MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective study was performed among patients who presented at The Sheba Medical Center between 2005 and 2014 with atypical clinical presentations of CL due to L. major. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Localized Edema

  These effects included local itch 42.1% (16/38), sensation of burning 28.9% (11/38), local pain 21% (8/38) and local edema 2.6% (1/38). All adverse effects disappeared within one week after finishing the treatment. [doi.org]

• Lip Swelling

  We present a 12-year-old boy with diffuse persistent lip swelling mimicking granulomatous cheilitis. Systemic glucantime was started. However, severe hypotension and bradycardia was developed after injection. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

BACKGROUND: Several case reports describe diseases presenting with skin ulcerations, which resemble pyoderma gangrenosum especially in immune-compromised patients, often proven on further workup, to have an infective or malignant etiology. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

[…] considered include the following: CBC count, coagulation studies, liver function tests, peripheral blood smear Measurements of lipase, amylase, gamma globulin, and albumin Leishmanin (Montenegro) skin testing (LST) (not FDA approved in the United States) See Workup [emedicine.medscape.com]

B, Day 10 of treatment, with signs of reepithelialization. C, Day 20 of treatment, with complete reepithelialization. Figure 1 Photograph of skin lesions on a 17-year-old patient with cutaneous leishmaniasis. A, Before treatment. [doi.org]

Parameters used for this treatment were 7 J/cm 2 fluence, 10-mm spot size, and 0.45-ms pulse duration. The laser settings were maintained in all subsequent treatments. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Abstract The clinical manifestations and prognosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) can be influenced by the immune response of the patient and the species of the parasite. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

However, a spontaneous resolution of the skin ulcers is also observed in some cases The prognosis depends upon the promptness in providing treatment. [dovemed.com]

The presentation and prognosis will vary depending on the species involved. [dermnetnz.org]

CONCLUSIONS: Leishmania major is confirmed to be the etiological agent of cutaneous leishmaniasis in northwestern Saudi Arabia. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

However, the epidemiology of the disease in this area is not well understood. Thus, an epidemiological survey was conducted in 2015-2016 to identify the circulating parasite and the sand fly fauna in the region of Hail. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

American cutaneous leishmaniasis is a dynamic disease with unclear pathophysiology because of continually changing environments, demographics, and human behaviors. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Pathophysiology of Leishmania infection during pregnancy. Trends Parasitol. 2017;33:935-46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pt.2017.08.012 Ávila-García M, Mancilla-Ramírez J, Segura-Cervantes E, Farfán-Labone B, Ramírez-Ramírez A, Sevilla-Galindo N. [revistabiomedica.org]

University Tropical Parasitology: Protozoans, Worms, Vectors and Human Diseases This course provides students an understanding of important human parasitic diseases, including their life cycles, vectors of transmission, distribution and epidemiology, pathophysiology [coursera.org]

References 1 Recent advances in the pathophysiology and treatment of human cutaneous leishmaniasis, Curr Opin Dermatol, 1997, vol. 4 (pg. 51 - 8 ) 2 Polar and sub-polar diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis in Brazil: clinical and immunopathological aspects [academic.oup.com]

[…] venezuelensis CL/MCL OWNW L aethiopicaL braziliensis complexL (Viannia) braziliensisL (Viannia) colombiensisL (Viannia) guyanensisL (Viannia) panamensisL (Viannia) peruviana VL/CL OWNW L donovani complexL donovaniL infantumL donovani complexL chagasi Pathophysiology [clinicaladvisor.com]

What can I do to prevent infection? No vaccines or drugs to prevent infection are available. The best way for travelers to prevent infection is to protect themselves from sand fly bites. [cdc.gov]

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Parasites- Leishmaniasis (Internet). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2015. http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/leishmaniasis/ 67. World Health Assembly. Control of Leishmaniasis. [doi.org]

Disease prevention and control are difficult because of the complexity of cutaneous leishmaniasis epizoology, and the few options available for effective vector control. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

How can Cutaneous Leishmaniasis be Prevented? Currently, no vaccination has been discovered to prevent Leishmaniasis. Research is being undertaken to develop a vaccine at the earliest. [dovemed.com]

There is currently no vaccine approved for the prevention of leishmaniasis. Some informal vaccination efforts for the prevention of cutaneous leishmaniasis have been conducted in endemic areas through a process known as " leishmanisation ." [conferenceseries.com]