Cystitis glandularis is considered to be a proliferative lesion of the bladder mucosa that develops as a result of metaplasia of the urinary bladder epithelium, transforming from transitional to simple columnar (with or without mucus production) [1] [2] [3] [4] [5]. Its pathogenesis is assumed to include chronic irritation and typical examples are infections of the urinary tract, calculi, obstruction, or tumors [2] [3] [5]. Because of its frequent propensity to protrude into the submucosa and the lamina propria (forming von Brunn's nests or buds that progress into mucin-secreting goblet cells, thus the term cystitis glandularis), several studies have examined the possible premalignant nature of this condition, but solid evidence are yet to be obtained [1] [2] [5]. In addition, pelvic lipomatosis is another clinical entity associated with the occurrence of this disease, presumably by contributing to long-term infection of the lower urinary tract and its obstruction [2]. The exact prevalence rate remains largely undetermined, but isolated studies show that its presence is noted in approximately 2.4% of children who suffered from a urinary tract infection (UTI) [2] [3]. Signs and symptoms like abdominal or flank pain, pelvic/perineal discomfort, increased urinary frequency and urgency, dysuria, nocturia, enuresis, hematuria, and vomiting (in rare cases) are complaints that have been reported in the literature [2] [4] [5] [6].

• Flushing

  Although bacteria may thrive in urine, you empty your bladder regularly which flushes urine out. Also, the cells that line your urethra and bladder have some resistance against bacteria. [patient.info]

  Removal of the foreign body and flushing the urinary tract with fluids are very effective treatment options. [wikidoc.org]

  After flushing out the diseased tissue with an irrigator, laser was used to stop bleeding on the wound (Figure 5). [frontiersin.org]

• Suggestibility

  Transurethral resection of the bladder mass was carried out and the histopathology suggested cystitis cystica glandularis. [typeset.io]

  In patients with long-standing inflammation (indwelling catheters, calculi, etc.), intestinal type cystitis glandularis may become diffuse, at which time is suggested as a possible risk for bladder adenocarcinoma, although this association is currently [auanet.org]

  Transurethral resection of the mass was carried out and the histopathology suggested cystitis glandularis. The literature regarding this entity has been reviewed and the differential diagnosis was discussed. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Burning Micturition

  There was no history of fever and burning micturition. [afju.springeropen.com]

The diagnosis may be difficult to make without a thorough clinical and imaging investigation. Physicians must start the workup by obtaining a detailed patient history that will reveal the duration of symptoms, their onset, and determine if preexisting irritative factors exist (chronic infection, history of calculi in the urinary tract, catheterization, etc.). Some of the findings, such as perineal discomfort or abdominal pain, can be confirmed during the physical examination. To identify cystitis glandularis as the underlying cause of associated symptoms, however, imaging studies need to be employed. Cystoscopy is a useful tool to visualize the lesion, which shows a cobblestone pattern of the mucosa, or in some cases, a papillary or polypoid mass [2] [4]. Because of its appearance, the provisional diagnosis of a malignant tumor is often made, thus a biopsy sample, regarded as the gold-standard of the diagnostic workup, with the subsequent pathological examination, is necessary to solidify clinical suspicion [2] [4]. Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have also been described as potentially useful methods [2]. Low signal intensity on both T1 and T2-weighted studies (with a high-intensity pattern in the center) are seen on MRI studies [2].

• Hyponatremia

  During the treatment process, complications are more likely to occur, such as relatively more bleeding and post-operative bleeding, resulting in clot packing in the bladder, following too much hypertonic flushing fluid leading to dilution hyponatremia [frontiersin.org]

Treatment included whole bladder neodymium:YAG laser therapy, a technique not previously reported for this extent of disease. The etiology, diagnosis, treatment and malignant potential of cystitis glandularis are discussed. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Antibiotic therapy treatment Antibiotic therapy is a kind of conservative treatment, which aims to eliminate chronic tract infections. [darlywhite.wordpress.com]

Alternative treatments, such as intravesical injection of corticosteroid or laser treatment, have been reported.8,9,10 REFERENCES 1. Black PC, Lange PH. Cystoprostatectomy and neobladder construction for florid cystitis glandularis. [jbn.org.br]

MRI T1: may be seen as low signal polypoidal lesion T2 low signal lesion with central branching hyperintensity central hyperintensity enhances on contrast administration and represents vascular stalk Treatment and prognosis Treatment consists of removing [radiopaedia.org]

She was given steroid treatment orally for 6 months and after this treatment; after treatment, her symptoms improved and the cystoscopy revealed a dramatic improvement in her condition. [thefreelibrary.com]

Factors 7-49 82 Genetic Predisposition and Syndromic Associations 8-1 83 Clinical Features and Natural History of Bladder Cancer 8-2 84 Morphologic Characteristics of Invasive Urothelial Carcinoma 8-10 85 Urothelial Carcinoma in Young Adults 8-14 86 Prognosis [books.google.com]

MRI T1: may be seen as low signal polypoidal lesion T2 low signal lesion with central branching hyperintensity central hyperintensity enhances on contrast administration and represents vascular stalk Treatment and prognosis Treatment consists of removing [radiopaedia.org]

It has been postulated that intestinal metaplasia is a risk factor and precursor of Adenocarcinoma, hence prognosis may be uncertain [4,5]. [medresearch.in]

The etiology and pathology of pyelitis cystica, ureteritis cystica and cystitis cystica. Am J Pathol. 1928;4:33. 5. Kittredge WE, Collett AJ, Morgan C. Adenocarcinoma of the bladder associated with cystitis glandularis: a case report. [scielo.br]

The etiology, diagnosis, treatment and malignant potential of cystitis glandularis are discussed. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Although its etiology is unknown, cystitis glandularis has been associated with chronic stimulation of the mucosa of the urinary bladder due to urinary tract infection, obstruction, and indwelling catheters, which may lead to overproductive changes in [bjnephrology.org]

Although etiology of cystitis glandularis is not fully known, most of the patients remain asymptomatic. [medresearch.in]

Oravisto KJ (1975) Epidemiology of interstitial cystitis. Annales chirurgiae et gynaecologiae Fenniae 64(2):75–77 15. Jones CA, Nyberg L (1997) Epidemiology of interstitial cystitis. Urology 49(5ASuppl):2–9 16. [springermedizin.de]

[…] conventional type Cystitis glandularis, intestinal type (preferred term: intestinal metaplasia) Proliferative cystitis (discouraged terminology) ICD coding ICD-10: N30.80 - Other cystitis without hematuria ICD-10: N30.81 - Other cystitis with hematuria Epidemiology [pathologyoutlines.com]

We report 4 cases of cystitis glandularis, we analyze the epidemiological, clinical, biological, pathological and therapeutic of this affection. In the last 5 years we treated four patients with cystitis glandularis. [webmedcentral.com]

Considerations 7-3 74 Histopathology and Diagnostic Criteria 7-4 75 Variants of Urothelial Carcinoma in Situ 7-9 76 Differential Diagnosis 7-31 77 Diagnostic and Predictive Biomarkers 7-34 78 Prognosis 7-37 79 Molecular Characteristics 7-40 References 7-42 81 Epidemiology [books.google.com]

Immunohistochemistry showed positive signals of cyclooxygenase-2 in the epithelium of pretreatment specimens, suggesting the pathophysiological role of cyclooxygenase-2 in cystitis glandularis. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Rheumatoid Arthritis Medication Aravani Pundai Nakkum Atrial Fibrillation Pathophysiology Pulmonary Vein Flow Mitral Regurgitation Dosage Formula For Pediatric Medication Administration Nausea And Dizziness After Eating Sweets Hay Fever Tablets Pregnant [armaoverthrow.com]

[…] common: 60% of normal bladders at autopsy (J Urol 1979;122:317) Can occur in males and females at any age (Arch Pathol Lab Med 2012;136:721) Sites Bladder; neck and trigone are most common sites Also ureters (ureteritis) and renal pelvis (pyelitis) Pathophysiology [pathologyoutlines.com]

In a revision of 1000 biopsies, performed to investigate bladder cancer, the authors found EC in only 1,7%. 7 The etiology and pathophysiology of EC is not well understood. [ispub.com]

Pathogenesis and etiology At the moment, the etiology and pathophysiology of CG remain unknown. [jxym.amegroups.com]

What can I do to help prevent cystitis? Unfortunately there is no evidence that any lifestyle changes really help to prevent cystitis. [patient.info]

Building healthy eating habit and prevent cystitis glandular Eat more diuretic food, such as water melon, grape, pineapple, celery, pear, etc. [99eyao.com]

Stasis of urine flow allows entry of pathogens into the urinary tract and also hinders the natural preventive mechanism by which urine flushes away the pathogens and prevents colonisation in the urinary tract. [1] [5] [6] [7] Recurrent/Chronic cystitis [wikidoc.org]

There are treatments that can cure bacterial cystitis (UTI), including preventative measures, self help and medication. Diet and Nutrition also plays an important role for sufferers and will help to keep your immune system up to strength. [bladderhealthuk.org]

1. YI X, LU H, WU Y, et al. Cystitis glandularis: A controversial premalignant lesion. Oncol Lett. 2014;8(4):1662-1664.
2. Wong-You-Cheong JJ1, Woodward PJ, Manning MA, Davis CJ. From the archives of the AFIP: Inflammatory and nonneoplastic bladder masses: radiologic-pathologic correlation. Radiographics. 2006;26(6):1847-1868.
3. Capozza N, Collura G, Nappo S, de Dominicis M, Francalanci P, Caione P. Cystitis glandularis in children. BJU Int. 2005;95:411–413.
4. Michajłowski J, Matuszewski M, Kłącz J, Gibas A, Biernat W, Krajka K. Acute urinary retention in a patient with extended cystitis glandularis. Cent European J Urol. 2011;64(2):94-96.
5. Yuksel OH, Urkmez A, Erdogru T, Verit A. The role of steroid treatment in intractable cystitis glandularis: A case report and literature review. Can Urol Assoc J. 2015;9(5-6):E306-E309.
6. Li A, Liu S, Lu H, et al. Clinical character of cystitis glandularis accompanied with upper urinary tract obstruction. Can Urol Assoc J. 2013;7(11-12):E708-E710.