The various presenting conditions of cocaine abuse encountered within the head and neck region by the otorhinolaryngologist are then discussed. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Fatigue

  Some of these symptoms include: Depression Fatigue Vivid and bad dreams Increase in appetite Intense cocaine cravings Agitation Treatment At The Canyon, our cocaine treatment program is designed to help you reconnect with life. [thecanyonmalibu.com]

  The use of cocaine includes the inevitable low, with fatigue and irritability that follows a brief high. Cocaine use carries significant risks of addiction and health problems. [originsrecovery.com]

  These may include: Powerful cravings for cocaine Restlessness Agitation and irritability Depression Anxiety Fatigue Vivid nightmares Paranoia Chills Tremors At Manor Clinic, our comprehensive medically assisted withdrawal detoxification programme allows [themanorclinic.com]

  When cocaine wears off, individuals may experience a kind of “crash,” wherein they feel fatigued, lethargic, drained, and depressed. Drug cravings may ensue. [solutions-recovery.com]

  While cocaine abuse does not lead to this type of withdrawal, other symptoms such as fatigue, depression, sleep problems and eating difficulties can be just as problematic, albeit less visible to outsiders. [bhpalmbeach.com]

• Fever

  Denies fever, lower urinary tract symptoms such as dysuria, urinary frequency, concommitant or prior urethral discharge to the painful condition. He underwent right orchiectomy 13 years ago by testicular torsion. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  The abuser may complain of pain, swelling, and redness at the injection site or fever. [emedicinehealth.com]

  Other side effects of cocaine abuse: A suppressed appetite, leading to malnutrition Frequent nose bleeds/nasal damage Interrupted sleep patterns Cardiovascular problems Heart palpitations Tremors or seizures Chest Pains Fever Vomiting High blood pressure [tpaddictiontreatment.com]

• Rigor

  These programs may last for several months or even longer, and they may be as intensive as inpatient treatment or less rigorous, depending on the needs of the addict. [addiction-treatment.com]

  More rigorous tests of TMS’s ability to blunt the drug’s grip are now underway. [sciencemag.org]

  In addition, signs of mild Parkinsonism (mild bradykinesia and rigor in the right hand) was also detected. Altogether, the neurological examination suggested incipient Parkinsonism, but the tremor was atypical (not resting type). [bmcneurol.biomedcentral.com]

  Sites like Lawfare – led by Comey-friend Benjamin Wittes and ex-NSA lawyer Susan Hennessey – became Twitter and cable news stars and used their platform to resuscitate what had been a long-discredited lie: namely, that the FISA process is highly rigorous [theintercept.com]

• Congestive Heart Failure

  Pulmonary team was consulted; the impression was consistent with pulmonary edema from questionable congestive heart failure (CHF), which could have been from the history of cocaine use rather than a primary pulmonary cause. [bmcresnotes.biomedcentral.com]

• High Fever

  Cocaine overdose symptoms include: shaking or seizures, hyperthermia (an extremely high fever), chest pains, headaches, extensive sweating, unconsciousness, respiratory problems or arrest, slurred speech, nausea or vomiting, delirium, and possibly coma [axistreatmentwest.com]

• Hoarseness

  For example, the NIDA reports that those who snort the drug will increase their chances of: Losing their sense of smell Chronic nosebleeds Irritation or breakdown of the nasal septum Hoarseness and difficulty swallowing Those who inject the drug, dissolving [blackbearrehab.com]

  Regularly snorting cocaine can lead to loss of sense of smell, nosebleeds, problems with swallowing, hoarseness, and an overall irritation of the nasal septum leading to a chronically inflamed, runny nose. 15 Smoking crack cocaine damages the lungs and [drugabuse.gov]

  […] hardened arteries and aorta.[2] Signs of Cocaine Addiction Repeated nosebleeds Manic behavior Aggression Severe paranoia Constant scratching or complaints of itching Collapse of nostrils Insomnia Depression Anxiety Loss of sense of smell Chronically hoarse [bhpalmbeach.com]

  Hoarseness. Irritation of the nasal septum leading to a chronically inflamed, runny nose. [oxfordtreatment.com]

  Regularly snorting cocaine, for example, can lead to loss of sense of smell, nosebleeds, problems with swallowing, hoarseness, and an overall irritation of the nasal septum, which can lead to a chronically inflamed, runny nose. [www1.nyc.gov]

• Nasal Congestion

  Review of systems was significant for rhinitis, nasal congestion, joint pain, and a febrile episode 2 days prior to admission. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Runny noses, nasal congestion, and brief nosebleeds can be also be cared for at home by stopping the drug, increasing the humidity of the air breathed in with vaporizers and humidifiers, and direct nasal pressure for 10 minutes to stop the nosebleed. [emedicinehealth.com]

  congestion and damage to the mucous membrane of the nose (if snorting drugs) Mouth sores, gum disease and tooth decay from smoking drugs ("meth mouth") Insomnia Depression as the drug wears off Club drugs Club drugs are commonly used at clubs, concerts [mayoclinic.org]

• Common Cold

  Increased common cold-like symptoms and/or nosebleeds. Signs of involuntary movements (i.e. muscle tics). Changes in concentration and focus. Other Adverse Effects One of the most serious effects of cocaine abuse is heart muscle damage. [drugabuse.com]

• Nasal Irritation

  Many users complain of nasal irritation, nasal crusting, recurrent nosebleeds, nasal stuffiness, facial pain caused by sinusitis, and hoarseness. [emedicinehealth.com]

• Tachypnea

  Adverse reactions reported include tachycardia, hypertension, tachypnea, chest pain, hallucinations, racing thoughts, and seizures. Psychosis, withdrawal, and death have been reported with usage of these compounds. [library.med.utah.edu]

• Overeating

  American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC, 2000) provides criteria for diagnosing cocaine abuse and cocaine dependence as distinct disorders- the latter characterized by additional symptoms related to loss of control over drug use. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Long-Term Signs of Cocaine Use When a person has been using cocaine over a long time period, they are likely to suffer physical and mental deterioration. [narconon.org]

• Nausea

  A 55-year-old woman, a long-term cocaine abuser, presented with delirium, nausea, vomiting, hypoglycemia, hypercalcemia, and hypotension as manifestations of adrenal insufficiency (cortisol levels 1 mg/dL before and after administration of cosyntropin [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Some of the most frequent are cardiovascular effects, including disturbances in heart rhythm and heart attacks; neurological effects, including headaches, seizures, strokes, and coma; and gastrointestinal complications, including abdominal pain and nausea [drugabuse.gov]

  Some, but not all, of these include the following: Bloodshot eyes Loss of weight Runny nose Increased illnesses Increase in blood pressure Dilated pupils Increase in heart rate Increase in temperature Nosebleeds Nausea and/or vomiting Emotional There [thecanyonmalibu.com]

  Physical symptoms may include chest pain, nausea, blurred vision, fever, muscle spasms, convulsions and coma. Different routes of cocaine administration can produce different adverse effects. [www1.nyc.gov]

• Vomiting

  We report a case of a young man who presented to the emergency department with violent abdominal pain and several episodes of vomiting after using intranasal cocaine. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Some, but not all, of these include the following: Bloodshot eyes Loss of weight Runny nose Increased illnesses Increase in blood pressure Dilated pupils Increase in heart rate Increase in temperature Nosebleeds Nausea and/or vomiting Emotional There [thecanyonmalibu.com]

• Loss of Appetite

  In the beginning of an individual’s use, cocaine abuse may cause the following negative consequences: Hypersensitivity to light, sound, and touch Paranoia and anxiety Aggression, agitation, or irritability Loss of appetite Difficulty sleeping Increased [diablovalleytreatment.com]

  Other physical side effects include: Racing heart rate Dilated pupils Rapid breathing Insomnia Loss of appetite Nose bleeds Irregular heart rhythms Asthma Psychological side effects of using cocaine are numerous as well. [addictionhope.com]

  Psychological side effects include: Anxiety Bursts of elevated mood and euphoria Emotional swings Hallucinations High energy levels Hypersomnia (oversleeping) Insomnia (trouble sleeping) Irritability Lethargy and introversion Loss of appetite Paranoia [therecoveryvillage.com]

  Prolonged daily use causes sleep deprivation and loss of appetite. A person can become psychotic and begin to experience hallucinations. [drugfreeworld.org]

• Abdominal Pain

  The abdominal pain was caused by a massive haemoperitoneum with no evidence of any underlying pathology. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Some of the most frequent are cardiovascular effects, including disturbances in heart rhythm and heart attacks; neurological effects, including headaches, seizures, strokes, and coma; and gastrointestinal complications, including abdominal pain and nausea [drugabuse.gov]

  Abusers may also complain of jaundice or turning yellow, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, or the multitude of complaints that accompany hepatitis or AIDS. [emedicinehealth.com]

  Cardiovascular effects: disturbances in heart rhythm heart attacks Respiratory effects: chest pain respiratory failure Neurological effects: strokes seizures and headaches Gastrointestinal complications: abdominal pain nausea Cocaine use has been linked [www1.nyc.gov]

• Chest Pain

  Initial management of cocaine users presenting with chest pain and ST segment elevation should include administration of glyceryl trinitrate (GTN). [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Chest pain/myocardial ischemia: Cocaine increases platelet aggregation so aspirin should be administered to patients with chest pain thought to be ischemic. [clinicaladvisor.com]

  Chest pain associated with cocaine use is now a common problem in many emergency departments. [emedicinehealth.com]

  While chest pain related to cocaine use is a common reason for seeking medical care, occasional use is rarely associated with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) unless there is pre-existing coronary artery disease. [bestpractice.bmj.com]

• Hypertension

  Clinically, although cocaine abuse is associated with elevated blood pressure, persistent accelerated hypertension reaching levels diagnostic of malignant hypertension is uncommon. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Dose-dependent tachycardia, hypertension along with increased arousal is the first physiological response to cocaine use. [bmcresnotes.biomedcentral.com]

  Thus, cocaine-related myocardial insults could be caused by coronary atherosclerosis, coronary spasm, or both; tachycardia and hypertension may increase myocardial work. [emedicine.medscape.com]

• Tachycardia

  Thus, cocaine-related myocardial insults could be caused by coronary atherosclerosis, coronary spasm, or both; tachycardia and hypertension may increase myocardial work. [emedicine.medscape.com]

  Arrhythmias: Sinus tachycardia is the most common arrhythmia and usually responds to control of agitation and IV fluids. ACLS protocols for significant tachycardias and bradycardias should be followed. [clinicaladvisor.com]

  Dose-dependent tachycardia, hypertension along with increased arousal is the first physiological response to cocaine use. [bmcresnotes.biomedcentral.com]

  Physical symptoms are reddening of the conjunctive, tachycardia, disturbances of the fine motor skills and, after long lasting consumption, bronchitis. Chronic consumption can trigger a cannabis psychosis with schizophrenic symptoms. [lecturio.com]

• Irregular Heart Rhythm

  Other physical side effects include: Racing heart rate Dilated pupils Rapid breathing Insomnia Loss of appetite Nose bleeds Irregular heart rhythms Asthma Psychological side effects of using cocaine are numerous as well. [addictionhope.com]

  Cocaine overdoses can cause an irregular heart rhythm, heart attacks, seizures, and strokes—each of which can result in death. [oxfordtreatment.com]

  Some of the most frequent and severe health consequences of overdose are irregular heart rhythm, heart attacks, seizures, and strokes. [drugabuse.gov]

  Some of the most frequent and severe health consequences resulting from an overdose involve the heart and blood vessels (for example, irregular heart rhythms and heart attacks) and damage to the nervous system (seizures and strokes are two such possibilities [michaelshouse.com]

• Hypotension

  A 55-year-old woman, a long-term cocaine abuser, presented with delirium, nausea, vomiting, hypoglycemia, hypercalcemia, and hypotension as manifestations of adrenal insufficiency (cortisol levels 1 mg/dL before and after administration of cosyntropin [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Hypotension: Hypotension in a cocaine abuser is most often due to volume depletion. IV fluid resuscitation should be initiated with frequent reassessments. [clinicaladvisor.com]

  Dysrhythmias, acute myocardial infarction, myocarditis, hypertension, endocarditis, hypotensive shock, cerebral vascular accidents and dilated cardiomyopathy are several cardiovascular complications due to cocaine abuse [ 1 ]. [bmcresnotes.biomedcentral.com]

  Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), hypotension, and sudden death are additional complications. (Devlin and Henry, 2008) Massive intracerebral hemorrhage associated with cocaine use, gross. Cerebral infarction, gross. [library.med.utah.edu]

• Blurred Vision

  Someone taking both of these drugs may have impaired motor functions and blurred vision in conjunction with suppressed appetite and lack of sleep. [americanaddictioncenters.org]

  Physical symptoms may include chest pain, nausea, blurred vision, fever, muscle spasms, convulsions and coma. Different routes of cocaine administration can produce different adverse effects. [www1.nyc.gov]

  Physical symptoms may include chest pain, nausea, blurred vision, fever, muscle spasms, convulsions, coma, and death. Different routes of cocaine administration can produce different adverse effects. [ehd.org]

  Here are the most common signs: An elevated heart rate or irregular heart rhythm High blood pressure Feeling shaky Difficulty breathing Blurred vision Extreme anxiety Feeling disoriented or confused Hallucinations Heart attacks Seizures Strokes In the [hazeldenbettyford.org]

• Muscle Twitch

  Some cocaine users report feelings of restlessness, irritability, anxiety, panic, and paranoia. 2 Users may also experience tremors, vertigo, and muscle twitches. 2 Severe medical complications can occur with cocaine use. [drugabuse.gov]

  […] side effects of cocaine abuse: A suppressed appetite, leading to malnutrition Frequent nose bleeds/nasal damage Interrupted sleep patterns Cardiovascular problems Heart palpitations Tremors or seizures Chest Pains Fever Vomiting High blood pressure Muscle [tpaddictiontreatment.com]

  twitches Risks specifically related to smoking cocaine include: Slurred speech Confusion and cognitive changes Anxiety and psychological changes Unpleasant crash after the initial Long-term abuse of cocaine in any form can lead to tolerance, meaning [lagunatreatment.com]

  These users may experience tremors, vertigo, muscle twitches, paranoia, or, with repeated doses, a toxic reaction closely resembling amphetamine poisoning. Some users of cocaine report feelings of restlessness, irritability, and anxiety. [www1.nyc.gov]

• Muscle Cramp

  For example, heroin withdrawal can cause vomiting, muscle cramps, convulsions, and delirium. [encyclopedia.com]

  Signs and symptoms of use of club drugs can include: Hallucinations Paranoia Dilated pupils Chills and sweating Involuntary shaking (tremors) Behavior changes Muscle cramping and teeth clenching Muscle relaxation, poor coordination or problems moving [mayoclinic.org]

• Epistaxis

  Epistaxis or nosebleed. Sinusitis. Perforated nasal septum. Depression. Suicidal ideation. 1 Irritability. Inability to feel pleasure. Inability to concentrate. A loss of interest in previously enjoyed hobbies. Social isolation. [recovery.org]

• Euphoria

  It has a psychomotor stimulating effect that provokes euphoria, motor activity and an amplification of a well being sensation similar to the effect of amphetamines. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  The regular user experiences a sense of euphoria i.e a state of intense excitement and happiness immediately after taking the drug. Common signs of cocaine abuse includes: A need to increase the dosage to get the same effect. [imedpub.com]

  As well as the wide range of cocaine addiction symptoms that are associated with this drug, users also experience feelings of euphoria, increased energy, enhanced self-confidence, and numbness to pain following cocaine consumption. [themanorclinic.com]

  This phenomenon, known as flashback euphoria, can trigger a relapse, so it's especially important for recovering addicts to learn how to cope with it. [mentalhelp.net]

  When people use coke, they experience a high that elicits intense feelings of euphoria and exhilaration by increasing the amount of dopamine that is released in the brain and simultaneously blocking the brain’s pain receptors. [sonorabehavioral.com]

• Mood Swings

  Withdrawal symptoms may include drowsiness and fatigue, increased appetite, depression, irritability, mood swings, nightmares, and drug cravings. [americanaddictioncenters.org]

  Brain: Use can lead to a wide range of effects to the brain, such as a loss of gray matter; increased risk of seizures or convulsions; persistent or permanent changes in mood or psychology, including a psychotic break; intense mood swings; headaches; [lagunatreatment.com]

  Side effects such as feeling on edge and restless, paranoid and irritable are very common, with many users experiencing mood swings. [oceanrecoverycentre.com]

  The mood swings associated with cocaine can wreak havoc on emotions and trigger issues related to underlying mental health disorders. [newportacademy.com]

• Delusion

  From here, delusions and hallucinations can occur. Delusion can make them believe that they’re another person, say like the Queen of England. Hallucinations are perceptions of things that aren’t there. [discoverynj.org]

  When high doses are used or the drug is used in binges, symptoms of cocaine use often include disorientation, delusions, paranoia, antisocial behavior and aggressiveness. [narconon.org]

  Dilated pupils Increased heart rate Profuse sweating Rapid weight loss Lacking the need for sleep Seizures Elevated body temperature Cognitive symptoms : Ability to hyperfocus Heightened startle response Intensified alertness Psychosis Hallucinations Delusions [sonorabehavioral.com]

  The US National Institute of Health lists the possible effects of cocaine as: “agitation, hallucinations, delusions, violence, suicidal and homicidal thinking.” Crack cocaine use is described as making these symptoms more frequent and intense. [narcononarrowhead.org]

• Aggressive Behavior

  Examples of such symptoms may include: Increased anxiety Increased irritability Intense and overwhelming cravings Vivid dreams and nightmares Excessive drowsiness Increase in appetite Sudden aggressive behavior Extreme paranoia Effects of cocaine overdose [sonorabehavioral.com]

  behaviors towards others Rapid speech Decreased participation in activities that were once enjoyed Physical symptoms : Increased body temperature Excessive perspiration Rapid heart beat Nose bleeds Diminished appetite, which can lead to weight loss Insomnia [bowlinggreenbrandywine.com]

  These experiences include: Restlessness Irritability Anxiety Paranoia A period of psychosis Auditory hallucinations A disconnection with reality Unpredictable violent/aggressive behavior Dry mouth Reduced appetite These experiences can last anywhere from [alcoholism.about.com]

  Long-Term Effects of Cocaine Abuse The long-term effects of cocaine include: Hallucinations Paranoia Memory Loss Aggressive Behavior Violent Outbursts Weight Loss Severe Dental Issues Significant Alterations to Brain’s Chemistry Depression Anxiety Cocaine [cirquelodge.com]

  Behavioral warning signs to watch for include: Overly talkative/chatty/excitable for no apparent reason Excessive fidgeting Panic attacks Paranoia Hallucinations Delusions Irritability Violent or aggressive behavior Increased libido Mood swings How do [hazeldenbettyford.org]

• Visual Hallucination

  Almost 20% of patients report tactile or visual hallucinations. Their most common hallucination is formication, the sensation of bugs crawling on the skin. [emedicine.medscape.com]

  Examples of these psychotic symptoms brought on by cocaine abuse include delusions (false beliefs) and visual hallucinations.5 You might feel as though bugs are crawling on your skin, for example. [luxury.rehabs.com]

• Sexual Dysfunction

  dysfunction F13.982 Sedative, hypnotic or anxiolytic use, unspecified with sedative, hypnotic or anxiolytic-induced sleep disorder F13.988 Sedative, hypnotic or anxiolytic use, unspecified with other sedative, hypnotic or anxiolytic-induced disorder [icd10data.com]

  Sexual dysfunction, including difficulties with arousal, orgasm and libido are common. [mentalhelp.net]

  dysfunction (men and women) reproductive damage and infertility sudden death – even with the first use Once tolerance to cocaine has formed, more frequent and larger doses are needed in order to feel the same effects a smaller dose once produced. [addictioncampuses.com]

  dysfunction Cerebral atrophy and impaired thinking Bizarre, aggressive or violent behavior Heart attack Stroke Some of the long-term effects and symptoms associated with cocaine use are related to the dosage and method of use. [alcoholism.about.com]

• Stroke

  BACKGROUND: Stroke in crack-cocaine abusers is increasingly recognized. We aimed to identify significant differences in stroke risk factors, characteristics, and outcomes between hospitalized stroke patients with and without crack-cocaine abuse. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Irritability

  irritability, difficulty concentrating). [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  These steps can help relieve the anxiety and irritability. [narcononarrowhead.org]

  Addiction Irritability and mood disturbances Restlessness Paranoia Auditory hallucinations Cocaine is a powerfully addictive drug. [www1.nyc.gov]

  This can lead to increased irritability, restlessness, panic attacks, paranoia, and even a full-blown psychosis, in which the individual loses touch with reality and experiences auditory hallucinations. 2 With increasing doses or higher frequency of use [drugabuse.gov]

  Psychological symptoms of cocaine addiction: Brief state of euphoria Excessive confidence Impaired ability to focus or concentrate Impaired decision-making abilities Agitation Mood swings Irritability Restlessness Depression Psychosis Exacerbation of [themanorclinic.com]

• Seizure

  A fast GC/MS method involving a liquid:liquid extraction procedure with tertbutylmethylether (TBME) is proposed for the determination of some alkaloids in cocaine leaves, cocaine seizures and biological samples. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Lorazepam 2 mg IV initially up to 0.1 mg/kg for seizures. [clinicaladvisor.com]

• Agitation

  Benzodiazepines should be administered if agitation is present. [clinicaladvisor.com]

  Psychological symptoms of cocaine addiction: Brief state of euphoria Excessive confidence Impaired ability to focus or concentrate Impaired decision-making abilities Agitation Mood swings Irritability Restlessness Depression Psychosis Exacerbation of [themanorclinic.com]

  Symptoms of long-term cocaine abuse can include depression, agitation, nervousness, tiredness but unable to sleep. The person may feel seriously distressed about life without good reason. They will have strong cravings for the drug. [narconon.org]

  It is an agitated confusional state associated with potentially lethal hyperthermia. There is no evidence to support the use of antipsychotic agents for cocaine dependence. [bestpractice.bmj.com]

• Headache

  Neurological complications of cocaine abuse, such as seizures, headache, ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke, or subarachnoid hemorrhage, can be disastrous as a result of uncontrolled vasoconstriction and vasculitic damage. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Cocaine-induced headaches can include such conditions as tension headache, stroke (bleed in head), sinusitis, meningitis, or brain abscess. [emedicinehealth.com]

  Some of the most frequent are cardiovascular effects, including disturbances in heart rhythm and heart attacks; neurological effects, including headaches, seizures, strokes, and coma; and gastrointestinal complications, including abdominal pain and nausea [drugabuse.gov]

Clinical workup documented severe sleep apnea, which was treated by noninvasive ventilation and resulted in withdrawing cocaine abuse. Undiagnosed sleep disorders may trigger surreptitious psychostimulant abuse in vulnerable individuals. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Initial laboratory workup at admission was insignificant except for elevated brain nautriuretic peptide of 894 ng/L and positive urine toxicology screen for cocaine. [bmcresnotes.biomedcentral.com]

• Ischemic Changes

  The heart may have such stress placed upon it that there are ischemic changes to the myocardial fibers. The myocardial effects are made worse by concomitant ethanol use. Heart with ischemic changes, microscopic. [library.med.utah.edu]

Two hundred and twenty-three cases (users who sought treatment for primary cocaine abuse) and 223 controls (users who did not seek treatment) were interviewed in Italy. A semistructured interview was created. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Finding the perfect treatment is only one phone call away! [drugabuse.com]

Prognosis Prognosis depends on the type and severity of complications. Intracranial hemorrhage often results in significant disability. Rhabdomyolysis and hypovolemia may lead to permanent renal failure. [clinicaladvisor.com]

Long Term Prognosis of Cocaine Addiction Rehabitation The prognosis for minor complications of cocaine use is good if further drug use can be stopped completely. [emedicinehealth.com]

[…] patient has not ruled in by 12 hours post-arrival in the ED, it is extremely unlikely that the patient will rule in or suffer ACS-related complications from the cocaine Follow up cessation of cocaine use If the patient discontinues using cocaine, the prognosis [litfl.com]

Outlook (Prognosis) Substance use may lead to a fatal overdose. Some people start taking the substances again (relapse) after they have stopped. [mountsinai.org]

Lines of research That Could be Addressed: In this challenging clinical case we presented an alternative and new etiologic diangosis for the acute scrotum which the main etiologic factor remains testicular torsion. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Author information 1 Social & Epidemiological Research Department, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 33 Russell Street, Toronto, Canada M5S 2S1; Centre for Applied Research in Mental Health and Addiction, Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

"Risk of Becoming Cocaine Dependent: Epidemiological Estimates for the United States, 2000-2001." Neuropsychopharmacology 30.5 May 2005: 1006-1018. Office of National Drug Control Policy. Apr. 6, 2005. Richardson, G.A., L. Goldschmidt, and C. [medicinenet.com]

Epidemiologic, clinical and laboratory aspects of wound botulism. N Engl J Med 1973;289:1005-10. Disclaimer All MMWR HTML documents published before January 1993 are electronic conversions from ASCII text into HTML. [cdc.gov]

Epidemiology Overall cocaine use has dropped compared to 2008/9 figures although this fall appears to be levelling out. Cannabis is the type of drug most likely to be used. [patient.info]

The postmortem human brain constitutes a unique resource that can be exploited to gain insights into the pathophysiology of complex disorders such as drug addiction. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

"Cocaine and the kidney: a synthesis of pathophysiologic and clinical perspectives". Am J Kidney Dis. vol. 35. 2000. pp. 783. (A good review of the pathophysiologic effects of cocaine on the kidney and specific complications involving the kidneys.) [clinicaladvisor.com]

PubMed View Article Google Scholar Abraham JR, Butany J, Leong S, Luk A, Phillips K, Soor GS: Cocaine cardiotoxicity a review of the pathophysiology, pathology, and treatment options. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs. 2009, 9 (3): 177-196. 10.1007/BF03256574. [bmcresnotes.biomedcentral.com]

KEYWORDS: Crack-cocaine; Dependence; Intervention; Prevention; Review; Treatment [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

More than anyone else, parents hold the key to preventing drug abuse by their children. Children listen to what their parents say, even if they don’t appear to. Take action now to prevent abuse of or eventual addiction to cocaine. [narconon-mexico.org]

Remember, seeking help early on can make a world of difference for the user and may prevent serious long-term side effects from occurring as a result of cocaine addiction. Weight loss is a common side effect of cocaine abuse. [cocaine.org]

Only taking more of the drug can prevent these feelings. [lakeviewbehavioralhealth.com]