We report here the first and a rarest presentation of the AMVT in a 19-year old female patient diagnosed to have double outlet right ventricle, ventricular septal defect (VSD), infundibular stenosis and congenital mitral stenosis (MS). [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Paroxysmal Cough

  cough are results of pulmonary edema that is punctuated by lower respiratory infections. 1, 21 – 23 Congenital mitral stenosis is occasionally associated with syncope 21 but seldom with hemoptysis. 23 Aphonia has been attributed to compression of the [clinicalgate.com]

• Intracranial Hemorrhage

  Warfarin may cause bleeding, such as intracranial hemorrhage and GI bleeding. [emedicine.medscape.com]

Diastolic rumble after opening snap; S 1 is usually load, because the mitral valve remains open by a transient gradient until closed by the systolic force; pulmonary HTN is indicated by a loud P 2, right ventricular lift, neck veins, ascites, edema Workup [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]

"Lutembacher Syndrome Workup". a b c d e f g "Atrial Septal Defect (ASD)". Cleveland Clinic. Retrieved May 2, 2014. a b c "Diseases & Conditions". Cleveland Clinic. Retrieved 2 May 2014. a b c d e f g Krasuski, Richard A. (Feb 2007). [en.wikipedia.org]

Assessment of valve anatomy and suitability for PMBV Evaluation of the MV anatomy and pathology is a major aspect of the echocardiographic workup because this identifies the best treatment options. [imaging.onlinejacc.org]

Balloon dilatation of the mitral valve is a reasonable alternative to surgical treatment for typical congenital mitral stenosis even in young children. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Clinical trials often give patients access to leading-edge treatments that are not yet widely available. [utswmedicine.org]

Many children with congenital heart defects don't need treatment, but others do. Treatment can include medicines, catheter procedures, surgery, and heart transplants. [icdlist.com]

CONCLUSIONS: Patients with supramitral ring constitute a subset of patients with congenital mitral stenosis who have a relatively good prognosis. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

This technology is particularly suited for congenital heart disease in which there is a clear need for more clear and accurate delineation of the congenital heart defects from a 3-dimensional perspective for diagnosis, assessment, and prognosis of these [books.google.de]

Prognosis Untreated newborns with severe MS have a grim prognosis. Surgical intervention is ideally avoided for as long as possible. [emedicine.medscape.com]

[…] stenosis, and congestive heart failure in a duck. ( 18485855 ) Mitchell E.B....Thomas W.P. 2008 7 Congenital mitral stenosis: a rare presentation and novel approach to management. ( 17258606 ) Sosland R.P....Gorton M.E. 2007 8 Supramitral ring: good prognosis [malacards.org]

Etiology The etiology of congenital MS remains unknown. However, prevalence of MS in offspring of family members (especially the mother) with left ventricular outflow tract obstruction is increased. [emedicine.medscape.com]

Etiology In addition to being a sequela of rheumatic fever, which is the most common cause world-wide, there are numerous other causes 2-4 : mitral annular calcification with leaflet involvement an age-related cause congenital mitral stenosis infective [radiopaedia.org]

Etiology Most commonly due to rheumatic fever Autoimmune diseases: systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis Rare inherited metabolic diseases: mucopolysaccharidoses of the Hunter-Hurler phenotype, Fabry disease Congenital Some conditions may [amboss.com]

Other uncommon etiologies include congenital stenosis of the mitral valve or age-related calcification. Overview Stenosis of the mitral valve considerably increases the resistance to blood flow between the left atrium and the left ventricle. [pathwaymedicine.org]

Epidemiology United States data Congenital MS is rare, occurring in 0.5% of patients with congenital heart disease (CHD). Race-, sex-, and age-related demographics No racial or sex predilection is known in congenital MS. [emedicine.medscape.com]

Google Scholar Morton WE, Huhn LA, Litchy JA: Rheumatic heart disease epidemiology: observations in 17,366 Denver School Children. JAMA. 1967, 199: 879-884. 10.1001/jama.1967.03120120067009. [bmccardiovascdisord.biomedcentral.com]

Grasp the full scope of the pathophysiology of CHD with well-organized, expert guidance. Quickly search the contents online, download images in JPG or PPT format, and view 70 echocardiogram videos at expertconsult.com. [books.google.de]

Pathophysiology MS (75-80 have associated lesions) MR MSR 3 Pathophysiology of Congenital Mitral Valve Disease Malformation of the mitral valve apparatus results in mitral stenosis, insufficiency, or both. [powershow.com]

[…] metabolic diseases: mucopolysaccharidoses of the Hunter-Hurler phenotype, Fabry disease Congenital Some conditions may mimic mitral stenosis: bacterial endocarditis of the mitral valve with large vegetation, left atrial myxoma Degenerative aortic stenosis Pathophysiology [amboss.com]

Source(s): Mitral Stenosis Pathophysiology The normal mitral valve orifice area is 4-6 cm 2. Mitral stenosis occurs when the orifice area is reduced to at least 2.2 cm 2. [wikiecho.org]

However, increased LAP results in a number of pathophysiological consequences described below. [pathwaymedicine.org]

Cardiac rehabilitation is a critical component of recovery and can prevent future heart disease. [utswmedicine.org]

Prevention Follow your provider's recommendations for treating conditions that can cause valve disease. Treat strep infections promptly to prevent rheumatic fever. Tell your provider if you have a family history of congenital heart diseases. [mountsinai.org]

Rheumatic fever is very rare in this country due to the use of effective antibiotics to prevent infections. [heart.org]

Prevention Prevention of rheumatic fever. Prevention of endocarditis. British Heart Foundation Carabello BA ; Modern management of mitral stenosis. Circulation. 2005 Jul 19112(3):432-7. [patient.info]

Once the left ventricle is filled it contracts, to pump the blood out to the body — and the mitral valve closes to prevent the blood from going backwards into the left atrium. [verywell.com]