Abstract This article presents a psychometric evaluation of the Claustrophobia Scale (CS), consisting of one subscale for measuring anxiety (20 items, 0-4) and one for avoidance (18 items, 0-2). [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Pain

  SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Psychosocial factors influence the outcomes of low back pain treatment with psychological distress being associated with poorer surgical outcomes in patients with low back pain. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  This is because claustrophobia is much more than a simple apprehension; it can result in very painful experiences,” insists the psychoanalyst and psychotherapist. [dopasolution.com]

  […] everyone reacts to claustrophobia in the same way, symptoms can include: Feeling like the walls are closing in Chills or feeling hot Sweating Shaking Difficulty breathing Choking feeling Feeling faint or dizzy Ringing in your ears Nausea Confusion Chest pain [phobias.about.com]

  Indeed, in many situations which combine darkness and physical and emotional pain, it is the most important element. Dr. Lake quotes fascinating material from the Jesuit priest and anthropologist, Teilhard de Chardin's, The Phenomenon of Man. [primal-page.com]

• Dentist

  People may be afraid of being confined in the barber’s chair or dentist’s chair while they are getting their hair cut or teeth cleaned. [therecoveryvillage.com]

  Another possible site for claustrophobic attacks is a dentist's chair, particularly during dental surgery; in that scenario, the fear is not of pain, but of being confined. [en.wikipedia.org]

• Aspiration

  Man may suspect that "the opening at the other end leads to what is inhuman or subhuman ", " deformed and on a level lower than the noblest aspirations of man." [primal-page.com]

• Lactose Intolerance

  In addition, the lactose intolerant can eat yogurt because the bacterial cultures break down the lactose in milk. The probiotics remain live and active — and remain beneficial — only if the yogurt isn't heat-treated. [livestrong.com]

• Chest Pain

  pain Heart palpitations Headache Dry mouth An uncontrollable urge to urinate Eventually, you may begin to dread activities that could cause you to feel closed in. [phobias.about.com]

  As well as overwhelming feelings of anxiety, a panic attack can also cause: sweating trembling hot flushes or chills shortness of breath or difficulty breathing a choking sensation rapid heartbeat chest pain or a feeling of tightness in the chest a sensation [your.md]

  pain, and difficulty breathing an urge to use the bathroom confusion or disorientation fear of harm or illness It is not necessarily the small spaces that trigger the anxiety, but the fear of what can happen to the person if confined to that area. [medicalnewstoday.com]

  Other effects of the condition include: sweating trembling hot flushes or chills shortness of breath or difficulty breathing a choking sensation rapid heartbeat (tachycardia) chest pain or a feeling of tightness in the chest a sensation of butterflies [thesun.co.uk]

  As well as overwhelming feelings of anxiety, a panic attack can also cause physical symptoms, such as: sweating trembling hot flushes or chills shortness of breath or difficulty breathing a choking sensation a rapid heartbeat (tachycardia) chest pain [nhs.uk]

• Heart Disease

  Saturated fat raises cholesterol and increases the your risk of heart disease. The American Heart Association recommends limiting your intake of saturated fat to no more than 6 percent of your total daily calories. [livestrong.com]

  Panic attacks can mimic other diseases like heart disease, thyroid disease, or lung disorders, resulting in emergency room visits to rule out a life-threatening issue. Panic attacks can come on very suddenly during either calm or anxious states. [news-medical.net]

• Back Pain

  SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Psychosocial factors influence the outcomes of low back pain treatment with psychological distress being associated with poorer surgical outcomes in patients with low back pain. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  You may still feel unable to control your fears or that you will be terribly uncomfortable due to back pain, breathing issues or something else. [radiology.ucsf.edu]

• Osteoporosis

  Yogurt's probiotics may strengthen your immune system, protect you from gastrointestinal infection, decrease your risk of osteoporosis and fight certain cancers. [livestrong.com]

• Low Back Pain

  SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Psychosocial factors influence the outcomes of low back pain treatment with psychological distress being associated with poorer surgical outcomes in patients with low back pain. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Short Arm

  We describe 4 recent patients with latent claustrophobia who presented with dissatisfaction about their short arm casts days after cast application. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Anxiety Disorder

  It is typically classified as an anxiety disorder and often results in a rather severe panic attack. [web.archive.org]

  J Anxiety Disord. 2010 Oct;24(7):715-22. doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2010.05.003. Epub 2010 May 20. Author information 1 Department of Psychology, University of Leuven, Tiensestraat 102, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Distractibility

  The patients were randomly assigned to receive either VR or music distraction for their second scan attempt. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Go to your “happy place”: This may sound silly, but if you think through the details of your “happy place” or the details of a good memory or a complex process, it can effectively distract you. [blog.radiology.virginia.edu]

  I got through the flight by concentrating on breathing and distracting myself with magazines. I’d also taken medicated tablets that I had from a previous prescription for my anxiety. When the plane started moving, I began panicking again. [bbc.co.uk]

• Impulsivity

  Les obsessions et les impulsions. Paris: O. Doin. * Weiss, Edoardo. (1964). Agoraphobia in the light of ego psychology. New York, Grune & Stratton. Further Reading * Asch, Stuart S. (1966). Claustrophobia and depression. [nosubject.com]

  Nuclei send out impulses to other nuclei, which influence respiratory rate, physical arousal, the release of adrenaline, blood pressure, heart rate, behavioral fear response, and defensive responses, which may include freezing up. [en.wikipedia.org]

• Tantrums

  These are: a persistent unreasonable or excessive fear caused by the presence or anticipation of a specific situation anxiety response when exposed to the stimulus, possibly a panic attack in adults, or, in children, a tantrum, clinging, crying or freezing [medicalnewstoday.com]

  Response of anxiety when exposed to the situation, which may be a panic attack in adults or a tantrum in younger children. Awareness that their concern is not proportional to apparent danger. [therecoveryvillage.com]

• Learning Difficulties

  Patients under 16 yr of age and adults with learning difficulties were excluded. The initial refusal rate of clinical and research patients was 4.2% (54 clinical and 19 research). [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Postural Instability

  The results are consistent with the postural instability theory of motion sickness. We discuss the possible relation between claustrophobia symptoms, postural movements and motion sickness incidence. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Moreover, changes were maintained at 3 months after treatment. [doi.org]

Treatment Treatment for claustrophobia depends on the person and severity of symptoms. [phobias.about.com]

"Treatment of Specific Phobia in Adults." Clinical Psychology Review 27.3 (2007): 266–86. a b c d e f Phobias: A Handbook of Theory, Research, and Treatment. Chichester; New York: Wiley, 1997. "Claustrophobia: Symptoms, Treatment, and More". [en.wikipedia.org]

The result of the traction test related to the prognosis. Only three cases still showed slight diplopia postoperatively. This result indicates that endoscopic sinus surgery can be applied even to the orbital floor fracture. [doi.org]

The authors describe the phenomenology and etiology of claustrophobia during MRI and provide an integrative management approach for referring physicians, radiologists, and technicians who deal with this difficult problem. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

The opposite seems to be true, as is the case in almost all anxiety disorders, large epidemiological studies have found. [nytimes.com]

Although the exact pathophysiology of claustrophobia is unknown, there is compelling evidence that supports the role of the noradrenergic system in anxiety disorders. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Thus, prevention of MR imaging by claustrophobia is a common problem and approximately 2,000,000 MR procedures worldwide cannot be completed due to this situation. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Prevention There is no way to prevent claustrophobia since the cause is unknown. [winchesterhospital.org]

Lifestyle adjustments like physical activity, adequate sleep, yoga, and social support can also help to prevent panic attacks. [news-medical.net]

To prevent a potentially fatal condition called ebullism, Baumgartner must wear a custom-made space suit and helmet. [wired.com]