Presentation
In addition, at least one of the first two symptoms listed below must be present; at least five or more of all the symptoms listed must be present. [verywellmind.com]
Mixed episodes tend to be severe when they occur; psychotic symptoms such as hallucinations and delusions, and suicidal thinking are frequently present. [mentalhelp.net]
Also present is some combination of altered appetite, weight, or sleep patterns, psychomotor agitation or retardation, difficulty thinking or concentrating, lack of energy and fatigue, feelings of worthlessness, self-reproach, or inappropriate guilt, [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]
During this period, symptoms may vary in severity but are always present. Approximately 1.5 percent of adults in the U.S. may experience persistent depressive disorder in any one year. [medicalnewstoday.com]
[…] and then adults, symptom presentation becomes more consistent with the DSM-5 criteria ( Table 1 ). [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
Entire Body System
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Fatigue
Fatigue. Fatigue and loss of energy that is more than normal and can’t be explained simply by lack of sleep or low quality sleep. Excessive guilt. Feelings of deep guilt and shame, a feeling of being worthless. Impaired thinking. [bridgestorecovery.com]
Sleeping too little can accentuate depression symptoms like irritability and mental fatigue. Stay connected. Loneliness can worsen depression. Try to get out with friends, or connect with them by phone or computer. Eat well. [healthline.com]
Also present is some combination of altered appetite, weight, or sleep patterns, psychomotor agitation or retardation, difficulty thinking or concentrating, lack of energy and fatigue, feelings of worthlessness, self-reproach, or inappropriate guilt, [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]
Constant complaints of fatigue and low energy Thoughts of the affected person's worthlessness, guilt or shame plague him or her Concentration becomes more difficult to achieve than before Thoughts of the desirability of death and suicide People experiencing [mentalhelp.net]
Share on Pinterest Symptoms of a depressive episode may include anxiety, frustration, feeling hopeless, fatigue, and a loss of interest in things once enjoyed. [medicalnewstoday.com]
Treatment
It is essential to speak to a doctor who can make a diagnosis and recommend treatments. Research suggests that tailoring early treatment to the individual offers the best possible outcomes. A therapist. [medicalnewstoday.com]
Research finds that combining antidepressants with therapy works better than either treatment alone. There are several different kinds of therapy for depression. [healthline.com]
Symptom severity predicts the initial mode of treatment ranging from psychotherapy to medications to combination treatment. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
[…] priorities, perceptions of treatment adequacy, and communication of treatment goals. [frontiersin.org]
Prognosis
Thus, when they do occur together, the depressive symptoms and functional impairment tend to be more severe and the prognosis is worse compared with bereavement that is not accompanied by major depressive disorder. [psychcentral.com]
Conversely, individuals with schizophrenia can become depressed when they realize the stigma surrounding their illness, the poor prognosis, and loss of function. [psycom.net]
Comorbidity of migraine and depression: Investigating potential etiology and prognosis. Neurology 60, 1308 – 1312 ( 2003 ). 21. Hyde, C.L. et al. [biorxiv.org]
Etiology
Comorbidity of migraine and depression: Investigating potential etiology and prognosis. Neurology 60, 1308 – 1312 ( 2003 ). 21. Hyde, C.L. et al. [biorxiv.org]
Childhood depression: Epidemiology, etiological models, and treatment implications. Integr Psychiatry. 1988. 6:1-8. Lewinsohn PM, Hops H, Roberts RE, Seeley JR, Andrews JA. Adolescent psychopathology: I. [medscape.com]
Epidemiology
METHOD: The Netherlands Mental Health Survey and Incidence Study is a prospective epidemiological survey in the adult population (n 7076), using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
Epidemiology and heritability of major depressive disorder, stratified by age of onset, sex, and illness course in generation scotland: scottish family health study (GS:SFHS ). PLoS ONE 10, e0142197 ( 2015 ). 41. 42. [biorxiv.org]
Childhood depression: Epidemiology, etiological models, and treatment implications. Integr Psychiatry. 1988. 6:1-8. Lewinsohn PM, Hops H, Roberts RE, Seeley JR, Andrews JA. Adolescent psychopathology: I. [medscape.com]
[…] study by Marando et al. ( 11 ) in patients with MDD and comorbid human immunodeficiency virus reported similar remarkable differences between patients’ observations of depressive symptoms and physician assessment: using the self-reported Center for Epidemiological [frontiersin.org]
Pathophysiology
Several regions of the brain, including the hippocampus, are negatively implicated in the pathophysiology MDD. [frontiersin.org]
The relationship of depression and diabetes: Pathophysiological and treatment implications. Psychoneuroendocrinology 36, 1276 – 1286 ( 2011 ). 36. Das, S. et al. Next-generation genotype imputation service and methods. [biorxiv.org]
The role of dopamine in the pathophysiology of depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2007 Mar. 64(3):327-37. [Medline]. Alexopoulos GS. Depression in the elderly. Lancet. 2005 Jun 4-10. 365(9475):1961-70. [Medline]. [medscape.com]
Prevention
Helpful numbers in U.S. include: National Suicide Prevention Lifeline : 1800-273-8255 (1800-273-TALK) Crisis Text Line : Text HOME to 741741 Local Samaritans branch 911 Support groups and helplines similar to these are also available in other countries [medicalnewstoday.com]
Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for Depression in Adults. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Available at . January 26, 2016; Accessed: January 27, 2016. Mitchell AJ, Coyne JC. [medscape.com]
Full Title: A RANDOMIZED, DOUBLE-BLIND, PLACEBOCONTROLLED, FLEXIBLE-DOSE, PARALLEL-GROUP STUDY OF LURASIDONE ADJUNCTIVE TO LITHIUM OR DIVALPROEX FOR THE PREVENTION OF RECURRENCE IN SUBJECTS WITH BIPOLAR I DISO... [clinicaltrialsregister.eu]
[…] educational, occupational, and social functioning. 2 Up to one third of adolescents who present to their primary care physician may present with an emotional disturbance, and 14% may screen positive for depression. 8 The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]