They are present all over the world, and spread by fecal-oral route. About 90% of infections don't cause symptoms or present with a fever only. Infants and young kids are particularly susceptible to symptomatic coxsackie. [webmd.com]

Patients present with flulike symptoms; higher fever than present in typical HFMD; and a longer duration of disease, typically lasting 2 weeks. [mdedge.com]

The present significance of this case is discussed. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Thrombosis

  The patient's hospital course was further complicated by pneumonia, anasarca, thrombocytopenia, deep venous thrombosis, and gastrointestinal tract bleeding. [jamanetwork.com]

• Systolic Murmur

  On presentation, her temperature was 39.8°C and a 2/6 systolic murmur was heard at the left sternal border. Results of general physical and neurologic examination were normal. [jamanetwork.com]

• Motor Restlessness

  restlessness, visual hallucinations, and dyskinesias. [jamanetwork.com]

• Compulsive Behavior

  […] major criteria supporting the diagnosis of encephalitis lethargica include an acute or subacute encephalitis associated with at least 3 of the following major criteria: signs of basal ganglia involvement, oculogyric crises, ophthalmoplegia, obsessive-compulsive [jamanetwork.com]

• Cerebellar Ataxia

  Neurological involvement associated with enterovirus 71 infection may include: Aseptic meningitis Encephalitis Encephalomyelitis Acute cerebellar ataxia Acute transverse myelitis Guillain-Barré syndrome Opsomyoclonus syndrome Benign intracranial hypertension [dermnetnz.org]

• Dysarthria

  She had marked dysarthria and roving eye movements in the horizontal plane and could occasionally follow some commands with hand squeezing. [jamanetwork.com]

• Extrapyramidal Symptoms

  We report a fatal case of coxsackievirus B4 meningoencephalitis in a woman who developed extrapyramidal symptoms suggestive of encephalitis lethargica. [jamanetwork.com]

• Bilateral Ankle Clonus

  Brainstem reflexes were intact and deep tendon reflexes were brisk, with bilateral ankle clonus and equivocal plantar responses. [jamanetwork.com]

• Babinski Sign

  There was marked increase in tone with cogwheel rigidity in upper extremities and hyperactive deep tendon reflexes; bilateral ankle clonus was noted but with equivocal Babinski signs. [jamanetwork.com]

• Epileptiform Activity

  A noncontrast computed tomographic scan of the head was normal, and an electroencephalogram (EEG) showed diffuse slowing but no epileptiform activity. [jamanetwork.com]

• Focal Sharp Waves

  The CSF glucose level is invariably normal, but oligoclonal band positivity has been reported.21 An EEG during the acute phase of the illness often shows diffuse unilateral or bilateral slowing in the delta or theta frequencies and focal sharp-wave activity [jamanetwork.com]

• Borrelia Burgdorferi

  Polymerase chain reaction examination of CSF did not amplify DNA for herpesvirus 1 or 2, cytomegalovirus, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, or Borrelia burgdorferi. Cytologic examination of the CSF was negative. [jamanetwork.com]

• Neurofibrillary Tangle

  No neurofibrillary tangles were specifically identified. The remainder of the brain and spinal cord were histologically normal. Examination of the heart showed extensive active myocarditis with moderate dilated cardiomyopathy. [jamanetwork.com]

There's no specific treatment for coxsackievirus infections. Antibiotics aren't effective in treating coxsackievirus or any other viral infection. [mayoclinic.org]

Due to its crucial role for viral entry, CAR-downregulation may lead to novel approaches for treatment for viral myocarditis. [doi.org]

Diagnostic procedures and treatment should be tailored to the specific disease manifestation. [amboss.com]

Newer treatments such as pleconaril7,8 may provide benefit in the treatment of life-threatening enteroviral infections.43 However, early identification of the causative agent is vital for potential effectiveness of these therapies. [jamanetwork.com]

It does not provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. This content is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. [immuno-oncologynews.com]

almost always self‑limiting Coxsackie B Myocarditis Pleurodynia Characteristics : highly contagious Clinical presentation Flu‑like symptoms Sudden thoracic and upper abdominal pain caused by irritation of the pleura and muscles Prognosis : self‑limiting [amboss.com]

We concluded that coxsackie virus B 4 caused acute encephalitis with ophthalmological and mental symptoms and good prognosis. Coxsackie virus B 4 should be considered in patients with encephalitis. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

The prognosis of HFMD is excellent, with the vast majority resolving spontaneously in 5-10 days. [patient.info]

The incidence of pancreatitis of unknown etiology may even be higher since the diagnosis of acute pancreatitis can be difficult and may go undetected. [pancreas.imedpub.com]

Vesicular exsanthema on palms suggested enterovirus as a possible etiologic agent. [jcm.asm.org]

Our patient is the first reported case of FT1D associated with Coxsackie virus A2 infection and supports the etiological role of common viral infections in FT1D. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Weekly Epidemiological Record = Relevé épidémiologique hebdomadaire, 46 (‎25)‎, 248 - 249. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/218374 Journal Weekly Epidemiological Record = Relevé épidémiologique hebdomadaire, 46 (‎25)‎: 248 - 249 [apps.who.int]

Epidemiology Worldwide distribution Occur in all age groups Highest incidence in infants and young children ( < 10 years ) References: [1] Epidemiological data refers to the US, unless otherwise specified. [amboss.com]

Epidemiology, pathogenesis, treatment, and prevention of enterovirus and parechovirus infections. http://www.uptodate.com/home. Accessed Feb. 22, 2017. Modlin JF. [mayoclinic.org]

Epidemiology and control of hand, foot and mouth disease in Singapore, 2001-2007. Ann Acad Med Singapore. 2009 Feb. 38(2):106-12. [Medline]. Bergman I, Painter MJ, Wald ER, et al. [emedicine.medscape.com]

Pathophysiology Coxsackieviruses are transmitted primarily via the fecal-oral route and respiratory aerosols, although transmission via fomites is possible. The viruses initially replicate in the upper respiratory tract and the distal small bowel. [emedicine.medscape.com]

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. "Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease." Dec. 22, 2017.. United States. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. [medicinenet.com]

Is it possible to prevent coxsackievirus infections? Prevention of coxsackievirus infections is difficult but possible. [rxlist.com]

[…] contagious, and can be prevented. [microbewiki.kenyon.edu]