Hence, this case is being reported for its rare presentation. CASE REPORT A 22-year-old married male presented with asymptomatic superficial lesions present over the glans and under surface of prepuce since 1-year. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

The Fourth Edition of this best-selling book is packed full of information to help the reader move from a presenting problem to an accurate diagnosis. [books.google.com]

[…] arthritis; - urethritis is usually mild and painless with frequent nonpurulent urethral discharge; - severity of inciting infection does not correlate w/ intensity of arthritis which tends to appears one or two weeks later; - viable organisms are not present [wheelessonline.com]

Females may also present with an inflammation of the cervix or pain during intercourse. [about-reactive-arthritis.com]

Patient can have enthesitis presenting as heel pain, Achilles tendinitis or plantar fasciitis, along with balanitis circinata (circinate balanitis), which involves penile lesions present in roughly 20 to 40 percent of the men with the disease. [weishendopublications.com]

• Short Stature

  stature, broad short hands/feet, characteristic facies (pronounced epicanthic skin folds, flat hypoplastic face, short nose, enlarged tongue), transverse palmar crease, very dry skin, learning difficulties; formerly termed mongolism Edwards' syndrome [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]

  Dental, skeletal, ocular, and gastrointestinal abnormalities; mental retardation, short stature, and premature ageing also occur. [e-ijd.org]

• Eye Pain

  He states he has also had some white discharge from his penis with pruritis and pain during urination. His history is significant for use of eye drops because he states his eye has been red and painful over the last week. [medbullets.com]

  Redness of the eye. Burning eye pain. Joint pain. Achilles tendon pain Ulcers in the mouth. Skin lesions. Diarrhoea. Inflammation. Uveitis. Fever. Weight loss. Ulcers. [health-disease.org]

  Conjunctivitis and uveitis often presents with redness of the eyes, eye pain and irritation, blurred vision and a yellowish discharge. [about-reactive-arthritis.com]

  * Eye symptoms Conjunctivitis - about 50-75% of cases Uveitis Iris inflammation Cornea inflammation Eye redness Eye pain Eye irritation Blurred vision Watery eyes * Urinary tract symptoms (male) Urethritis Non-specific urethritis Increased urination [checkorphan.org]

  […] in 50% of patients Uveitis may also arise ( inflammation of the inner eye) Signs and symptoms include redness of the eyes, pain, irritation and blurred vision Skin and mucous membranes 1–2 months after the onset of arthritis, some patients develop keratoderma [dermnetnz.org]

• Anterior Uveitis

  Plus Two of the following Recurrent Genital Ulceration Ocular lesions-Anterior uveitis,Posterior Uveitis,cells in vitreous,Retinal Vasculitis Skin Lesions [masterofmedicine.com]

  It usually causes mild eye redness and grittiness, but keratitis and anterior uveitis can develop also, causing eye pain, photophobia, and tearing. [merckmanuals.com]

  Conjunctivitis is present in up to 50% of affected individuals and can develop at any time during the course of the disease, although it is more common in reactive arthritis associated with genitourinary or Shigella infections. [13] Anterior uveitis, [about-reactive-arthritis.com]

  uveitis Acute anterior uveitis, conjunctivitis Chronic uveitis Chronic uveitis Oral conditions Ulcers Ulcers Ulcers Ulcers Cardiac conditions Aortic regurgitation, conduction defects Aortic regurgitation, conduction defects Aortic regurgitation, conduction [aafp.org]

  Constitutional Weight loss Low-grade fever Genitourinary Infectious urethritis Sterile urethritis Prostatitis Salpingitis Haemorrhagic cystitis Mucocutaneous Circinate balanitis Keratoderma blenorrhagica Painless oral ulcers Ocular Sterile conjunctivitis Anterior [sexualhealthmedicine.com]

• Visual Impairment

  impairment cardiac complications - 1-2% aortitis, aortic regurgitation (ultimately requires aortic valve replacement), heart block (may require cardiac pacemaker), mitral regurgitation amyloidosis of serum amyloid A variety has been reported, usually [enotes.tripod.com]

  impairment (4-5% of patients). [dermatologyadvisor.com]

  impairment hypermobility syndrome; joint hypermobility syndrome disordered collagen (types 1 and 3) structure, with associated decreased tensile strength of skin/structural tissues; characterized by generalized joint hypermobility, easy bruising, impaired [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]

• Keratosis Blennorrhagica

  Skin rashes on the soles of the feet and, less often, on the palms of the hands or elsewhere may also occur; these rashes are called keratoderma blennorrhagicum (or keratosis blennorrhagica) and are similar to psoriasis. [about-reactive-arthritis.com]

• Heel Pain

  […] be inflammation of the fallopian tubes (Salpingitis) or vulva/vagina (vulvovaginitis) Other symptoms that accompany Reiter's Syndrome include: Psoriasis-like skin lesions Nodules on the soles of the feet ( keratoderma blennorrhagicum ) Mouth ulcers Heel [microbiologybook.org]

  Enthesitis can involve the Achilles tendon resulting in heel pain. Not all affected persons have all the manifestations. [weishendopublications.com]

  […] worse with rest; occasionally heel pain, red eyes, low grade fever; rarely high fever, weight loss, severe malaise, fatigue History of Present Illness (HPI): typically acute onset 1-4 weeks after venereal infection or gastroenteritis, venereal infection [enotes.tripod.com]

  […] knee. Enthesitis can involve the Achilles tendon resulting in heel pain A small percentage of men and women develop small hard nodules called keratoderma blennorrhagica on the soles of the feet 11. keratoderma blennorrhagica 12.  Because common systems [slideshare.net]

• Osteoporosis

  Radiography of hands showed minimal erosion of articular margins of middle and proximal phalanges, with reduction of intercarpal, carpometacarpal and proximal interphalangeal joint spaces with osteoporosis. [ijdvl.com]

  Some researchers theorize that when you understand that even neuropsychiatric disorders associated with osteoporosis and a detailed log of all vaccines including the heart valves. [autoimmunediseaseaid.com]

  Joints that have been repeatedly inflamed may show eroded areas, signs of osteoporosis, or bony spurs when x rayed. Treatment There is no specific treatment for RS. [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]

  The vertebral bodies are square and have lost most of their trabecular bone, owing to osteoporosis from disuse. Bone bridges fuse one vertebral body to the next across the intervertebral disks. [5minuteconsult.com]

  Risk factors for osteoarthritis are congenital hip luxation, obesity, osteoporosis, and inflammatory diseases. What're the complications of osteoarthritis? - The major complication of osteoarthritis is pain. The degree of pain can vary greatly. [bone-muscle.health-cares.net]

• Oligoarthritis

  After a short latent period, ocular symptoms, oligoarthritis, and mucocutaneous involvement may occur. [mdedge.com]

  […] trachomatis is the most commonly associated infection, although Neisseria gonorrhoea, salmonella, shigella, and campylobacter have all been associated Clinical findings The classical clinical presentation comprises the triad of an asymmetrical large joint oligoarthritis [pcds.org.uk]

  An asymmetrical, predominately lower-extremity, monoarthritis/oligoarthritis is the major presenting symptom. Myalgias may be noted early on. [lucianoschiazza.it]

  - arthritis: - usually involves several joints at once - more common in the lower extremities (with oligoarthritis, reconsider the diagnosis); - usually more painful than the arthritis of JRA ; - arthritis lasts less than 6 weeks. - typically there [wheelessonline.com]

  Discussion To the best of our knowledge, the case of our patient is unique in the clinical, radiological and serological associations of oligoarthritis aggravated following a diarrheal episode. [jmedicalcasereports.biomedcentral.com]

• Enthesopathy

  But, interestingly, bucillamine was effective for decreasing symptoms due to multiple enthesopathy with decreased serum level of c-reactive protein. [jstage.jst.go.jp]

  Enthesopathy (inflammation at tendinous insertion into bone—eg, plantar fasciitis, digital periostitis, Achilles tendinitis) is common and characteristic. [merckmanuals.com]

  A condition called enthesopathy also commonly occurs, in which the tendon that attaches to the bone becomes inflamed. [8, 13] Enthesopathies occur in 5 to 21% of individuals with Salmonella -associated arthritis. [8] The heel is the most common site with [about-reactive-arthritis.com]

  […] limbs involved - 68% knees, 49% ankles, 64% small joints of feet, 42% small joints of hand, 25% wrists, 22% elbows, 19% shoulders, 6% temporomandibular joints, 6% sternoclavicular joints, < 1% hips arthritis usually mild, rarely chronic enthesitis (enthesopathy [enotes.tripod.com]

• Confusion

  (Not to be confused with "Can't pee, Can't see, and Can't hear a buzzing bee" associated with Alport syndrome ) The classic triad consists of: Conjunctivitis Nongonococcal urethritis Asymmetric oligoarthritis Symptoms generally appear within 1–3 weeks [weishendopublications.com]

  licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2012 Received: 16 August 2011 Accepted: 14 February 2012 Published: 14 February 2012 Abstract Introduction Concurrent rheumatoid factor seropositivity is occasionally detected in ankylosing spondylitis and often causes confusion [jmedicalcasereports.biomedcentral.com]

  […] skin, cataracts, progeria (premature senility), hypogonadism and diabetes mellitus Wernicke's syndrome; Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome; Wernicke's encephalopathy brainstem ischaemia causing nystagmus and other ocular effects, tremors and ataxia, mental confusion [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]

  The condition is readily confused with psoriatic arthropathy and, as the only treatment is said to be withdrawal of methotrexate, it is important that it should be recognized. [46] Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome More Details Lingua plicata (fissured or [e-ijd.org]

  Acute rheumatic fever: The rare cases of reactive arthritis and carditis following Yersinia infection may be confused with acute rheumatic fever; however, the clinical picture of arthritis following streptococcal pharyngitis in patients with ARF is quite [dermatologyadvisor.com]

• Urethral Discharge

  […] the onset of arthritis; - urethritis is usually mild and painless with frequent nonpurulent urethral discharge; - severity of inciting infection does not correlate w/ intensity of arthritis which tends to appears one or two weeks later; - viable organisms [wheelessonline.com]

  There was no urethral discharge at presentation. [academic.oup.com]

  Urethral discharge. Burning. Redness of the eye. Burning eye pain. Joint pain. Achilles tendon pain Ulcers in the mouth. Skin lesions. Diarrhoea. Inflammation. Uveitis. Fever. Weight loss. Ulcers. [health-disease.org]

  […] usually first manifestation occurs in both postvenereal and postenteric forms men usually have mild dysuria and mucopurulent urethral discharge, occasionally prostatitis or epididymitis women may have dysuria, vaginal discharge, purulent cervicitis or [enotes.tripod.com]

  Discharge- Allergy Infections (Neisseria Gonorrhoea) Chlamydia trachomatis Hemophilus ducreyi Pseudomonas Trichomonas vaginalis- Small Gray-White vesicles on erythematous base +/- Ulceration with Prostatitis / Urethritis Protozoal (Psora/ Syphilis) [homeopathyworldcommunity.ning.com]

[…] infectious process, especially in monoarticular arthritis with constitutional symptoms) Antistreptolysin O (ASO) or anti-DNase B testing (if poststreptococcal infection is suspected) Electrocardiography (ECG; in patients with a prolonged course of ReA) See Workup [emedicine.medscape.com]

• Colitis

  […] additionally lead to – • Cervicitis • Vulvovaginitis • Salpingitis Eye involvement causes - • Irritation in the eye • Photophobia or pain when looking into bright lights Mouth ulceration may be present but these are usually painless Bowel involvement or colitis [medindia.net]

  Family study in which psoriasis, ulcerative colitis, and ankylosing spondylitis showed a "clustering" phenomenon. Patients DB an... FIG. 65.9. [5minuteconsult.com]

  Reiter's syndrome shares many features with several other arthritic conditions, such as psoriatic arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, and arthritis associated with Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. [prostatitis.org]

  […] conduction defects Aortic regurgitation, conduction defects Aortic regurgitation, conduction defects Aortic regurgitation Pulmonary features Upper lobe fibrosis None None None Gastrointestinal conditions None Diarrhea None Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis [aafp.org]

  […] second-degree relatives: ankylosing spondylitis ; psoriasis ; acute uveitis ; reactive arthritis ; inflammatory bowel disease psoriasis diagnosed by physician in past or present inflammatory bowel disease - past or present Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis [enotes.tripod.com]

Circinate lesions present over glans before treatment Lesions present on under surface of prepuce before treatment Laboratory investigations showed mildly raised total leukocyte count 11,700/mm3 (normal 4000–11000). [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

[…] of HIV in Industrialized and Middle Income CountriesŠAdults Adolescents and Pediatric 1310 Chapter 115 Guidelines for the Treatment of HIV and AIDS in ResourceLimited Countries 1328 Chapter 116 Guidelines for Prevention of Perinatal HIV Infection 1345 [books.google.com]

Ayurvedic Treatment for Reactive Arthritis In Ayurveda, Reactive arthritis is considered a form of AMAVATA only and treatment of Reactive arthritis is the same as for treatment of AMAVATA. [avnarogya.in]

Therefore, an emphasis is placed on disease awareness since viable treatment options are emerging. [4] Treatment [ edit ] The same person as above shows no signs of balanitis circinata during a treatment with pimecrolimus. [en.wikipedia.org]

However the satisfactory response to disease modifying drugs in the background of seropositivity has an effect on overall prognosis. [jmedicalcasereports.biomedcentral.com]

Long-term progression, prognosis, and treatment of patients with recurrent ocular manifestations of Reiter’s syndrome. [foodpoisonjournal.com]

Prognosis - Reiter's Syndrome Although Reiter’s syndrome varies in from one patient to another, it can be cured with proper therapy, if it is detected early enough. In severe cases may result in poor vision, joint damage and disability. [checkorphan.org]

Prognosis This depends on the underlying cause and the presence of any predisposing risk factors. [unityskinclinic.com]

Balanitis can result from a range of etiologies. [aocd.org]

Diagnosis In doubt of the etiology or resistance to standard care, a microbiological culture and/or biopsy should be obtained. [urology-textbook.com]

View/Print Table TABLE 3 Etiologic Organisms in Reactive Arthritis Chlamydia trachomatis Salmonella enteritidis Salmonella typhimurium Shigella flexneri Shigella dysenteriae Campylobacter jejuni Yersinia enterocolitica Clostridia difficile TABLE 3 Etiologic [aafp.org]

We have classified them based on the etiologies responsible for them [Table 1]. [e-ijd.org]

[…] genital urinary gastrointestinal conjunctivitis systemic rheumatic ankylosing spondylitis ulcerative colitis HLA-B27 genetic Jump to headings or topics on this page: | Briefing | Clinical Features | Laboratory and Radiographic Findings | Diagnosis | Etiology [prostatitis.org]

Prospective epidemiologic data suggest that chlamydia-induced reactive arthritis is underdiagnosed. [en.wikipedia.org]

Epidemiology Balanitis is more common in men than in boys. It is present in approximately 11% of attendees at genitourinary medicine (GUM) clinics. Balanitis affected 5.9% of uncircumcised boys in one study and 14% in another. Risk factors. [unityskinclinic.com]

Epidemiology The prevalence of the HLA-B27 allele in patients is 63 to 96% vs 6 to 15% in healthy white controls, thus supporting a genetic predisposition. [merckmanuals.com]

This paper is a good source for epidemiologic data for the disorder.) Calabrese, LH, Kirchner, E, Shrestha, R. [dermatologyadvisor.com]

Rheumatology Pathophysiology of Disease Course Lecture, Second Year Medical School 2005 Page 43 ......Index Go to Previous page ..... [cdaarthritis.com]

In recent years, a great deal has been learnt about the epidemiology, pathophysiology and treatment of reactive arthritis and chlamydia-induced reactive arthritis, specifically. [en.wikipedia.org]

Septic arthritis Gonococcal arthritis Gout/pseudogout Rheumatic fever Lyme disease Hepatitis B or C HIV Chronic arthritis Psoriatic arthritis Inflammatory bowel disease-related arthritis Ankylosing spondylitis Behcet’s syndrome Rheumatoid arthritis Pathophysiology [sexualhealthmedicine.com]

Pathophysiology While the exact pathophysiologic mechanism has not been elucidated, it has been shown that an aberrant, exaggerated cell-mediated and humoral immune response to particular antigens leads to inflammation at target organs in genetically [dermatologyadvisor.com]

Preetika Lakhera BHMS For well formatted and illustrated article, please see attached file- Balanitis and Homoeopathy.pdf Contents Definition. 2 Etymology. 2 Anatomy. 2 Glans. 2 Corpus cavernosum.. 3 Corpus spongiosum.. 3 Urethra. 3 Predisposing factors. 3 Pathophysiology [homeopathyworldcommunity.ning.com]

[…] of HIV HIV Transmission and Prevention in Specific Populations Systematic Review of HIV Behavioral Prevention Research in African Americans Lynae A. [hivinsite.ucsf.edu]

Rapidly find the answers you need with separate sections on diseases and disorders, differential diagnosis, clinical algorithms, laboratory results, and clinical preventive services, plus an at-a-glance format that uses cross-references, outlines, bullets [books.google.com]

Can balanitis be prevented? The risk of balanitis can be reduced with proper hygiene, but not all balanitis can be prevented depending on the underlying cause. [rxlist.com]