We present the case a pair of monozygotic identical twins presenting near simultaneously with coronary artery disease and identical atherosclerotic lesions despite significant differences in environmental risk factors and being divided geographically [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Weakness

  The rating scale is: AAA (Extremely Strong), AA (Very Strong), A (Strong), BBB (Good), BB (Marginal), B (Weak), CCC (Very Weak), CC (Extremely Weak), SD or D (Selective Default or Default), R (Regulatory Action), NR (Not Rated). [southerncross.co.nz]

  The additional presentation with bilateral ptosis, madarosis (absent eyelashes), bilateral hypoacusis, sore neck muscles, absent tendon reflexes, weakness for foot extension, ataxic stance, and recurrently elevated creatine kinase with normal troponin-T [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  This can cause your heart to become weak and beat abnormally. Over time, it can lead to heart failure. Chest pain, shortness of breath, and other symptoms are associated with CAD. One common symptom of CAD is a type of chest pain called angina. [healthline.com]

  Symptoms include chest pain or discomfort, shortness of breath, palpitations, faster heart rate, dizziness, nausea, extreme weakness and sweating. [my.clevelandclinic.org]

• Asymptomatic

  As a result, the ACP recommended against screening for asymptomatic patients who are at low risk for CHD. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  This is an important review of all potential approaches to risk assessment in asymptomatic patients. It is a good source of detailed background on this subject. [dx.doi.org]

• Coronary Atherosclerosis

  […] arterial insufficiency (coronary disease). 414 Other forms of chronic ischemic heart disease 414.0 Coronary atherosclerosis 414.00 Coronary atherosclerosis of unspecified type of vessel, native or graft convert 414.00 to ICD-10-CM 414.01 Coronary atherosclerosis [icd9data.com]

  Amongst patients enrolled in the Stockholm Female Coronary Angiography Study, 80 women were evaluated for stress exposure and coronary atherosclerosis progression using serial quantitative coronary angiography. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Fatigue

  The most common signs and symptoms of heart failure are shortness of breath or trouble breathing; fatigue; and swelling in the ankles, feet, legs, stomach, and veins in the neck. All of these symptoms are the result of fluid buildup in your body. [web.archive.org]

  Women are more likely to experience non-traditional symptoms such as: vague chest discomfort fatigue sleep difficulties indigestion anxiety If left untreated, CAD can lead to other serious problems such as heart attack, stroke or even death. [heartandstroke.ca]

  Other symptoms include shortness of breath and fatigue with activity (exertion). [ufhealth.org]

• Congestive Heart Failure

  Fourteen patients were in intractable congestive heart failure at the time of operation. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  heart failure and CV death prior to RA diagnosis and during the first few years of the disease. [doi.org]

  Heart Failure This condition, also called “congestive heart failure,” is when your heart becomes so weak it can’t pump enough blood to meet your body’s needs. It doesn’t mean that your heart has stopped beating. [capitalcardiology.com]

• Cough

  The development of clinical coronary heart disease has shown an association with early age of death of father, history of "noncardiac" chest discomfort, history of chronic cough, history of shortness of breath, history of peptic ulcer, presence of increased [ahajournals.org]

  An infection of the upper airways with a characteristic barking cough that occurs primarily in children. Dehydration is the lack of sufficient water in our body tissue, which occurs when more water is lost from the body than is taken in. [southerncross.co.nz]

  […] decreasing lung congestion.[2] Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease[edit] People with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), most commonly emphysema or chronic bronchitis, frequently have chronic shortness of breath and a chronic productive cough [en.wikipedia.org]

  Symptoms of a heart attack include: chest discomfort mild or crushing chest pain coughing dizziness shortness of breath a gray pallor in the face general discomfort panic nausea and vomiting restlessness sweating clammy skin The first symptom is usually [medicalnewstoday.com]

  Know These Heart Attack Symptoms Arrhythmias Cough Heartburn Loss of appetite Malaise Such symptoms in women cause delays in diagnosis if the symptoms are not considered as possible signs of heart disease. [onhealth.com]

• Heart Disease

  Coronary heart disease is a narrowing of the small blood vessels that supply blood and oxygen to the heart. Coronary heart disease (CHD) is also called coronary artery disease. [nlm.nih.gov]

  We analysed the relation between job strain and coronary heart disease with a meta-analysis of published and unpublished studies. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Heart Failure

  Heart Failure Heart failure is a condition in which your heart can't pump enough blood to meet your body’s needs. Heart failure doesn't mean that your heart has stopped or is about to stop working. [web.archive.org]

  Autopsy after death resulting from intractable heart failure, 17 months later, confirmed severe coronary heart disease and LVHT in the apex. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Hypertension

  Abstract Hypertension is associated with increased morbidity and mortality in Coronary Heart Disease (CHD). However, the risk factors that cause hypertension patients develop into CHD remain unclear. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Sixteen studies (with 17 arms) recruited patients with hypertension and five trials were of patients with diabetes. [doi.org]

• Chest Pain

  Low- and intermediate-risk patients whose chest pain has ceased and who have normal or unchanged electrocardiograms and troponin levels can be monitored for 6 to 8 hours. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  If you don’t know whether your chest pain is angina or a heart attack, call 9–1–1. All chest pain should be checked by a doctor. [web.archive.org]

  You can have chest pain sure from the heart, but also from pneumonia. You can have chest pain from asthma. You can have chest pain from a blood clot in the lungs. [mountsinai.org]

  The cause of chest pain conjunction with exertion must always be examined. [sydansairaala.fi]

• Low Back Pain

  Dose-response of physical activity and low back pain, osteoarthritis, and osteoporosis. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2001; 33 (6 suppl): S551–S586. Crossref Medline Google Scholar 3 Wing RR, Hill JO. Successful weight loss maintenance. [doi.org]

• Strabismus

  […] surgical eye care worldwide for children and for adults with strabismus. [choosingwisely.org]

• Stroke

  The slopes (associations between coronary heart disease/stroke and plaque) were steeper in the hyperglycemia group than those in the non-hyperglycemia group (coronary heart disease OR,3.075 vs. 2.614; stroke OR,3.571 vs. 3.307). [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  We extracted hazard ratios and relative risks separately for coronary heart disease, stroke, or cardiovascular disease (coronary heart disease and stroke combined). [doi.org]

• Unable to Walk

  In an evaluation of walking and sports participation in a cohort of 73 265 men and women in Japan, risk of stroke death in the highest category of walking and sports participation was reduced by 29% and 20%, respectively. 46 In a study of 47 721 men and [doi.org]

Other tests that may be useful include the following: ECG (including exercise with ECG monitoring and ambulatory ECG monitoring) Selective coronary angiography (the definitive diagnostic test for evaluating the anatomic extent and severity of CAD) See Workup [emedicine.com]

[…] imaging Cardiac computed tomography with CT angiography Electron beam CT scanning (for calculation of coronary artery calcium score) Optical coherence tomography imaging Magnetic resonance imaging Positron emission tomography Coronary angiography See Workup [emedicine.medscape.com]

• Dyslipidemia

  And it results from multiple risks factors consisting of invariable factors (e.g. age, gender, etc.) and variable factors (e.g. dyslipidemia, hypertension, diabetes, smoking, etc.). [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

The studies had evaluated 2024 patients who received psychosocial treatment vs 1156 control subjects. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Results: The studies had evaluated 2024 patients who received psychosocial treatment vs 1156 control subjects. [doi.org]

Patients with coronary artery disease vary widely in terms of prognosis, which is mainly dependent on ventricular function. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

If the patient has had a myocardial infarction or has heart failure, beta blockers also improve the prognosis. The patient may also be given ACE inhibitors or AT inhibitors if he or she suffers from heart failure. [sydansairaala.fi]

Angina due to microvascular coronary dysfunction (MCD) is an etiologic mechanism in women with vascular dysfunction. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

How to demonstrate C. pneumoniae etiology of CHD We know of no simple ways to prove C. pneumoniae etiology of CHD and have proposed an expensive lengthy observational study supported by laboratory studies. [doi.org]

Etiologic factors include a genetic susceptibility, because 15% to 20% of patients have a family history of the disorder. AAA is much more common in men than women (2 to 5 times) and more common in white than in black populations. [dx.doi.org]

Epidemiology Group, Genetics Section, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Prospective Urban Rural Epidemiology (PURE) Study Investigators. [dx.doi.org]

However, it remains unknown whether GGT plays a direct role in the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis and CHD or is merely a correlate of coexisting cardiovascular risk factors. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Secondary prevention of CHD was compared between depression and non-depression groups. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Follow your provider's directions closely to help prevent CHD from getting worse. [nlm.nih.gov]

They help prevent the digestive tract from absorbing cholesterol. [web.archive.org]