with quinolones. 3, 5, 6, 33 - 35 View/Print Table TABLE 2 Adverse Effects of Quinolones* Gastrointestinal: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain CNS: headache, dizziness, drowsiness, confusion, insomnia, fatigue, malaise, depression, somnolence [aafp.org]

  It was reported that she had a two-day history of somnolence, three-day history of abdominal pain with constipation, and one-day history of decreased appetite prior to admission. [ptcommunity.com]

  […] votre enfant si celui ci continue à avoir ces effets secondaires, s'ils ne disparaissent pas ou s'ils dérangent votre enfant :</p><ul><li>dérangement d'estomac, y compris vomissement, diarrhée légère (selles liquides) et douleur à l'estomac;</li><li>somnolence [aboutkidshealth.ca]

• Chlamydia

  Unfortunately, Cipro has negligible coverage against anaerobic bacteria, Chlamydia and the Mycoplasma group. [fertilitysolution.com]

  Ineffectiveness against Chlamydia trachomatis due to relapsing infection." [livestrong.com]

  † Includes Legionella pneumophila, Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Chlamydia pneumoniae. ‡ Includes Neisseria gonorrhea, Mycoplasma hominis, Chlamydia trachomatis, and Ureaplasma urealyticum. § Not reliably active against Chlamydia trachomatis or Chlamydia [web.archive.org]

  Seiten 14-18 The Activity of Ciprofloxacin and Other 4-Quinolones Against Chlamydia trachomatis and Mycoplasmas In Vitro Ridgway, G. L. (et al.) Seiten 19-21 Mutational Resistance to 4-Quinolone Antibacterial Agents Smith, J. T. Seiten 22-25 [springer.com]

  Ciprofloxacin is active against N. gonorrhoeae, including beta-lactamase-producing strains and strains that are resistant to tetracycline, and Chlamydia spp. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Chlamydia Trachomatis

  Seiten 14-18 The Activity of Ciprofloxacin and Other 4-Quinolones Against Chlamydia trachomatis and Mycoplasmas In Vitro Ridgway, G. L. (et al.) Seiten 19-21 Mutational Resistance to 4-Quinolone Antibacterial Agents Smith, J. T. Seiten 22-25 [springer.com]

  Leukemia 5(2):162-165 PMID 2020199 Ridgway GL, Mumtaz G, Gabriel FG, and Oriel JD (1986) The Activity of Ciprofloxacin and Other 4-Quinolones Against Chlamydia trachomatis and Mycoplasmas In Vitro. In: Neu HC, Reeves DS. (eds) Ciprofloxacin. [toku-e.com]

  † Includes Legionella pneumophila, Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Chlamydia pneumoniae. ‡ Includes Neisseria gonorrhea, Mycoplasma hominis, Chlamydia trachomatis, and Ureaplasma urealyticum. § Not reliably active against Chlamydia trachomatis or Chlamydia [web.archive.org]

  Ineffectiveness against Chlamydia trachomatis due to relapsing infection." [livestrong.com]

  Persons in whom gonococcal infection is diagnosed should be treated for possible coinfection with Chlamydia trachomatis with a single dose of azithromycin 1 g by mouth or with doxycycline 100 mg twice a day, by mouth for 7 days, if chlamydial infection [cdc.gov]

• Mycoplasma Hominis

  […] as Neisseria gonorrheae, Mycoplasma hominis, Chlamydia trachomatis, and Ureaplasma urealyticum. [web.archive.org]

  In-vitro susceptibilities of Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Mycoplasma hominis and Ureaplasma urealyticum to clinafloxacin, PD 131628, ciprofloxacin and comparator drugs. J Antimicrob Chemother 1997; 40: 308–9 PubMed CrossRef Google Scholar 109. [doi.org]

  In vitro activity of the two new 4-quinolones A56619 and A56620 against Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma urealyticum and Gardnerella vaginalis. [drugs.com]

• Francisella Tularensis

  tularensis (tularemia) Agent of choice: doxycycline Alternatives: tetracycline, ciprofloxacin Agent of choice: streptomycin Alternatives: gentamicin, ciprofloxacin TABLE 4 Selected Potential Biologic Pathogens: Postexposure Prophylaxis and Treatment [aafp.org]

  In vitro susceptibility of Francisella tularensis isolated from humans and animals. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2000; 46:287-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10933655?dopt=AbstractPlus 692. Doganay M, Aydin N. [drugs.com]

• Listeria Monocytogenes

  In-vitro activity of levofloxacin, ofloxacin, and D-ofloxacin against coryneform bacteria and Listeria monocytogenes. J Antimicrob Chemother 1999; 43: 27–32 PubMed CrossRef Google Scholar 63. Milatovic D, Schmitz FJ, Brisse S, et al. [doi.org]

[…] to faulty diagnosis and treatment. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Lymphocytosis is believed to indicate favourable prognosis and peripheral eosinophilia occurs in 20–30% of acute clinical courses 3. [erj.ersjournals.com]

Effect of penicillin resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae on the presentation, prognosis, and treatment of pneumococcal endocarditis in adults. Clin Infect Dis. 2002 ; 35 : 130–139. [doi.org]

Malignant external otitis: report on therapy with ceftazidime and review of therapy and prognosis. Clin Infect Dis. 1990; 12:173-80. 782. Hern JD, Ghufoor K, Jayaraj SM et al. ENT manifestations of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in HIV and AIDS. [drugs.com]

However, a negative transformation result can not sufficiently exclude presence of an etiological relationship 8. [erj.ersjournals.com]

[…] secondary thrombocytosis.3 Primary thrombocytosis refers to elevated thrombocyte count, which is a manifestation of a myeloproliferative disorder, while secondary thrombocytosis is used to describe elevation in thrombocyte count not of myeloproliferative etiology [ptcommunity.com]

Furthermore, one of the more consensual etiologic factors is the presence of biofilms in the nasal mucosa. [elsevier.es]

The microbial etiology and antimicrobial therapy of adults with acute community-acquired sinusitis: a fifteen-year experience at the University of Virginia and review of other selected studies. [doi.org]

Nevertheless, local differences indicate that other epidemiologic parameters should be further evaluated. Dr. [doi.org]

Following our initial review, three additional epidemiological studies 2,3,4 were subsequently published between 2015 and 2018, each of which are described in greater detail below. [fda.gov]

California, USA. 5 Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA. 6 Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA. 7 Department of Epidemiology [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Pathophysiology of varicoceles in male infertility. Hum Reprod Update. 2001; 7 (5):437–481. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ] 15. Reagan-Shaw S, Nihal M, Ahmad N. Dose translation from animal to human studies revisited. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Pathophysiology and pharmacotherapy of peptic disease, Thesis, University of Amsterdam, 1981 Google Scholar Brouwers JRBJ. Pharmacokinetics of the newer fluoroquinolones. [doi.org]

[…] surveillance data indicating that these medications were associated with subsequent tendonitis and tendon rupture. 4 Several large epidemiological studies have confirmed this association. 5, 6 Secondary cell biology and animal research has elucidated the pathophysiology [bmjopen.bmj.com]

These antibiotics prevent unwinding of double-stranded DNA by binding DNA gyrase or DNA topoisomerase. By preventing the formation of single-stranded DNA, fluoroquinolones inhibit bacterial replication. [goldbio.com]

In one study, taking 500 mg of Saccharomyces boulardii twice daily enhanced the effectiveness of the antibiotic vancomycin in preventing recurrent clostridium infection. [peacehealth.org]

These data suggest that ciprofloxacin monotherapy as a prophylaxis regimen prior to leech therapy may not be effective in preventing infection. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

However, since neither Cipro nor the other fluoroquinolines bind to ocular proteins, permanent damage to the eye can be prevented. [iovs.arvojournals.org]