Stenosis of valves or vessels may also be present. When no other heart defects are present it is called 'simple' d-TGA; when other defects are present it is called 'complex' d-TGA. [en.wikipedia.org]

If the anomaly is complicated by right ventricular or tricuspid valve dysfunction, patients can present with exertional dyspnea and easy fatigability. [radiopaedia.org]

If no obstructive lesions are present and there is a large VSD, cyanosis may go undetected and only be perceived during episodes of crying or agitation. In these cases, signs of congestive heart failure prevail. [orpha.net]

Daubeney, offers essential guidance on the anatomical issues, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment options available to practitioners today. [books.google.de]

• Falling

  In the present case, the membrane falls in the true supravalvular category. [annalspc.com]

  Patients with a large ventricular septal defect, a patent ductus arteriosus, or both may have an early predilection for congestive heart failure, as pulmonary vascular resistance falls with increasing age. [emedicine.com]

  Sierra M, Machado C Magnetic resonance imaging in patients with implantable cardiac devices Rev Cardiovasc Med. 2008 Fall;9(4):232-8 19. [crcd.eu]

  During pregnancy the fall in systemic vascular resistance and rise in cardiac output exacerbates any right-to-left shunting, worsening pre-existing cyanosis and hypoxia. [clinicaladvisor.com]

• Hypothermia

  Anaesthetic considerations related to TGA with brain abscess are following: maintenance of intravascular volume and preload and avoidance of precursors to acidosis such as hypothermia, hypercarbia, and hypotension. [medcraveonline.com]

  This can also be precipitated by hypoxia, hypercarbia, acidosis or hypothermia during general anesthesia. [5] Also general anesthetics reduce SVR, which can lead to a dominant right to left shunt and cyanosis. [aeronline.org]

• Failure to Thrive

  The infant will be easily fatigued and may experience weakness, particularly during feeding or playing; this interruption to feeding combined with hypoxia can cause failure to thrive. [en.wikipedia.org]

• Withdrawn

  The balloon is inflated and abruptly withdrawn to the right atrium to enlarge the opening in the atrial septum. [merckmanuals.com]

• Right Bundle Branch Block

  Electrocardiography findings were sinus rhythm with first degree heart block, right bundle branch block and right ventricular hypertrophy. [aeronline.org]

• Biventricular Hypertrophy

  The main electrocardiographic features are a rightward deviation of the QRS complex axis associated with right ventricular hypertrophy; biventricular hypertrophy is evident in conditions that lead to a left ventricular overload. [ojrd.biomedcentral.com]

Management and treatment Palliative treatment with prostaglandin E1 and balloon atrial septostomy are usually required soon after birth. Surgical correction is performed at a later stage. [orpha.net]

Daubeney, offers essential guidance on the anatomical issues, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment options available to practitioners today. [books.google.de]

Prepare for clinical challenges and save time in addressing them thanks to expert advice on treatment options from international contributors. [books.google.com]

However, many cases of simple l-TGA are "accidentally" diagnosed in adulthood, during diagnosis or treatment of other conditions. [en.wikipedia.org]

Primary brain abscess treatment is to reduce the mass effect and eliminate germs. Management of brain abscess therapy can be divided into surgical and conservative treatment. [kink.onesearch.id]

Broadly speaking, prognosis in congenital heart lesions can be grouped into those lesions with a good outcome (normal or near normal prognosis), those with an intermediate outcome (residual haemodynamic abnormalities and therefore a more guarded prognosis [academic.oup.com]

Prognosis With the advent of newer and improved surgical techniques and improved post-operative intensive care, the long-term survival is approximately 90% at 15 years of age. [orpha.net]

Treatment [ edit ] Simple l-TGA has a very good prognosis, with many individuals being asymptomatic and not requiring surgical correction. [en.wikipedia.org]

CN VIII deafness Syphilis TORCHeS: Hydrops fetalis Parvovirus B19 (or syphilis) Continuous "machine-like" murmur Patent ductus arteriosus #1 heart defect and cause VSD - caused by fetal alcohol syndrome Tetralogy of Fallot defects Pulmonary stenosis (prognosis [studystack.com]

Treatment and prognosis Early surgical treatment was aimed only at repairing the associated anomalies (i.e. VSD, pulmonary stenosis or atresia and tricuspid valve abnormalities). [radiopaedia.org]

Etiology The exact etiology remains unknown. Some associated risk factors (gestational diabetes mellitus, maternal exposure to rodenticides and herbicides, and maternal use of antiepileptic drugs) have been proposed. [orpha.net]

Etiology The etiology for transposition of the great arteries is unknown and is presumed to be multifactorial. [emedicine.com]

Furthermore, it adds support to the concept that progressive stenosis of a bicuspid aortic valve is frequently the etiology of isolated aortic stenosis in adults. [profiles.stanford.edu]

The exact etiology of these episodes is unclear, although there have been a number of proposed mechanisms, including increased infundibular contractility, peripheral vasodilatation, hyperventilation, and stimulation of right ventricular mechanoreceptors [textbookofcardiology.org]

[…] of the great vessels Classification (Orphanet): - Rare developmental defect during embryogenesis - Rare genetic disease - Rare surgical cardiac disease Classification (ICD10): - Congenital malformations, deformations and chromosomal abnormalities - Epidemiological [csbg.cnb.csic.es]

Patient Population: Prevalence and Epidemiology Knee // Shoulder & Elbow // Hip // Spine // Foot & Ankle // Hand & Wrist Fragility Fractures: Diagnosis and Treatment Shoulder & Elbow The Characteristics of Surgeons Performing Total Shoulder Arthroplasty [mdedge.com]

Summary Epidemiology The incidence is estimated at 1 in 3,500-5,000 live births, with a male-to-female ratio of 1.5 to 3.2:1. Clinical description In 50% of cases, the VA discordance is an isolated finding. [orpha.net]

Relevant External Links for GDF1 Genetic Association Database (GAD) GDF1 Human Genome Epidemiology (HuGE) Navigator GDF1 Atlas of Genetics and Cytogenetics in Oncology and Haematology: GDF1 No data available for Genatlas for GDF1 Gene Expression of growth [genecards.org]

Ferencz C, Rubin JD, Loffredo CA, Epidemiology of Congenital Heart Disease: The Baltimore-Washington Infant Study, 1981–1989. Mount Kisco, NY: Futura Publishing Company; 1993. 3. Warnes CA. Transposition of great arteries. [jpgo.org]

Pathophysiology in Dextro-TGA in extra-uterine life - In normal cardiac anatomy, the aorta is positioned posterior and to the right of the main pulmonary artery. Aorta being positioned anterior and slightly rightward of the pulmonary artery. [wikidoc.org]

Management of anesthesia in these patients is a combination of understanding neuroanesthesia techniques and pathophysiologic TOF. [kink.onesearch.id]

Pathophysiology The exact pathophysiology depends on the location and severity of the defect. [textbookofcardiology.org]

Society for Cardiovascular Pathology Symposium 2009; Anatomical and pathophysiological classification of congenital heart disease. Cardiovascular Pathology, 2010; 19: 259–274. 16. [crcd.eu]

Preoperatively, an understanding of the patient’s underlying pathophysiology, coupled with knowledge of the effects of anesthesia on the anomalous myocardium, is crucial. [medcraveonline.com]

Antibiotics may be administered preventatively. [en.wikipedia.org]

Reference Parker SE, Mai CT, Canfield MA, et al. for the National Birth Defects Prevention Network. Updated national birth prevalence estimates for selected birth defects in the United States, 2004-2006. [cdc.gov]

Anesthesia and Analgesia 78: 1190-1192. [ Crossref ] Clemmeson L, Knudsen L (2013) Ultrasound guidance during placement of central venous catheter can prevent arrhythmias. [oatext.com]

We used titrated doses of epidural lignocaine 2% to prevent precipitous hypotension and did not require vasopressors in the intraoperative period. [aeronline.org]

These antibiotics are used to prevent serious heart infections called endocarditis. The following are some English-language resources that may be useful. Please note that THE MANUAL is not responsible for the content of these resources. [merckmanuals.com]