Abstract This article presents a psychometric evaluation of the Claustrophobia Scale (CS), consisting of one subscale for measuring anxiety (20 items, 0-4) and one for avoidance (18 items, 0-2). [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Pain

  SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Psychosocial factors influence the outcomes of low back pain treatment with psychological distress being associated with poorer surgical outcomes in patients with low back pain. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  This is because claustrophobia is much more than a simple apprehension; it can result in very painful experiences,” insists the psychoanalyst and psychotherapist. [dopasolution.com]

  Even carrying a gallon of milk was painful for Shahina Nasar. She tried physical therapy, massage therapy, acupuncture and medication, but after six months of suffering from the sharp, stabbing pain in her right shoulder, her doctor ordered an MRI. [mycdi.com]

  Other effects of the condition include: sweating trembling hot flushes or chills shortness of breath or difficulty breathing a choking sensation rapid heartbeat (tachycardia) chest pain or a feeling of tightness in the chest a sensation of butterflies [thesun.co.uk]

• Falling

  "It also makes adaptive sense to be afraid of things that are too far away from you on the vertical dimension, since there can be a great cost to falling." [livescience.com]

  He's a sports psychologist who specializes in high-performance and "extreme" sports like, say, falling out of the sky at the speed of sound. Red Bull wanted him to psychologically evaluate Baumgartner and help him conquer his fear. [wired.com]

  Oftentimes, the fear of confined spaces is accompanied by a fear of falling. [dopasolution.com]

• Nausea

  Oddly enough, this online space dedicated entirely to inducing nausea and panic allowed me to regain control of my claustrophobia. So, perhaps there’s something to be said about Reddit’s r/claustrophobia for people like me. [vice.com]

  […] making it harder to think clearly rapid heart rate, rapid breathing rate or shortness of breath sweating and trembling feeling weak or dizzy a choking sensation hot flushes or chills feeling confused, disorientated, or feeling detached from yourself nausea [healthdirect.gov.au]

  It may bring on feelings like a panic attack and cause: Sweating Fast heartbeat Fast breathing Problems breathing Trembling Lightheadedness or fainting Nausea Feelings of dread or terror You may also: Look for exit doors when in a room Feel very nervous [winchesterhospital.org]

  The physical symptoms of a panic attack include: fast or pounding heart sweating trembling shortness of breath choking sensation tightening throat nausea vomiting dizziness faintness chills overheating numbness chest pressure pale skin pins and needles [news-medical.net]

• Vomiting

  The Project: Expert reveals how to treat phobias How to manage phobias Emetophobia: What it's like living with an extreme fear of vomit Without the claustrophobia-inducing treatment, the tumour would have killed her. [newshub.co.nz]

  The physical symptoms of a panic attack include: fast or pounding heart sweating trembling shortness of breath choking sensation tightening throat nausea vomiting dizziness faintness chills overheating numbness chest pressure pale skin pins and needles [news-medical.net]

  […] individual can experience the following symptoms, which may vary in severity: Temperature changes in the form of sweating, chills or hot flashes Quickened heart rate and elevated blood pressure Faintness or wooziness Quivering or shuddering Nausea or vomiting [therecoveryvillage.com]

• Chest Pain

  Other effects of the condition include: sweating trembling hot flushes or chills shortness of breath or difficulty breathing a choking sensation rapid heartbeat (tachycardia) chest pain or a feeling of tightness in the chest a sensation of butterflies [thesun.co.uk]

  As well as overwhelming feelings of anxiety, a panic attack can also cause: sweating trembling hot flushes or chills shortness of breath or difficulty breathing a choking sensation rapid heartbeat chest pain or a feeling of tightness in the chest a sensation [your.md]

  pain Heart palpitations Headache Dry mouth An uncontrollable urge to urinate Eventually, you may begin to dread activities that could cause you to feel closed in. [phobias.about.com]

  As well as overwhelming feelings of anxiety, a panic attack can also cause physical symptoms, such as: sweating trembling hot flushes or chills shortness of breath or difficulty breathing a choking sensation a rapid heartbeat (tachycardia) chest pain [nhs.uk]

  and chest pain Nausea Disorientation and confusion Lightheadedness, fainting, and dizziness High blood pressure and an accelerated heart rate Treatment Options for Claustrophobia Among the medications that can be helpful for claustrophobia are SSRIs [psycom.net]

• Osteoporosis

  Yogurt's probiotics may strengthen your immune system, protect you from gastrointestinal infection, decrease your risk of osteoporosis and fight certain cancers. [livestrong.com]

• Claustrophobia

  See More First Known Use of claustrophobia 1879, in the meaning defined above History and Etymology for claustrophobia New Latin, from Latin claustrum + New Latin -phobia Learn More about claustrophobia Resources for claustrophobia Statistics for claustrophobia [merriam-webster.com]

  5 based on their potential to have claustrophobia. [en.wikipedia.org]

  In this sense claustrophobia is not simply fear of the reduced space, but of the bolts and locks that bar the way out." (Lake, ibid .) Such fears of not being able to exit the situation is a common element in claustrophobia. [primal-page.com]

  Claustrophobia is one of the most common phobias. If you experience claustrophobia, you may feel like you’re having a panic attack, although claustrophobia isn’t a panic disorder. For some people, claustrophobia may disappear on its own. [healthline.com]

  Claustrophobia. Crown Copyright. https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/claustrophobia/ [phobias.about.com]

• Fear

  [email protected] Abstract Fear of suffocation and fear of restriction are thought to underlie claustrophobia and can be assessed with the Claustrophobia Questionnaire (CLQ; Radomsky et al., 2001). [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Because of fear and panic, the test was terminated. An obsessive fear of dying and of death developed in the following days and weeks as she went into a deep depression. [primal-page.com]

  […] of enclosed spaces is an irrational fear. [en.wikipedia.org]

  If a parent, for example, has a fear of being close in, the child may observe their behavior and develop the same fears. [medicalnewstoday.com]

• Anxiety Disorder

  It is typically classified as an anxiety disorder and often results in a rather severe panic attack. [web.archive.org]

  We recommend caution with the use of bupropion in patients with primary anxiety disorders. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  For others, the feeling of being trapped may develop as part of an underlying anxiety disorder. [moodsmith.com]

• Confusion

  […] or fainting feelings of doom a fear of dying rapid thoughts making it harder to think clearly rapid heart rate, rapid breathing rate or shortness of breath sweating and trembling feeling weak or dizzy a choking sensation hot flushes or chills feeling confused [healthdirect.gov.au]

  […] needles urge to urinate or defecate knot in stomach butterflies in stomach As well, emotional experiences that occur in connection with a panic attack include: feelings of unreality feelings of detachment fear of death or insanity emotional distress confusion [news-medical.net]

  […] heartbeat (tachycardia) chest pain or a feeling of tightness in the chest a sensation of butterflies in the stomach nausea headaches and dizziness feeling faint numbness or pins and needles dry mouth a need to go to the toilet ringing in your ears feeling confused [thesun.co.uk]

  […] sensation rapid heartbeat chest pain or a feeling of tightness in the chest a sensation of butterflies in the stomach nausea headaches and dizziness feeling faint numbness or pins and needles dry mouth a need to go to the toilet ringing in your ears feeling confused [your.md]

  While not everyone reacts to claustrophobia in the same way, symptoms can include: Feeling like the walls are closing in Chills or feeling hot Sweating Shaking Difficulty breathing Choking feeling Feeling faint or dizzy Ringing in your ears Nausea Confusion [phobias.about.com]

• Dizziness

  “The person gets shaky, dizzy, and can feel like they might die, go crazy, or lose control.” When this happens, the person has an urge to get out of the situation she was in when the panic attack began, such as the grocery store. [psycom.net]

  […] symptoms of panic attacks include: a fear of losing control or fainting feelings of doom a fear of dying rapid thoughts making it harder to think clearly rapid heart rate, rapid breathing rate or shortness of breath sweating and trembling feeling weak or dizzy [healthdirect.gov.au]

  Sarah Cherry/wikimedia Those of us who dislike restraint tend to experience a sense of rising panic when trapped, and it seems this panic – a fear of the developing and building sensations of a rising heart rate, dizziness, shortness of breath, or feelings [theconversation.com]

  Those of us who dislike restraint tend to experience a sense of rising panic when trapped, and it seems this panic – a fear of the developing and building sensations of a rising heart rate, dizziness, shortness of breath, or feelings of unreality – frightens [independent.co.uk]

• Agitation

  I clambered out into the train compartment - a cage within a cage within a cage, to my mind - in a state of total agitation, desperate to escape. But it really was too late. We were sealed in and about to depart. [telegraph.co.uk]

Moreover, changes were maintained at 3 months after treatment. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Fear of treatment for claustrophobia For someone with a disabling phobia, the realisation that this fear is irrational and that treatment is needed can cause further anxiety. [betterhealth.vic.gov.au]

Treatment Treatment for claustrophobia depends on the person and severity of symptoms. [phobias.about.com]

"Treatment of Specific Phobia in Adults." Clinical Psychology Review 27.3 (2007): 266–86. ^ a b c d e f Phobias: A Handbook of Theory, Research, and Treatment. Chichester; New York: Wiley, 1997. ^ "Claustrophobia: Symptoms, Treatment, and More". [en.wikipedia.org]

The result of the traction test related to the prognosis. Only three cases still showed slight diplopia postoperatively. This result indicates that endoscopic sinus surgery can be applied even to the orbital floor fracture. [doi.org]

The authors describe the phenomenology and etiology of claustrophobia during MRI and provide an integrative management approach for referring physicians, radiologists, and technicians who deal with this difficult problem. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

The opposite seems to be true, as is the case in almost all anxiety disorders, large epidemiological studies have found. [nytimes.com]

Although the exact pathophysiology of claustrophobia is unknown, there is compelling evidence that supports the role of the noradrenergic system in anxiety disorders. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Prevention There is no way to prevent claustrophobia since the cause is unknown. [winchesterhospital.org]

Thus, prevention of MR imaging by claustrophobia is a common problem and approximately 2,000,000 MR procedures worldwide cannot be completed due to this situation. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Lifestyle adjustments like physical activity, adequate sleep, yoga, and social support can also help to prevent panic attacks. [news-medical.net]

To prevent a potentially fatal condition called ebullism, Baumgartner must wear a custom-made space suit and helmet. [wired.com]