If phenoloxidase is present, it breaks down caffeic acid to melanin with resulting brown-black colour production.) [thunderhouse4-yuri.blogspot.com]

Clinical presentations also depend on the characteristics of the immunological competency of the patients. In general, it is a systemic fungal infection with its origin as the inhalation of C. neoformans, initially affecting the lungs. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

The organism may be present in soil or dust and is often found in pigeon droppings, with resulting high concentrations on window ledges and around other nesting places. How humans become infected is not certain, but it is probably by… Read More [britannica.com]

Clinical presentation and management of fatal cryptococcal infections The demographic features, HIV status, clinical presentation and management of the 17 patients with fatal cryptococcal infection are summarized in Table 1. [nature.com]

• Present as discrete nodules - Cryptococcoma. 12 DR.T.V.RAO MD 13. [slideshare.net]

• Disability

  Furthermore, survivors of ST5 infections had evidence of worse disability outcomes at 70 days (72.7% (40/55) in ST5 infections versus 57.1% (52/91) non-ST5 infections (OR 2.11, 95%CI 1.01 to 4.41), p = 0.046). [journals.plos.org]

• Vietnamese

  Population structure of Vietnamese clinical isolates (MLST). [journals.plos.org]

• Respiratory Distress

  The photos on this post were taken from speimens obtained from an 80 year old woman of Indian heritage who presented with respiratory distress. Unfortunately she succumbed to her infection. [thunderhouse4-yuri.blogspot.com]

• Dermatitis

  Except for a history of atopic eczematous dermatitis the patient had never experienced illness. She had travelled outside Europe to the United states between 1993 and 1996 (East coast, Middle West, Florida), and to Tunesia in 1995. [jnnp.bmj.com]

Recommended treatment for cryptococcosis. [ Download PDF ] Vignettes R eview Article : Singh N, Treatment of opportunistic mycoses: how long is long enough ? Lancet Infect Dis 2003;3:703-08. Guideline: Perfect et al. [antimicrobe.org]

Treatment with flucytosine does not result in a cure (full clearance of infection and immunity). [ppdictionary.com]

The type of treatment usually depends on the severity of the infection and the parts of the body that are affected. [cdc.gov]

[…] of antiretroviral therapy (ART), despite microbiological evidence of effective antifungal treatment.[ 8, 9 ] Footnotes Source of Support: Nil. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

(Sputum, Broncheal Wash, Lung Biopsy) Central Nervous System (CNS) - (Lumbar Puncture) Also implicated in; Skin infections Bone infections Other sites (disseminated) Treatment; (dependent on site of infection) Amphotericin B Flucytosine Fluconazole Prognosis [thunderhouse4-yuri.blogspot.com]

High antigen securities generally correlate with disease severity and likewise a decrease corresponds to a good prognosis. [mycology.imedpub.com]

@article{KwonChung2014CryptococcusNA, title={Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the etiologic agents of cryptococcosis.}, author={Kyung J. Kwon-Chung and James A. [semanticscholar.org]

An analysis of 28 cases with emphasis on the clinical outcome and its etiologic agent. Rev Iberoam Micol. 2004;21:143-46. French MA, Price P, Stone SF. Immune restoration disease after antiretroviral therapy. AIDS. 2004;18:1615-27. Ruhnke M. [rarediseases.org]

This volume provides a comprehensive review of the ecology, epidemiology, pathogenic mechanisms, host immunity, clinical features and diagnostic conditions, and principles of treatment and prevention of this important fungal pathogen. [asmscience.org]

Recent reports on outbreaks of cryptococcosis in goats due to C neoformans var gattii in Spain 19 will give new epidemiological insights. [jnnp.bmj.com]

C. neoformans is a form of yeast with biochemical, antigenic, and epidemiological differences. There are two known varieties. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

When implemented in a clinical laboratory, this algorithm provides rapid and accurate species identification to aid both patient diagnosis and epidemiological study. [jcm.asm.org]

Current knowledge on the epidemiology and clinical presentation of C. neoformans infection is clearly greater than that related to C. gattii. [nature.com]

This volume provides a comprehensive review of the ecology, epidemiology, pathogenic mechanisms, host immunity, clinical features and diagnostic conditions, and principles of treatment and prevention of this important fungal pathogen. [asmscience.org]

Taking this medication helps prevent relapses. [healthline.com]

The World Health Organization has also developed guidelines for the diagnosis, prevention, and management of cryptococcal disease in HIV-infected adults, adolescents, and children External, with a focus on resource-limited settings. [cdc.gov]

Individuals with compromised immune systems, or under immune suppressive therapy, should be given prolonged drug treatment to prevent relapses. [rarediseases.org]

PREVENTION• Fluconazole prophylaxis• Active immunization- cryptococcal GXM-tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccine- in animal models, no human trials• Monoclonal antibodies- would require repeated injections• Avoid high risk environments 24. [slideshare.net]