Abstract This article presents a psychometric evaluation of the Claustrophobia Scale (CS), consisting of one subscale for measuring anxiety (20 items, 0-4) and one for avoidance (18 items, 0-2). [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Abstract The present case series with two patients explored whether virtual reality (VR) distraction could reduce claustrophobia symptoms during a mock magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) brain scan. [doi.org]

• Aspiration

  Man may suspect that "the opening at the other end leads to what is inhuman or subhuman ", " deformed and on a level lower than the noblest aspirations of man." [primal-page.com]

• Anxiety Disorder

  It is typically classified as an anxiety disorder and often results in a rather severe panic attack. [web.archive.org]

  J Anxiety Disord. 2010 Oct;24(7):715-22. doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2010.05.003. Epub 2010 May 20. Author information 1 Department of Psychology, University of Leuven, Tiensestraat 102, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  For others, the feeling of being trapped may develop as part of an underlying anxiety disorder. [moodsmith.com]

Moreover, changes were maintained at 3 months after treatment. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Treatment Treatment for claustrophobia depends on the person and severity of symptoms. [phobias.about.com]

Fear of treatment for claustrophobia For someone with a disabling phobia, the realisation that this fear is irrational and that treatment is needed can cause further anxiety. [betterhealth.vic.gov.au]

"Treatment of Specific Phobia in Adults." Clinical Psychology Review 27.3 (2007): 266–86. ^ a b c d e f Phobias: A Handbook of Theory, Research, and Treatment. Chichester; New York: Wiley, 1997. ^ "Claustrophobia: Symptoms, Treatment, and More". [en.wikipedia.org]

The result of the traction test related to the prognosis. Only three cases still showed slight diplopia postoperatively. This result indicates that endoscopic sinus surgery can be applied even to the orbital floor fracture. [doi.org]

The opposite seems to be true, as is the case in almost all anxiety disorders, large epidemiological studies have found. [nytimes.com]

Although the exact pathophysiology of claustrophobia is unknown, there is compelling evidence that supports the role of the noradrenergic system in anxiety disorders. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Thus, prevention of MR imaging by claustrophobia is a common problem and approximately 2,000,000 MR procedures worldwide cannot be completed due to this situation. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Prevention There is no way to prevent claustrophobia since the cause is unknown. [winchesterhospital.org]

Lifestyle adjustments like physical activity, adequate sleep, yoga, and social support can also help to prevent panic attacks. [news-medical.net]

To prevent a potentially fatal condition called ebullism, Baumgartner must wear a custom-made space suit and helmet. [wired.com]