We report two patients who presented with this circadian rhythm disorder, and were then diagnosed with a Parkinsonian syndrome. The cases. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Weakness

  The entrainment range is broader for weak oscillators with low relaxation rates λ. ( B ) Entrained amplitude of weak and rigid oscillators within the entrainment range. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline Beersma DGM and Daan S ( 1993 ) Strong or weak phase resetting by light pulses in humans? J Biol Rhythms 8: 340 - 347. [doi.org]

  Of course an ‘untrained’ or ‘weak’ rhythm should not be listened to, because the body is not in touch with it’s own physiological systems, so, for example a person may have just started a new schedule and is getting tired at the same time each day (at [polyphasicsociety.com]

  […] important to basic physics, it has also much implication in biology (in particular in photosynthesis). 1900 Jacques Loeb, graduated as a MD from the University of Strasbourg, induces artificial parthenogenesis in sea urchin eggs by stimulating them with a weak [web.archive.org]

• Inflammation

  Inflammation is an immune response triggered in living organisms in response to external stimuli. The risk of sepsis, an excessive inflammatory response, has been shown to have a diurnal variation. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  It can also lead to diseases such as cancer, metabolic disorders and inflammation. Understanding this had the potential to help improve the health of people whose sleep cycles are permanently disrupted, such as those who work shifts. [newsweek.com]

• Weight Gain

  Shift work is associated with an increased occurrence of metabolic disorders, such as insulin resistance, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and metabolic syndrome, and it has been implicated in weight gain and cognitive impairment. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  If you’re struggling with weight gain, chronically high blood sugar, pre-diabetes or diabetes then shifting your focus to “meal-timing” can be a simple and highly effective part of the solution to improving your health. [thepaleodiet.com]

  This is awful to live with, and chronic sleep debt also has serious long-term consequences, including heavy-hitters like weight gain, metabolic problems, and faster aging. [paleoleap.com]

  Katsutaka Oishi and Sayaka Higo-Yamamoto, Disrupted daily light–dark cycles induce physical inactivity and enhance weight gain in mice depending on dietary fat intake, NeuroReport, 25, 11, (865), (2014). [doi.org]

• Hypersomnia

  […] to various treatments, and various circadian rhythm sleep disorders, such as delayed sleep phase, polyphasic sleep, separation of the sleep bout resembling splitting and circabidian rhythm (48 h), were found during prolonged depressive episodes with hypersomnia [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Gooneratne, Hypersomnia in Older Patients, Sleep Medicine Clinics, 7, 2, (365), (2012). Elizabeth A. McDevitt, William A. Alaynick and Sara C. [doi.org]

• Malaise

  […] temperature and hormone secretion, can become out of sync with the light-darkness cycle (external desynchronization) and with one another (internal desynchronization); in addition to insomnia and excessive sleepiness, these alterations may cause nausea, malaise [msdmanuals.com]

  The desynchronization of the various circadian processes causes additional fatigue and malaise. Over a period of days, the various body clocks entrain to the new day/night cycle. [circadiansleepdisorders.org]

• Heart Disease

  Some studies suggest a link between exposure to light at night, such as working the night shift, to some types of cancer, diabetes, heart disease, and obesity. [health.harvard.edu]

  Shift workers are a model for this type of disorder, because their ‘unnatural’ work times have been associated with various types of morbidity and mortality from cancer and cardiovascular disease, including heart disease and strokes. [news-medical.net]

  Maemura, K., [Circadian rhythm and ischemic heart disease]. Nihon Rinsho, 2013. 71 (12): p. 2124-9. 10. Marchant, B., Circadian rhythms and ischaemic heart disease. Br J Hosp Med, 1996. 55 (3): p. 139-43. 11. [thepaleodiet.com]

  Studies have connected shiftwork with cancers, heart disease and diabetes. Other findings have also indicated a connection with digestive disorders and menstruation irregularities. [luxreview.com]

  Penev PD, Kolker DE, Zee PC, Turek FW (1998) Chronic circadian desynchronization decreases the survival of animals with cardiomyopathic heart disease. Am J Physiol 275:H2334–2337 PubMed Google Scholar 13. [doi.org]

• Hypotension

  The prevalence and degree of autonomic neuropathy (postural hypotension and reduced beat-to-beat heart-rate variation) and nephropathy were greater in group 2 than group 1. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Peritoneal dialysis is inexpensive, widely available, and does not result in hypotension. However, it is not capable of removing large volumes of fluid or solute. [emedicine.com]

• Pruritus

  Pruritus and scratching could lead to sleep disruption but is unlikely the sole etiology. The circadian rhythm of cytokines, the immune system, and skin physiology such as transcutaneous water loss and skin blood flow might also play a role. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Widely accepted indications for initiation of RRT include the following: Volume overload Hyperkalemia (K + >6.5 or rising) Acid-base imbalance Symptomatic uremia (pericarditis, encephalopathy, bleeding dyscrasia, nausea, vomiting, pruritus) Uremia (BUN [emedicine.com]

  Serap Gunes Bilgili, Adem Aydin, Yavuz Selvi, Ayse Serap Karadag, Murat Boysan, Sevda Onder and Hatice Burakgazi Yilmaz, The role of patient chronotypes on circadian pattern of chronic pruritus: a latent growth modeling analysis, Biological Rhythm Research [doi.org]

• Flushing

  Circadian rhythm was detected in the daily pattern of hot flushes, with a peak in the afternoons. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Hunger

  Furthermore, the circadian decline in hunger across the night would theoretically counteract the fasting-induced hunger increase that could otherwise disrupt sleep. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Upsets in the CLOCK-SIRT1 equilibrium can lead to sleep disruption and increased hunger. If the proteins remain chronically unbalanced, it can contribute to obesity. [livescience.com]

  The circadian rhythm directly affects other essential drives and behaviors: hunger and thirst, and body temperature to name a few. [insomnia.net]

  Our biological clock influences everything in our body; here are five ways it also affects bipolar disorder: ArthurHidden / iStock / Getty Images Plus #1 Everything about us is tied to biological clocks Our clocks influence alertness, hunger, metabolism [bphope.com]

  Furthermore, the circadian decline in hunger across the night would theoretically counteract the fasting‐induced hunger increase that could otherwise disrupt sleep. Citing Literature Number of times cited according to CrossRef: 69 Frank A.J.L. [doi.org]

• Stroke

  Visit the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke’s Understanding Sleep page for more information on the sleep cycle. Citations Open Citations Romeijn, N., Raymann, R. J., Møst, E., Te Lindert, B., Van Der Meijden, W. [nichd.nih.gov]

  BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is associated with a temporal pattern of stroke incidence. We hypothesized that natural oscillations in gene expression controlling circadian rhythm affect the severity of neuronal injury. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Shift workers are a model for this type of disorder, because their ‘unnatural’ work times have been associated with various types of morbidity and mortality from cancer and cardiovascular disease, including heart disease and strokes. [news-medical.net]

  Heart and Stroke Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence and Toronto General Hospital Research Institute Toronto Canada 2. Department of Physiology University of Toronto Toronto Canada 3. [doi.org]

  Internal causes include the following: Damage to the brain (for example, due to brain infection (encephalitis), stroke, head injury, or Alzheimer disease) Insensitivity to the cycle of night and day External causes include the following: Jet lag (especially [merckmanuals.com]

• Somnolence

  EXCESSIVE DAYTIME SOMNOLENCE Excessive daytime somnolence (EDS) is defined as the inability to stay awake or alert throughout the course of the day, resulting in sleepiness or inadvertent dozing during passive (reading, watching television) or active [doi.org]

  Although the molecular underpinnings of sleep remain largely mysterious, analyses of narcolepsy, a syndrome characterized by abrupt episodes of somnolence and cataplexy, have uncovered a role of the hypocretin/orexin as a neuropeptide connecting circadian [science.sciencemag.org]

Placement of a urinary catheter early in the workup of a patient with ARF not only allows diagnosis and treatment of urethral and bladder outlet urinary obstruction but also allows for accurate measurement of urine output. [emedicine.com]

• EEG Slowing

  Some physiological correlates and mediators of both the circadian process (e.g., melatonin and hypocretin rhythms) and the homeostat (e.g., EEG, slow-wave activity, and adenosine release) have been established, offering targets for the development of [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Currently, only one melatonin receptor agonist, tasimelteon, is approved for the treatment of a CRSWD: non-24-hour sleep-wake disorder (or non-24). [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Circadian rhythm disruption by shift work is associated with greater risk for cancer development and poor prognosis, suggesting a putative tumor-suppressive role for circadian rhythm homeostasis. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

The following provide an outlook into some sleep disorders: Jet lag: This is a transient condition that has a good prognosis. [emedicinehealth.com]

Prognosis Because most cases of community-acquired acute renal failure (ARF) are secondary to volume depletion, as many as 90% of cases are estimated to have a potentially reversible cause. [emedicine.com]

Pruritus and scratching could lead to sleep disruption but is unlikely the sole etiology. The circadian rhythm of cytokines, the immune system, and skin physiology such as transcutaneous water loss and skin blood flow might also play a role. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

This information can be used clinically to help differentiate prerenal failure from other etiologies of ARF. [emedicine.com]

In 1978, Cohen and colleagues [3] put forward the hypothesis that the pineal gland might play a role in breast cancer etiology. [doi.org]

Other circadian rhythm abnormalities also are often associated with various disease states, although again the importance of these rhythm abnormalities in the development (i.e., etiology) of the disease remains unknown (Brunello et al. 2000). [pubs.niaaa.nih.gov]

Discussion Despite tremendous efforts to improve our understanding of prostate cancer, its etiology remains largely unknown and it continues to be a major health problem. [cancerres.aacrjournals.org]

Author information 1 Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD. 2 Department of Cancer Prevention and Control, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY. 3 Epidemiology Research Program, American Cancer Society [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Recommendations for lighting practice are being made based on extrapolations from these animal and epidemiological studies [25]. [doi.org]

Epidemiology of the human circadian clock. Sleep Med Rev, 11(6), 429-438. - summary of the basic MCTQ findings up to 2007, explanation of MSF vs. MSFsc Roenneberg, T., Allebrandt, K. V., Merrow, M., & Vetter, C. (2012). Social jetlag and obesity. [thewep.org]

However, the pathophysiology of sleep disturbance in children with AD is poorly understood, and there is no consensus on how to manage sleep problems in these patients. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

The ability to identify agents that can disrupt central and/or peripheral biological clocks, and agents that can prevent or mitigate the effects of circadian disruption, has significant implications for prevention of chronic diseases. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]