In the present study, eight candidate miRNAs, the functions of which are associated with myocarditis, were selected and their expression levels were evaluated by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. miR-146b and miR-214 were found [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

[…] fever, reduced general condition Skin/mucosa Maculopapular and partially vesicular rash on the hands and feet Oral ulcers Diagnosis: clinical Treatment: symptomatic Prognosis: almost always self‑limiting Coxsackie B Myocarditis Pleurodynia Clinical presentation [amboss.com]

All presented with atypical features, with most (n=13) resembling eczema herpeticum or chickenpox. Coxsackievirus A6 (CV-A6) was identified in all the typed cases (n=11). [eurosurveillance.org]

• Asymptomatic

  Infections are often asymptomatic. They are divided into groups A and B: Coxsackievirus A: Usually affects skin and mucous membranes. Causes herpangina and HFMD. There are a number of different viruses within the group. [patient.info]

  Although cases may be asymptomatic, others may present with a fulminant course of acute systolic heart failure due to impaired contractility of the injured myocardium [4]. [hindawi.com]

  Clinical description The clinical manifestations of congenital EV infection ranges from asymptomatic to benign, febrile to severe illness consisting of variable combinations of sepsis, hepatitis, coagulopathy, myocarditis, pneumonitis and meningoencephalitis [orpha.net]

  Fortunately, the majority of infections are either asymptomatic (without symptoms) or cause only minimal distress. [thedoctorwillseeyounow.com]

  CA16 causes a mild and, sometimes, asymptomatic version of HFMD. Serious cases lead to meningitis, conjunctivitis, myocarditis, and pericarditis. [microbewiki.kenyon.edu]

• Fatigue

  We ask about general symptoms (anxious mood, depressed mood, fatigue, pain, and stress) regardless of condition. Last updated: March 28, 2023 [patientslikeme.com]

  Is chronic fatigue following pleurodynia common? Any advice would be much appreciated. [forums.netdoctor.co.uk]

  The common symptoms of Coxsackie virus are fever, sore throat, fatigue and loss of appetite. It would be only for two or three days. Then it appears as sores and blisters on the mouth, throat and hands. [diseasespictures.com]

  Symptomology and Outcome: Coxsackie B infection is characterized by fever, fatigue, malaise and chest pains. Infection of the heart by a coxsackie B virus can lead to viral myocarditis. [web.stanford.edu]

  This can be accompanied by pain and general fatigue. Management of post-polio syndrome is supportive, with pain control and a regular but non-strenuous exercise or physical therapy regimen. [infectiousdiseaseadvisor.com]

• Lymphadenopathy

  No oral lesions or cervical lymphadenopathy were detected. Laboratory findings demonstrated blood neutrophilia (11,220/μl) and increased C-reactive protein (12.0 mg/dl; normal: < 0.3 mg/dl). [medicaljournals.se]

  While CT abdomen demonstrated generalized lymphadenopathy and mild hepatosplenomegaly, chest X-ray was negative for any acute pathology on admission. [hindawi.com]

  […] chemotherapy Hematologic malignancies Autoimmune disorders Neutropenia <100 cells per micro litre Eosinopenia Basopenia Oral cavity Skin GIT Urinary system Conjunctiva Immunocompromization Types Drug-induced Malignant Autoimmune Syphilis[6] Chancre Regional lymphadenopathy [wikidoc.org]

  Symptoms during this time may include fever, flulike illness, lymphadenopathy, and rash. These manifestations develop in approximately half of all people infected with HIV. [emedicine.medscape.com]

• Chronic Infection

  Most reported infections in chronic urticaria are related to the gastro-intestinal tract, but also to the dental or ENT region. Gastro-intestinal infections Several gastro-intestinal infections have been linked to chronic urticaria (Table 1 ). [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Viral suppression and immune restoration in the gastrointestinal mucosa of human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected patients initiating therapy during primary or chronic infection. J Virol. 2006 Aug. 80(16):8236-47. [Medline]. [Full Text]. [emedicine.medscape.com]

• Sore Throat

  Coxsackie viruses are a common cause of sore throats, especially for children, often in spring and summer. Typical symptoms are a fever, and sore throat and tongue in some cases. [familydoctor.co.nz]

  It may also cause diarrhea or a sore throat that is similar to strep throat. There are some more severe syndromes caused by the virus, but these are less common. [emedicinehealth.com]

• Sneezing

  It is a good idea to cover the mouth and nose when coughing and sneezing and to avoid contact with other people who are coughing and sneezing. [humanillnesses.com]

  The virus can spread from person-to-person through tiny, air droplets that are released when the sick person sneezes, coughs, or blows their nose. [medlineplus.gov]

  Coxsackie infection can spread to your baby: In the air when an infected person sneezes or coughs nearby When an infected person sneezes or coughs and touches surfaces like toys with unwashed hands. [marchofdimes.org]

  […] such as saliva, sputum, or nasal mucus) blister fluid feces (poop) You can get exposed to the viruses that cause hand, foot, and mouth disease through close personal contact, such as hugging an infected person the air when an infected person coughs or sneezes [cdc.gov]

  They also can be spread through droplets of fluid sprayed into the air when someone sneezes or coughs. When an outbreak affects a community, risk for coxsackievirus infection is highest among infants and kids younger than 5. [kidshealth.org]

• Pharyngitis

  pharyngitis, Herpangina (disorder), Vesicular pharyngitis (disorder), coxsackievirus; pharyngitis, enteroviral vesicular; pharyngitis, infection; pharynx, Coxsackievirus, pharyngitis; aphthous, pharyngitis; coxsackievirus, pharyngitis; enteroviral vesicular [fpnotebook.com]

  […] with exanthem (Hand, foot and mouth disease), enteroviral lymphonodular pharyngitis (acute lymphonodular pharyngitis), Bornholm disease, epidemic myalgia CHARACTERISTICS: Positive sense, linear, single-stranded RNA, naked icosahedral virion 20-30 nm [msdsonline.com]

  Two weeks before the outbreak of the lesions, the patient had suffered from a viral pharyngitis, subsequently diagnosed as herpangina, and had been taking an oral cephalosporin (cefixime) for 1 week to prevent possible bacterial complications. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Painful Cough

  Deep inspiration and cough can increase the pain. [wikidoc.org]

• Rhinitis

  Symptoms related to the viral infection <ul><li>Upper respiratory tract symptoms, including sore throat, rhinitis, and dry cough </li></ul><ul><li>Constitutional symptoms, including headaches (50%), fever, and malaise </li></ul><ul><li>GI symptoms, including [slideshare.net]

• Abdominal Cramps

  CVB Type : This type can cause high fever, severe abdominal cramps and headache. The symptoms can develop within 2-10 days of getting infected. [diseasespictures.com]

• Chest Pain

  pain arrhythmias tachycardia out of proportion to fever Pericarditis sharp pleuritic chest pain relieved by sitting up and forward friction rub on exam Studies Labs coxsackievirus-specific immunoglobulin A viral culture Making the diagnosis based on [step1.medbullets.com]

  Known as the inflammation of the chest muscles, pleurodynia can cause sudden pain in the upper abdomen and chest. Hemorrhagic conjunctivitis. [belmarrahealth.com]

  Pleurodynia Pleurodynia is an inflammation of the muscles in the chest. It causes a sudden onset of sharp chest pain which gets worse when taking a deep breath. Pain may also be present in the abdomen. The pain comes and goes in waves or spasms. [emedicinehealth.com]

  When to call your pediatrician Call your pediatrician if your child complains of neck pain, chest pain, difficulty breathing, listlessness, or lethargy. [healthychildren.org]

• Palpitations

  Clinically, it can present with symptoms that range from nonspecific symptoms such as fever, myalgia, and palpitations to fulminant hemodynamic collapse and sudden death [5]. Myocarditis can also lead to dilated cardiomyopathy. [hindawi.com]

  […] troponin-I (cTnI) Serum LDH, serum myoglobin and SGOT (AST) Echocardiography and Percardiocentesis Myocarditis Chest pain often described as stabbing, pleuritic or sharp in character Swelling of the feet Breathlessness Dyspnea on exertion Orthopnea Palpitations [wikidoc.org]

• Cyanosis

  The second case involved a 7-month-old boy with grunting and tongue ulcers. 4 The patient died 4 days after onset of clinical manifestations of irritability, respiratory distress, tachycardia, cyanosis and convulsion. [journals.lww.com]

  […] described as stabbing, pleuritic or sharp in character Swelling of the feet Breathlessness Dyspnea on exertion Orthopnea Palpitations Syncope in setting of high grade AV block Fever (especially when infectious, e.g. in rheumatic fever) Joint pains Fatigue Cyanosis [wikidoc.org]

• Eye Pain

  Hemorrhagic conjunctivitis, an infection that affects the whites of the eyes, usually begins as eye pain, followed quickly by red, watery eyes with swelling, light sensitivity, and blurred vision. [kidshealth.org]

  Others may suffer other complications, causing pain to the eyes, chest or abdomen. [familydoctor.co.nz]

  Hemorrhagic conjunctivitis (heh-muh-RAH-jik kon-jung-tih-VY-tis): sudden and severe eye pain with red and watery eyes, eye swelling, and sometimes blurred vision. Rarely, enteroviruses can cause myositis *, meningitis *, or encephalitis *. [humanillnesses.com]

  […] swelling Tearing Eye redness Severe eye pain Purulent discharge Subconjunctival hemorrhage Positive conjunctival scraping for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) Positive viral culture of corneal epithelial cells for HSV Herpangina Sudden fever Sore throat [wikidoc.org]

• Myalgia

  When it occurs, Coxsackie virus infections have been associated with a wide spectrum of muscle disorders, ranging from acute nonspecific myalgia to myositis. [hindawi.com]

  Enterovirus, devil's grip, enteroviral vesicular pharyngitis (herpangina), enteroviral vesicular stomatitis with exanthem (Hand, foot and mouth disease), enteroviral lymphonodular pharyngitis (acute lymphonodular pharyngitis), Bornholm disease, epidemic myalgia [msdsonline.com]

  May be myalgia elsewhere. Duration is normally a few days, but may be ≤3 weeks; it can recur/relapse. See the separate article Bornholm Disease. [patient.info]

  Etiology Coxsackie group B virus is responsible for several syndromes: Viral prodrome including fever, fatigue, malaise, myalgia, gastrointestinal upset such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and abdominal pain Exanthema Aseptic meningitis Encephalitis Pleurodynia [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  […] serotypes 1-6), enteroviral vesicular pharyngitis (herpangina), enteroviral vesicular stomatitis with exanthema (hand, foot and mouth disease), enteroviral lymphonodular pharyngitis (acute lymphonodular pharyngitis), Bornholm disease (Synonyms: epidemic myalgia [canada.ca]

• Neck Pain

  Here is a table: Conditions Symptoms Meningitis Inflammation of the meninges covering the brain Symptoms: Fever, chills, headache, nausea and vomiting, neck pain, photophobia, seizures, etc. Encephalitis Inflammation of the brain. [md-health.com]

  When to call your pediatrician Call your pediatrician if your child complains of neck pain, chest pain, difficulty breathing, listlessness, or lethargy. [healthychildren.org]

  If you experience a rash, fever, seizure, severe headache, stiff neck, shortness of breath, or chest pain, you should seek medical attention to gain a proper diagnosis for your symptoms. [belmarrahealth.com]

  […] contentid=953&language=English">neck pain</a> or stiffness, or a change in behaviour.</li><li>Your child has not made any urine in more than eight hours and is very sleepy. [aboutkidshealth.ca]

• Muscle Weakness

  Asymmetric muscle weakness then ensues, the distribution depending on the extent of infection. Legs are more commonly affected than arms, and proximal more often than distal muscles. Reflexes are absent or diminished, but sensation is normal. [infectiousdiseaseadvisor.com]

• Muscle Spasm

  It results in muscle spasm pain in the chest muscles and upper abdomen. Newborn babies can be infected from their mothers resulting in myocarditis - infection of the heart muscle. [familydoctor.co.nz]

• Skin Rash

  A red skin rash with a brown scale on it. The rash appears on the outer arms, hands, legs, feet, around the mouth and upper buttocks. The trunk is usually relatively clear. [rch.org.au]

  Doctors tend to identify illnesses caused by the coxsackievirus based on the patients' description of their symptoms, including their onset and progress, the location and types of skin rashes and of vesicles or patches in the mouth or throat, as well [thedoctorwillseeyounow.com]

  The symptoms of HFMD include: fever general feeling of sickness sore throat painful mouth sores or blisters skin rash developing on the elbows, feet, or genital areas For adults, the virus may not give you any symptoms. [healthline.com]

  The skin lesions usually resolve within 1-2 weeks with no residual scars. Enanthem usually precedes the onset of the skin rash. Additionally, oral lesions may appear in the absence of cutaneous symptoms. [karger.com]

• Eruptions

  Vesicular eruptions have been associated with infections due to Coxsackie virus Group A, Type 16,2 ECHO virus Type 43 and Coxsackie virus Group A, Type 9.4 Two cases of vesicular eruption associated with Coxsackie. .. [nejm.org]

  The case may represent a peculiar paraviral eruption, where a predisposing pemphigus-prone genetic background paved the way for the acantholytic autoimmune disorder as a consequence of the combined effect of the coxsackievirus infection and the cephalosporin [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  The first virus causes muscular pains, paralysis, and most commonly pus-filled eruptions on the hands, feet, and in and around the mouth. [askdrshah.com]

  […] multiforme associated with coxsackievirus A6 infection, as coxsackievirus A6 has recently been reported to induce not only typical hand-foot-mouth disease, but also atypical form of hand-foot-mouth disease characterized by widespread papular/vesicular eruptions [medicaljournals.se]

  Symptoms: Sore throat, fever, rashes followed by vesicular eruptions in foot and hand that later ulcerate Herpangina It occurs commonly in children between ages of 3-10 years. But Coxsackie in adults is possible. [md-health.com]

• Eczema

  All presented with atypical features, with most (n=13) resembling eczema herpeticum or chickenpox. Coxsackievirus A6 (CV-A6) was identified in all the typed cases (n=11). [eurosurveillance.org]

  If your child has eczema, the HFMD can cause the eczema to worsen and potentially become infected with bacteria. How is HFMD spread? HFMD is most commonly caused by the coxsackie virus. [rch.org.au]

  Features may include: Red, crusted papules No blisters or very large ones Targetoid lesions Involvement of unusual sites such as the ear In children with atopic dermatitis, lesions may select skin affected by eczema (eczema coxsackium). [dermnetnz.org]

  […] typical hand-foot-mouth disease, but also atypical form of hand-foot-mouth disease characterized by widespread papular/vesicular eruptions on the trunk, face and dorsal hands, occasionally mimicking erythema multiforme, Stevens-Johnson syndrome and eczema [medicaljournals.se]

• Urticaria

  Physical urticaria is divided into several subtypes with dermatographic urticaria (urticaria factitia) being the commonest form, followed by cold urticaria and delayed pressure urticaria whereas heat urticaria, solar and vibratory urticaria are very rare [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Recently, basophils have been shown to be present in a number of allergic diseases, such as urticaria, atopic dermatitis, prurigo and eosinophilic pustular folliculitis (11). [medicaljournals.se]

• Headache

  If your granddaughter develops more-serious signs or symptoms, such as severe headaches, joint pain or a high fever, she should be evaluated by a doctor. [mayoclinic.org]

  Herpangina often develops suddenly, and additional symptoms may include high fevers and headaches. Most cases resolve within 3-6 days. [healthychildren.org]

  Headache – Small children often experience headache due to HFMD As will most viral illnesses children with HFMD experience loss of appetite. There is a sore throat. The throat is often painful. [news-medical.net]

  When the conjunctiva of the eye become inflamed, symptoms including pain and swelling of the eye, red eye, and headache may occur. Hepatitis. [belmarrahealth.com]

• Confusion

  If there is confusion about the exact diagnosis, an infectious-disease specialist may be consulted. A cardiologist or intensive-care specialist may be needed for the management of severe complications. [emedicinehealth.com]

• Seizure

  If you experience a rash, fever, seizure, severe headache, stiff neck, shortness of breath, or chest pain, you should seek medical attention to gain a proper diagnosis for your symptoms. [belmarrahealth.com]

  Possible complications that may result from HFMD include: Loss of body fluids (dehydration) Seizures due to high fever (febrile seizures) Call your provider if there are signs of complications, such as pain in the neck or arms and legs. [medlineplus.gov]

  Febrile seizures may occur in children. Seizures are less common in adults, although adults may complain of fatigue that lasts for weeks after the meningitis resolves. [emedicinehealth.com]

  See more Expert Answers See also Anthrax CSF leak (Cerebrospinal fluid leak) CT scan Headache Lumbar puncture (spinal tap) Lyme disease Managing Meningitis Mayo Clinic Minute Meningitis 101 for college students Meningitis Nausea and vomiting Polio Seizures [mayoclinic.org]

• Irritability

  […] vesicular rash on the hands and feet Oral ulcers Diagnosis: clinical Treatment: symptomatic Prognosis: almost always self‑limiting Coxsackie B Myocarditis Pleurodynia Clinical presentation Flu‑like symptoms Sudden thoracic and upper abdominal pain caused by irritation [amboss.com]

  But don’t give her any acidic juices, as it may elevate or irritate the painful mouth blisters. [momjunction.com]

  In mouse models of irritant contact dermatitis and eosinophilic esophagitis, basophil infiltration was essential for eosinophilic inflammation (12, 13). [medicaljournals.se]

  You should also call if: Medicine does not lower a high fever Signs of dehydration occur, such as dry skin and mucus membranes, weight loss, irritability, decreased alertness, decreased or dark urine Avoid contact with people with HFMD. [medlineplus.gov]

  Children may not want to eat and may become very irritable. Older children may complain of <a href="/Article?contentid=29&language=English">headache</a>, sore throat and lack of energy. [aboutkidshealth.ca]

• Febrile Seizures

  Complications of hand, foot and mouth disease Complications of HFMD include (5): High fever in children leading to dehydration High fever may lead to febrile seizures or convulsions in very young children Infections of the lesions by bacteria or superimposed [news-medical.net]

  Possible complications that may result from HFMD include: Loss of body fluids (dehydration) Seizures due to high fever (febrile seizures) Call your provider if there are signs of complications, such as pain in the neck or arms and legs. [medlineplus.gov]

  Febrile seizures may occur in children. Seizures are less common in adults, although adults may complain of fatigue that lasts for weeks after the meningitis resolves. [emedicinehealth.com]

Laboratory workup revealed segmented neutrophil predominant leukocytosis, elevated levels of troponin (2.45 ng/ml), BNP (457.2 pg/ml), and d-dimer (6.72 µg/ml). [hindawi.com]

[…] infection with AIDS-defining opportunistic infections These 3 categories are further subdivided on the basis of the CD4+ T-cell count, as follows: > 500/µL: Categories A1, B1, C1 200-400/µL: Categories A2, B2, C2 < 200/µL: Categories A3, B3, C3 See Workup [emedicine.medscape.com]

However, this treatment strategy has to be evaluated in vivo to develop a new treatment strategy for patients suffering with viral myocarditis. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Diagnostic procedures and treatment should be tailored to the specific disease manifestation. [amboss.com]

The viral infection is usually self-limited and no treatment is necessary. However, it is highly contagious and preventing transmission is hard. [patientslikeme.com]

Coxsackievirus Treatment : No particular treatment is available for Coxsackie virus infection. However based on the symptoms and its intensity the doctor may recommend Tylenol for reducing the discomfort of fever. [diseasespictures.com]

Prepare for clinical challenges and save time in addressing them thanks to expert advice on treatment options from international contributors. [books.google.com]

Prognosis Prognosis of mild congenital EV infections is quite good if reanimation procedures are available. Prognosis of severe congenital EV infections is poor and the disease has been reported to be fatal. [orpha.net]

Thus, the effects of a relatively common infection during the neonatal period may be long lasting, and the prognosis for newborn infants recovering from acute infection should be reexplored. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

The prognosis of HFMD is excellent, with the vast majority resolving spontaneously in 5-10 days. [patient.info]

[…] mouth disease Characteristics: highly contagious Clinical presentation General symptoms: fever, reduced general condition Skin/mucosa Maculopapular and partially vesicular rash on the hands and feet Oral ulcers Diagnosis: clinical Treatment: symptomatic Prognosis [amboss.com]

References:[2][3][4] Coxsackie virus infections Summary Epidemiology Etiology Disease manifestations [amboss.com]

Abstract Recently, it has been suggested that coxsackievirus plays an etiologic role in juvenile dermatomyositis (DM). [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

The incidence of pancreatitis of unknown etiology may even be higher since the diagnosis of acute pancreatitis can be difficult and may go undetected. [pancreas.imedpub.com]

Epidemiology Worldwide distribution Occur in all age groups Highest incidence in infants and young children (< 10 years) References:[1] Epidemiological data refers to the US, unless otherwise specified. [amboss.com]

The epidemiology and pathogenicity of SAFV remain unclear. METHODS: Between July 2009 and October 2010, nasopharyngeal specimens were collected from children with acute respiratory infections. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Abstract | Full Text The report is an overview of enterovirus epidemiology in Piemonte during a 5-year period from 2000 to 2004 with an investigative protocol recording epidemiologic, clinical, and laboratory data. [doaj.org]

Epidemiology and control of hand, foot and mouth disease in Singapore, 2001-2007. Ann Acad Med Singapore. 2009 Feb. 38(2):106-12. [Medline]. Bergman I, Painter MJ, Wald ER, et al. [emedicine.medscape.com]

Epidemiology, pathogenesis, treatment, and prevention of enterovirus and parechovirus infections. http://www.uptodate.com/home. Accessed Feb. 22, 2017. Modlin JF. [mayoclinic.org]

We have recently reported the possible role of the cysteine‐rich secretory protein 3 gene (a member of the latter group of differentially expressed genes) (5) in the pathophysiology of primary SS. [onlinelibrary.wiley.com]

Pathophysiology of Coxsackie's virus <ul><li>Coxsackieviruses are transmitted primarily via the fecal -oral route and respiratory aerosols, although transmission via fomites is possible. [slideshare.net]

Pathophysiology Coxsackieviruses are transmitted primarily via the fecal-oral route and respiratory aerosols, although transmission via fomites is possible. The viruses initially replicate in the upper respiratory tract and the distal small bowel. [emedicine.medscape.com]

Pleurodynia is most common amongst adults.[10] Out of the 21 viruses that can cause cardiovascular disease, the coxsackie B virus is the major cause of viral myocarditis, especially in neonates and younger children.[15][16] Pathophysiology The pathogenesis [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. "Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease." Dec. 22, 2017. <http://www.cdc.gov/hand-foot-mouth/about/index.html>. United States. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. [medicinenet.com]

Two weeks before the outbreak of the lesions, the patient had suffered from a viral pharyngitis, subsequently diagnosed as herpangina, and had been taking an oral cephalosporin (cefixime) for 1 week to prevent possible bacterial complications. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]