Aortic valve stenosis was present in 3/5 in A but in 0/14 in B. ADA may be suspected clinically in cyanotic NB with reduced pulmonary flow if there is no response to PGE infusion and/or if aortic valve stenosis is also present. [nature.com]

If VSD is present it allows the baby to survive as the lung gets perfused by major or minor aortopulmonary collaterals. These collaterals can range between extensive and sparse. [drsvenkatesan.com]

Abstract Clinical, haemodynamic, angiocardiographic, and necropsy findings are reported in a newborn infant who presented with typical findings of the severe form of the syndrome of absent pulmonary valve. [heart.bmj.com]

Chest77:106–107 [5] David W, Reading, MS, and Umesh Oza (2012) Unilateral absence of a pulmonary artery: a rare disorder with variable presentation. [eurorad.org]

Table 122A-1 Clinical Presentations of Congenital Heart Disease View Table Favorite Table Download (.pdf) Table 122A-1 Clinical Presentations of Congenital Heart Disease Clinical Presentation Causative Conditions in Neonates Causative Conditions in Infants [accessmedicine.mhmedical.com]

Further history and workup for deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and a hereditary hypercoagulable state failed to identify a cause for PE. The patient was discharged, but later on readmitted to the hospital with chest pain and palpitations. [heartviews.org]

Simple superficial laser treatments have no effect on deep malformations that result in severe symptoms. Treatment is often performed in stages by combining the three treatment modalities ( Figure 12 ). Figure 11. [phlebolymphology.org]

However, the group of preterm infants likely to benefit from PDA treatment, the timing of treatment, and the best therapeutic strategy are still a matter of debate [ 7, 8 ]. [journals.plos.org]

The ductus may close on its own, without treatment. If it doesn’t, treatments include: Medication Certain medications can constrict the artery, shrinking the duct and allowing it to close. The medication is given by IV over a period of a few days. [texaschildrens.org]

Depending of the type of anomaly, treatment will be recommended by the hand surgeon, the treatment may be surgical and non-surgical depending on each individual case. [columbiadoctors.org]

Many children with congenital heart defects don't need treatment, but others do. Treatment can include medicines, catheter procedures, surgery, and heart transplants. [icdlist.com]

Noonan syndrome 4 non-syndromic anomalies, e.g. congenital cardiac anomalies 7 Treatment and prognosis The prognosis of fetuses with absent ductus venosus diagnosed at 11-13 weeks of gestation depends on the measurement of nuchal translucency thickness [radiopaedia.org]

Infants who require surgery early in life have a worse prognosis than those repaired at a later date. [emedicine.medscape.com]

[…] intact ventricular septum has a relatively better prognosis. [10] 4 Conclusions APVS is a rare congenital heart disease and often associated with TOF, but has an overall poor prognosis. [journals.lww.com]

Etiology The etiology and inheritance pattern remain unclear. In all patients, a deletion on chromosome 1q21.1 has been found. However, at present, it is still unclear how this relates to the cause in TAR syndrome. [orpha.net]

Epidemiology and Natural History 482 Evaluation and Nonsurgical Management of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia 486 Minimally Invasive and Endoscopic Management of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia 493 Retropubic and Suprapubic Open Prostatectomy 496 Epidemiology Etiology [books.google.ro]

References: [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] Atrial septal defect (ASD) Etiology Down syndrome Fetal alchohol syndrome Holt-Oram syndrome Pathophysiology Impaired growth or excessive resorption of the atrial septa in utero leads to atrial septal defects [amboss.com]

Etiology and Pathophysiology Often, PDA has no clear-cut cause; however, it is believed that genetic and environmental factors may be involved. [news-medical.net]

Etiology of Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA) The etiological factors of PDA can be assessed as following: The exact etiology of PDA is unknown but familial cases have been reported. Genetic causes are not established. [lecturio.com]

[…] and Natural History 482 Evaluation and Nonsurgical Management of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia 486 Minimally Invasive and Endoscopic Management of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia 493 Retropubic and Suprapubic Open Prostatectomy 496 Epidemiology Etiology [books.google.ro]

Summary Epidemiology It occurs in less than 1 per 100,000 live births, equally affecting both sexes. [orpha.net]

Complications Heart failure in infancy Infective endocarditis Common cause of pulmonary hypertension and Eisenmenger syndrome in adolescents and adults References: [2] [3] [22] [23] [24] [25] Coarctation of the aorta Epidemiology Prevalence : 4/10,000 [amboss.com]

Paradoxical emboli Complication Instead of eg DVTs going into lung May be able to go through ASD into systemic circulation and cause stroke etc Patent Ductus Ateriosus Spiral smooth muscle Epidemiology Term - 1:2000 [10% of congenital heart defects] inc [alancam.com]

An epidemiology paper from Carleton covering the period between 1941–58 found only 41 families where the same cardiac defect occurred in two family members and of these only 17 had patent arterial duct [ 12 ]. [ojrd.biomedcentral.com]

Pathophysiology General pathophysiological processes The left chambers of the heart are a high-pressure pump system and the right chambers of the heart are a low-pressure pump system. [amboss.com]

(Click picture to show/hide bloodflows) Pathophysiology For blood to exit the right ventricle, it must either return to the right atrium via the tricuspid valve or drain into the coronary circulation via sinusoids. [vhlab.umn.edu]

Distinct clinical presentations are discussed further in later sections, including the pathophysiology, clinical features and treatment, and individual defects within each group. [accessmedicine.mhmedical.com]

Etiology and Pathophysiology Often, PDA has no clear-cut cause; however, it is believed that genetic and environmental factors may be involved. [news-medical.net]

Cutaneous Continent Urinary Diversion 459 Orthotopic Urinary Diversion 465 Genital and Lower Urinary Tract Trauma 468 Lower Urinary Tract Calculi 471 Development Molecular Biology and Physiology of the Prostate 476 Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Etiology Pathophysiology [books.google.ro]

Esophageal atresia prevents the normal passage of food and saliva to the stomach. A ____ is an abnormal opening between the trachea and esophagus. tracheoesophageal fistula [quizlet.com]

References Mai CT, Riehle-Colarusso T, O’Halloran A, Cragan JD, Olney RS, Lin A, Feldkamp M, Botto LD, Rickard R, Anderka M, Ethen M, Stanton C, Ehrhardt J, Canfield M; National Birth Defects Prevention Network. [cdc.gov]

After closure using catheter based procedures, preventive antibiotics are gives for 6 months to prevent infection. [fairview.org]

While they can't be prevented, many treatments are available for the defects and related health problems. [m.kidshealth.org]

When the ductus closes, however, atresia of the pulmonary valve prevents blood flow to the lungs and survival is impossible. [vhlab.umn.edu]