Symptoms for both types of contact dermatitis are essentially the same and they present as a red rash to begin with. This reaction is immediate in case of irritant dermatitis and delayed for few hours or days in case of allergic dermatitis [2] [7]. This is followed by formation of pustules, blisters or even urticaria of that specific part. The area involved in case of irritant dermatitis is confined to area where the trigger has touched the skin but is widely distributed in case of allergic dermatitis.

This progresses to itching, burning and increased sensitivity of the skin. The skin looks rough, dry, parched. In case of systemic contact dermatitis, pre-sensitized individuals may produce a reaction to the allergen entering via any route - oral, inhalant, contact, etc. The commonest manifestation of this is the Baboon syndrome characterized by widespread erythema over inner thighs, buttocks and axillae [8].

• Burning Pain

  Irritant contact dermatitis When dermatitis is caused by an irritating substance, the main symptoms include: Redness; Burning pain; Stinging; Soreness; A reaction that resembles a burn, and; Dry, rough skin. [healthand.com]

  Symptoms include pruritus and sometimes a burning pain. Skin changes include erythema, scaling, skin swelling, and sometimes blistering and ulceration. The location depends on the site of contact. [msdmanuals.com]

  The symptoms of shingles often start as a burning pain or tingling in the affected area, followed shortly by a painful, blistering rash. The condition is most commonly diagnosed in people over 50. Early treatment can help minimize the symptoms. [dermrochester.com]

• Surgical Procedure

  Latex sensitivity in surgical patients Spina bifida patients are at increased risk of latex sensitization because of early exposure to latex and the number of surgical procedures to which they are exposed. [emedicine.medscape.com]

  Of note, spina bifida patients are at increased risk of latex sensitization because of early exposure to latex in the number of surgical procedures they endure. What is the Cause of the Disease? Etiology Proteins and also chemicals are involved. [dermatologyadvisor.com]

  Most of these patients complained of redness, swelling and rash that continued long after the surgical procedure. Nickel was the most common culprit in their patch test results and dermatitis was the most frequent concurrent complaint. [podiatrytoday.com]

• Malaise

  Neither patient had a sense of malaise. Of significance in both patients was the painless intense pruritic nature of the erythema, which is also not consistent with cellulitis. 2-Octylcyanoacrylate is a monomer in liquid form. [journals.lww.com]

• Pruritus Ani

  Individuals with a skin condition (such as stasis dermatitis, otitis externa, or pruritus ani) requiring frequent application of topical agents can develop allergic contact dermatitis over time. [skinsight.com]

  ani and pruritus vulvae may develop allergic contact dermatitis Nickel is the most common metal present in artificial jewelry which is the cause of allergic contact dermatitis. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Silvestri and Barmettler reported the case of a nickel-sensitive patient with a 1.5 year history of treatment-resistant pruritus ani [9]. The patient disclosed a habit of daily peanut butter consumption. [hindawi.com]

  While sometimes eliciting small reductions in allergenicity in individual patients, they more generally result in pruritus ani, generalized pruritus, urticaria, and other rashes. [telemedicine.org]

• Burning Eyes

  Some people experience difficulty breathing, coughing, burning eyes, and a runny nose when they’re having an allergic reaction. Other allergic reactions cause changes in the skin. [healthline.com]

• Blister

  Blisters or pustules may or may not be present. If blisters are present, they may weep and ooze before crusting over. An intense itching or burning or even pain may be present. Sometimes the skin actually will feel warm to the touch. [allergystore.com]

  Symptoms may include: Mild redness and swelling of the skin Blistering of the skin Itching Scaling and temporary thickening of the skin The most severe reaction is at the contact site. [chop.edu]

  Blister-like bumps? Chances are it’s contact dermatitis, but only the doctor can say if it’s a simple case of irritation or a more serious allergy. [nailsmag.com]

  The rash is not caused by the fluid from the blisters. Thus, once the person has washed the oil off the skin, the rash is usually not contagious. [mountsinai.org]

  The dermatitis usually shows redness, swelling and water blisters, from tiny to large. The blisters may break, forming crusts and scales. Untreated, the skin may darken and become leathery and cracked. [aocd.org]

• Eczema

  Several types of eczema-like reaction can produce a similar appearance: atopic eczema seborrhoeic eczema (also know as seborrhoeic dermatitis) discoid eczema pompholyx (small water blisters on the hands and feet) stasis or venous eczema asteatotic eczema [netdoctor.co.uk]

  Contact dermatitis/eczema, Contact dermatitis NOS (disorder), Eczema - contact, Dermatitis - contact, Contact dermatitis syndrome, Contact dermatitis, Dermatitis venenata, CD - Contact dermatitis, Contact eczema, Contact dermatitis (disorder), contact [fpnotebook.com]

  […] between smoking and contact dermatitis or hand eczema. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  This condition can also be associated with other forms of eczema and experts believe people who suffer from a childhood form of eczema, known as atopic eczema, could be more vulnerable to mild irritants in the workplace. [fitforwork.org]

• Skin Disease

  There are several basic requirements for an “efficient” skin cleanser to prevent occupational skin diseases. [oem.bmj.com]

  […] dermatitis among construction workers Occupational skin disorders in homemakers Blistering skin conditions Other websites Allergic Contact Dermatitis – Medscape Drugs & Diseases Irritant Contact Dermatitis – Medscape Drugs & Diseases Contact dermatitis [dermnetnz.org]

  Abstract Given the high prevalence of allergic contact dermatitis (ACD), irritant contact dermatitis (ICD), hand eczema (HE), and smoking, and the impact that smoking has on skin disease, the authors reviewed the existing literature to assess the association [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Erythema

  Contact dermatitis usually leads to erythema and scaling with visible borders. Itching and discomfort may also occur. [aafp.org]

  […] some erythema and an occasional pustule. [worldallergy.org]

  We present two cases of culture-proven fungal keratitis on natamycin treatment which developed periocular erythema, oedema, burning sensation and pruritus within 48 hours of the addition of topical voriconazole. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Erythema Multiforme-Like Contact Dermatitis Of all noneczematous clinical variants, the erythema multiforme-like (or “contact erythema multiforme”) is the most common. [hindawi.com]

• Skin Rash

  It is important to note that a contact dermatitis rash can occur in an area different from where skin is exposed. [derminstitutemd.com]

  Nina Botto, MD - Director, Contact Dermatitis Unit Howard Maibach, MD Patients Seen in this Practice Allergic contact dermatitis is a type of skin rash caused by substances (allergens) coming into contact with the skin and stimulating an immunologic response [dermatology.ucsf.edu]

  Contact dermatitis is a type of skin rash. It occurs when skin comes into contact with chemicals or physical substances that cause an allergic or irritant reaction. [my.clevelandclinic.org]

  The first sign of an allergic reaction is a skin rash or lesion at the site of exposure, according to the “Textbook of Functional Medicine.” [livestrong.com]

  Contact dermatitis is characterized by a red rash and, in some cases, bumps, dry and cracked skin, and blisters. [verywellhealth.com]

• Burning Sensation

  We present two cases of culture-proven fungal keratitis on natamycin treatment which developed periocular erythema, oedema, burning sensation and pruritus within 48 hours of the addition of topical voriconazole. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Additionally, contact dermatitis may lead to: blisters dry, cracked, and flaky skin a burning sensation swelling feeling generally unwell Triggers will vary from person to person and according to the type of contact dermatitis. [medicalnewstoday.com]

  It produces varied symptoms, which commonly include runny nose, sneezing, itchy eyes, scratchy throat, hives, and itchy burning sensations. [cdc.gov]

• Insomnia

  If the above measures don't resolve your allergy-related insomnia, then you should see an allergy specialist. [allergyfortworth.com]

  […] the quality of life, found that patients with allergic contact dermatitis and urticaria displayed the most extensive disturbances in physical and psychosocial functioning.[15] These patients displayed the highest levels of somatic symptoms, anxiety, insomnia [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Pruritus Vulvae

  Patients with pruritus vulvae and lichen sclerosus are at high risk of contact sensitivity. Lewis et al.[19] studied 121 women with vulval problems. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

The appearance of the skin clinically confirms the diagnosis. Blood tests show an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels [9]. History of allergic substances and contact with irritant chemicals or solvents helps in identifying the type of dermatitis.

Patch testing is one of the most reliable tests done which identifies the specific irritant or allergen to which the individual is sensitive. In this test an appropriate chemical is applied to the affected skin and is allowed to remain on skin for at least a day. The test results are read after 48 hours. In individuals with negative testing results, despite of suspected allergic tendency, a repeat testing is done. A delayed positive reaction is observed due to certain chemicals especially neomycin [10].

Topical steroids are used as the primary line of treatment. The use of long term steroids is known to cause local atrophy of skin along with systemic complications. In patients not responding to corticosteroids and with severe allergic dermatitis, are benefited with phototherapy.

Symptomatically, large vesicles are treated by drainage. Then they are covered through dressing containing antibiotics or containing Burrow’s solution to avoid further bacterial infection. For pruritis, oral and topical antihistaminic agents are used. Doxepin cream is a common antihistaminic used. For acute vesicular lesions cool soaks in Burrow’s solution or saline are helpful [11].

For irritant contact dermatitis, local application of restoraderm cream or impruv cream are useful. They act by preserving the epidermal layer of skin from the irritant exposed. Alcohol based hand cleansers are used to reduce further skin damage and irritation. Emollients such as white petroleum jelly are useful for long term chronic disorder.

Rarely, immunosuppressants are utilized. In cases of severe dermatitis caused due to chemical burns, hospital admission might be indicated [12].

Contact dermatitis results in more of morbidity than mortality. Very few deaths have been reported in the US. Morbidity is due to the chronicity of the disease. The disease persists for many years, and older the disease, more amount of time is taken to overcome it. Also, this condition has a strong relapsing tendency.

Irritant contact dermatitis is a result of direct local contact of the irritant on the skin. A significant amount of exposure with respect to its concentration and duration is considered to result in such an inflammation. The agents can be chemicals such as chromic acid, nitric acid, sulfuric acid or strong alkalis like calcium oxide, sodium hydroxide, potassium cyanide, bromine etc.

Dermatitis also results due to local friction from tight undergarments, use of diapers, prosthetic limbs or dressing materials used. Other causes are handling certain plants such as cactus, plastic/rubber materials etc. [3] [4].

Allergic dermatitis generally results after exposure to an allergen that the person has been previously exposed to. Exposures to nickel are one of the frequent causes seen in allergic dermatitis. It is seen in metal workers, clerks, cleaners etc. Certain preservatives used in skin moisturizers, cosmetics leads to an allergic reaction too.

The prevalence of occupational dermatitis is very high and about 1,700 cases are observed every 100,000 individuals. Highest amount of people affected are hairdressers, cooks and people employed in baking industry. It accounts to 95% of all skin disorders. Annually, about 10-20 cases are noted per 10,000 employees.

It affects all age group people. Statistics show that hand eczema is most frequently seen and is more common in females than males. Allergic dermatitis is frequently seen in infants more than in an adult age group [5].

Allergic contact dermatitis is induced through sensitization of haptens which activate the innate immunity. Haptens are self proteins that are identified by the immune system under the skin. These then activate the inflammatory mechanism resulting in the activation of the dendrite cells. The cells then acquire the antigens and settle in the lymph nodes [2] [5] [6]. Here, the antigens are presented to the memory cells. Finally on exposure to antigens, these T cells release cytokines and interferons- gamma to kill the hapten cells, resulting in an inflammatory response in the form of an inflammatory rash on the skin. The initial response occurs after few days of exposure to the allergen, but once the sensitization takes place, individuals develop a reaction within hours of exposure.

There are mainly three pathological changes occurring in case of irritant contact dermatitis. These are epidermal changes, destruction of the skin barrier and release of the cytokines. Keratinocytes play a major role in initiation of the inflammatory response by releasing cytokines. Skin irritation is mainly due to significant irritation caused by using harsh soaps repeatedly especially in individuals who are involved in repeated hand washing multiple times in a day. This leads to loss of essential fats and skin’s protective oils.

Patients must discontinue the use of irritants that produce a skin reaction. They must read about the product or the cosmetic to be used before application. The allergen must be known to them. In diet they should refrain from allergens that would cause an adverse reaction, use of nickel is avoided [7] [13]. A patch test should be done before trying out any new toiletry or cosmetic.

Contact dermatitis is the result of an inflammatory reaction of the skin due to direct exposure to either allergens, called allergic dermatitis, or to an irritant, called irritant contact dermatitis [1]. The substances leading to dermatitis are hapten-specific T cells which are non protein chemical cells. These activate the immune system leading to a delayed type of hypersensitive reaction.

The immune reaction can be innate or acquired depending on the substance for which the skin is exposed. Irritant contact dermatitis generally results due to destruction of the external layer of the skin after a significant exposure. In children, it results in the form of napkin irritation on the genitals, or on thumb due to thumb sucking. In adults hands are commonly affected due to continued contact with detergents commonly called as housewife’s dermatitis.

Allergic contact dermatitis is an antigen-antibody reaction occurring within 48 to 72 hours of contact [1] [2].

Contact dermatitis is a chronic, intermittent, skin inflammatory disease in which there is intense swelling, vesicles, redness and itching caused after the exposure to the irritant. In cases of allergic contact dermatitis, the response can be delayed by few hours or days. The dermatitis caused by irritant products such as detergents, soaps, alkalis etc leads to superficial skin disruption. This is seen in employees working in a chemical industry or those who are involved with domestic work, cleansers etc. repeated and prolong exposure results in irritant dermatitis.

The approach to such a condition is firstly abstinence from the prolonged exposure. The individual must avoid the contact with the substance known to cause dermatitis. Secondly, certain medications such as antihistaminics are used to reduce irritation and itching. In cases of severe allergy steroidal applications are used. After this certain barrier creams are used for long term protection. Cleansers that are alcohol based are recommended as they can help in skin protection and renewal. In severe cases immune modulator drugs, immune suppressants are used.

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