This is the classic symptom of the disorder, but it is not always present at initial presentation and can take a number of years to develop. [lecturio.com]

(Table) 3) Pure akinesia with gait freezing (PAGF) is a rare presentation of PSP-tau pathology. [movementdisorders.org]

Progressive supranuclear palsy presenting as primary lateral sclerosis but lacking parkinsonism, gaze palsy, aphasia, or dementia. / Nagao, Shigeto; Yokota, Osamu; Nanba, Reiko; Takata, Hiroshi; Haraguchi, Takashi; Ishizu, Hideki; Ikeda, Chikako; Takeda [okayama.pure.elsevier.com]

Presentation Variable presentation, depending on subtype. [patient.info]

Less commonly, patients present with cognitive loss and no motor signs. [rarediseases.org]

• Falling

  Unlike Parkinson Disease, people often fall backward instead of forward. They may also develop severe stiffness in the neck. [brain.northwestern.edu]

  Devices that make walking safer, such as a walker that is weighted in the front, can be helpful to prevent falls. Shoes with built-up heels can also help decrease falling backwards. [bcm.edu]

  I am falling frequently. What should I do? Falls are one of the leading causes of injury, disability, and even death in the elderly. [movementdisorders.ufhealth.org]

  The beginning stages of PSP include the inability to walk, falling spells, and stiffness. Falls experienced by a PSP patient are often described as having a state of dizziness, prior to actually falling. [webmd.com]

  PSP-Parkinsonism (PSP-P) is characterized by prominent early parkinsonism (tremor, limb bradykinesia, axial and limb rigidity) rather than falls and cognitive change. [orpha.net]

• Malnutrition

  A balanced diet that includes low-fat protein foods and plenty of fruits and vegetables helps maintain a healthy weight and prevent malnutrition and constipation. An individual with PSP should not smoke, both for health and safety reasons. [emedicinehealth.com]

• Pneumonia

  It does, however, predispose patients to serious complications such as pneumonia secondary to difficulty in swallowing (dysphagia). The most common complications are choking and pneumonia, head injury, and fractures caused by falls. [my.clevelandclinic.org]

  It does, however, predispose individuals to serious complications such as pneumonia secondary to difficulty in swallowing (dysphagia). The most common complications are choking and pneumonia, head injury, and fractures caused by falls. [primumn0nn0cere.wordpress.com]

  PSP does; however, predispose people to serious complications that include pneumonia secondary to difficulties with swallowing. The most common complications of PSP include choking and pneumonia, fractures caused by falling, and head injuries. [disabled-world.com]

  The main concern is aspiration, or swallowing something down the wind-pipe, which can cause a reactive (and even infectious) pneumonia. Pneumonias of course are a leading cause of death in patients. [movementdisorders.ufhealth.org]

  Complications that result from worsening symptoms, such as pneumonia (from breathing in food particles while choking during eating), can be life-threatening. [stanfordhealthcare.org]

• Aspiration

  The main concern is aspiration, or swallowing something down the wind-pipe, which can cause a reactive (and even infectious) pneumonia. Pneumonias of course are a leading cause of death in patients. [movementdisorders.ufhealth.org]

  Because of swallowing problems some patients require placement of a feeding tube directly into the stomach in order to maintain adequate nutrition and prevent aspiration pneumonia. [bcm.edu]

  Patients present with disturbance of balance, a disorder of downward gaze and L-DOPA-unresponsive parkinsonism and usually develop progressive dysphagia and dysarthria leading to death from the complications of immobility and aspiration. [pmj.bmj.com]

  "Impact of Aspiration Pneumonia on the Clinical Course of Progressive Supranuclear Palsy: A Retrospective Cohort Study.". PLOS ONE. 10 (8): e0135823. doi : 10.1371/journal.pone.0135823. PMC 4536232. PMID 26270456. ↑ "K. [ipfs.io]

  "Impact of Aspiration Pneumonia on the Clinical Course of Progressive Supranuclear Palsy: A Retrospective Cohort Study". PLOS One. 10 (8): e0135823. Bibcode : 2015PLoSO..1035823T. doi : 10.1371/journal.pone.0135823. PMC 4536232. [en.wikipedia.org]

• Fracture

  The most common complications are choking and pneumonia, head injury, and fractures caused by falls. The most common cause of death is pneumonia. [my.clevelandclinic.org]

  The most common complications of PSP include choking and pneumonia, fractures caused by falling, and head injuries. The most common cause of death among people with PSP is pneumonia. [disabled-world.com]

  Affected individuals are predisposed to serious complications such as pneumonia, choking, head injury, and fractures. The most common cause of death is pneumonia. [ninds.nih.gov]

• Muscle Spasm

  spasms Inability to hold urine ( incontinence ) - Late stages only The pattern of symptoms varies widely from person to person. [emedicinehealth.com]

• Diplopia

  Common symptoms at disease onset include postural instability and falls, dysarthria, bradykinesia and visual disturbances such as diplopia, blurred vision, burning eyes, and light sensitivity. [patient.info]

  Additional, and important symptoms to note, include: Diplopia Bradykinesia Burning eyes Blurred vision Sensitivity to light Rigidity of the spine Eye movement paralysis The eyelids of people with PSP might be held wide open with eye movement paralysis [disabled-world.com]

  Despite her limited eye movements, the patient had not noted diplopia and denied vision changes. [webeye.ophth.uiowa.edu]

  Because the eyes have trouble coming together to focus at short distances, the patient may complain of diplopia (double vision) when reading. [ipfs.io]

• Incontinence

  There's urinary incontinence and bowel incontinence," says Swankie. [theguardian.com]

  It can also cause behavioural changes - leading the patient to cry and laugh too readily and at inappropriate times - and incontinence. As the condition progresses, speech becomes slurred and movement becomes jerkier and less stable. [dailymail.co.uk]

  Image : “This patient presented with progressive dementia, ataxia and incontinence. A clinical diagnosis of normal pressure hydrocephalus was entertained. [lecturio.com]

  Micturition disturbances, including urinary incontinence, are common in the later stages. Signs The classic gaze palsy usually involves looking down before looking up. It affects horizontal, as well as vertical, eye movements. [patient.info]

  It has been described as a tauopathy. [3] Symptoms and signs This patient presented with progressive dementia, ataxia and incontinence. A clinical diagnosis of normal pressure hydrocephalus was entertained. [ipfs.io]

• Irritability

  Then came new symptoms: falls, tremors, difficulty speaking, troubled sleep, irritability. It was only when Swankie's GP was at a conference where a geriatrician was talking about PSP that the pieces started to fall into place. [theguardian.com]

  As regards behavioral symptoms, an interview with relatives revealed depression, anxiety, apathy, irritability, and sleep disorders. [dovepress.com]

  Cognitive symptoms include forgetfulness and personality changes, such as loss of interest in formerly pleasurable activities (apathy), impaired attention and concentration, depression, and increased irritability. [rarediseases.org]

  They may lose interest in ordinary pleasurable activities or show increased irritability and forgetfulness. [ninds.nih.gov]

  Behavior or personality changes - Irritation, grouchiness Memory loss, forgetfulness Apathy (indifference) Slowed thinking, reasoning, planning Inappropriate laughing or crying Angry or aggressive outbursts Slurred speech Swallowing problems - Solids [emedicinehealth.com]

• Axial Dystonia

  Additional exam findings Musculoskeletal: Cervical dystonia, weakness of right upper extremity with transient tremor Gait: wide-based and slow Reflexes: positive grasp reflex and applause sign Mental Status: patient alert and appropriately responsive [webeye.ophth.uiowa.edu]

  Over a period of 2 years, he progressed to complete vertical gaze palsy, axial dystonia, retrocollis, and generalized severe akinesia. [emedicine.medscape.com]

  «The problem of adult-onset idiopathic torsion dystonia and other isolated dyskinesias in adult life (including blepharospasm, oromandibular dystonia, dystonic writer’s cramp, and torticollis or axial dystonia)». En: R. Eldridge; S. Fahn (eds.). [cv.uoc.edu]

[…] patients with PSP show the following abnormalities, although these are not specific for PSP: Diminished total sleep time Increased awakenings Progressive loss of rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep [7, 8] Decreased REM–to–non-REM (NREM) quotient [9, 10] See Workup [emedicine.medscape.com]

However, the introduction of MR imaging into the routine workup of patients with suspected PSP or other parkisonian syndromes has been hampered by its low sensitivity and poor specificity and also by high variability, which can be heavily influenced by [ajnr.org]

Management and treatment There is no treatment curing the disease. Classical PSP patients do not respond to levodopa treatment. [orpha.net]

Is there any treatment? There is currently no effective treatment for PSP, although scientists are searching for better ways to manage the disease. [my.clevelandclinic.org]

Prognosis Progressively, patients become wheel-chair dependant due to the frequent falls. Difficulties in breathing and swallowing, and infections are the main causes of death, generally 4-8 years after onset of the disease. [orpha.net]

However, patients will benefit from accurate, early diagnosis that allows them to understand the prognosis, to avoid unnecessary tests and useless treatments, and to avail themselves of disease-specific support services. [medlink.com]

What is the prognosis? PSP gets progressively worse but is not itself directly life-threatening. It does, however, predispose patients to serious complications such as pneumonia secondary to difficulty in swallowing (dysphagia). [my.clevelandclinic.org]

The prognosis for patients with PSP is poor, with the average time from onset of symptoms to death ranging from 5-9 years. [eyewiki.aao.org]

Etiology PSP is a 4R tauopathy composed of a preponderance of four-repeat tau isoforms and a characteristic biochemical profile (doublet tau 64 and tau 69). The MAPT H1-clade specific sub-haplotype, H1c, is a risk factor for this disease. [orpha.net]

Summary Epidemiology The prevalence is conservatively estimated at about 1/16,600. [orpha.net]

[…] to be described and their seminal report was followed by many case reports and case series from around the world. 8 The documentation of these individual cases and case series through the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s have been followed by more recently by epidemiological [pmj.bmj.com]

Epidemiology [ 1, 9 ] The mean age of onset is 65 years. Virtually no autopsy-confirmed cases have been confirmed earlier than 40 years. PSP is a rare disease. [patient.info]

Academic clinicians, translational researchers and basic scientists are brought together to connect experimental findings made in different animal models to the clinical features, pathophysiology and treatment of human movement disorders. [books.google.com]

It is also useful for the investigation of the pathophysiology of diseases. [touchneurology.com]

The role of heredity in the pathophysiology of PSP remains elusive. Although there are anecdotal reports in the literature that describe apparent familial PSP, several larger series have not noted this association. [emedicine.medscape.com]

Pathophysiology of Movement Disorders Progressive Supranuclear Palsy It causes neuronal degeneration and loss in the globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus, substantia nigra, colliculi, periaqueductal gray matter and the dentate nucleus of the cerebellum [lecturio.com]

In addition there must be a low to high density in at least three of the following structures: oculomotor complex, dentate nucleus, striatum, or medulla.[16, 33] Pathophysiology As stated previously, PSP is a known tauopathy. [eyewiki.aao.org]

Collaborative Meta-Analysis of Randomised Trials of Antiplatelet Therapy for Prevention of Death, Myocardial Infarction, and Stroke in High Risk Patients. ‎ [books.google.es]

Evaluation early on by a trained physical therapist, knowledgeable in Parkinsonism, is critical to help with gait, balance, and prevent falls. [movementdisorders.ufhealth.org]

Because of swallowing problems some patients require placement of a feeding tube directly into the stomach in order to maintain adequate nutrition and prevent aspiration pneumonia. [bcm.edu]

Is There A Way to Prevent Progressive Supranuclear Palsy? There is no known way to prevent PSP. Which Specialties of Doctors Diagnose and Treat PSP Symptoms? The medical care of a person with PSP usually involves a team of health professionals. [emedicinehealth.com]

(NNIPPS) Terminated NCT00211224 Phase 3 Riluzole 6 Effects of Coenzyme Q10 in PSP and CBD Completed NCT00532571 Phase 2, Phase 3 CoQ10 7 Study About Efficacy and Safety to Treat Multi-System-Atrophy Completed NCT00146809 Phase 3 Minocyline 8 Relapse Prevention [malacards.org]