In addition, at least one of the first two symptoms listed below must be present; at least five or more of all the symptoms listed must be present. [verywellmind.com]

Mixed episodes tend to be severe when they occur; psychotic symptoms such as hallucinations and delusions, and suicidal thinking are frequently present. [mentalhelp.net]

[…] and then adults, symptom presentation becomes more consistent with the DSM-5 criteria ( Table 1 ). [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

[…] symptoms must be present for at least 2 weeks and represent a change from the patient's normal behavior. [1] Depressed mood and loss of interest (anhedonia) [ edit ] Either depressed mood or a loss of interest or pleasure must be present for the diagnosis [en.wikipedia.org]

Suicidal thoughts and acts are common and a number of "somatic" symptoms are usually present. [mkb-dijagnoza.blogspot.com]

• Fatigue

  Fatigue. Fatigue and loss of energy that is more than normal and can’t be explained simply by lack of sleep or low quality sleep. Excessive guilt. Feelings of deep guilt and shame, a feeling of being worthless. Impaired thinking. [bridgestorecovery.com]

  Sleeping too little can accentuate depression symptoms like irritability and mental fatigue. Stay connected. Loneliness can worsen depression. Try to get out with friends, or connect with them by phone or computer. Eat well. [healthline.com]

  Also present is some combination of altered appetite, weight, or sleep patterns, psychomotor agitation or retardation, difficulty thinking or concentrating, lack of energy and fatigue, feelings of worthlessness, self-reproach, or inappropriate guilt, [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]

  Constant complaints of fatigue and low energy Thoughts of the affected person's worthlessness, guilt or shame plague him or her Concentration becomes more difficult to achieve than before Thoughts of the desirability of death and suicide People experiencing [mentalhelp.net]

  Share on Pinterest Symptoms of a depressive episode may include anxiety, frustration, feeling hopeless, fatigue, and a loss of interest in things once enjoyed. [medicalnewstoday.com]

• Disability

  Please enable JS and disable any ad blocker [psycom.net]

  Depression is the leading cause of disability around the world, according to the WHO. In the U.S., the Social Security Administration considers depressive, bipolar, and related disorders to be disabilities. [medicalnewstoday.com]

  It may be quite severe and even disabling. Feelings of worthlessness and/or feelings of guilt that are excessive or not related to anything a person who isn't depressed would feel guilty about. [verywellmind.com]

• Weight Gain

  Weight changes. Significant loss of weight or weight gain that is not intentional but is triggered by overeating or loss of appetite. Sleep changes. Either excessive sleep or insomnia and difficulty sleeping. Agitation or retardation. [bridgestorecovery.com]

  Markedly diminished interest or pleasure in all, or almost all, activities every day, such as no interest in hobbies, sports, or other things the person used to enjoy doing Significant weight loss when not dieting or weight gain (e.g., a change of more [psychcentral.com]

  Significant weight loss when not dieting or weight gain. Inability to sleep or oversleeping nearly every day. Psychomotor agitation or retardation nearly every day. Fatigue or loss of energy nearly every day. [depression.org]

  […] loss or increased cravings for food and weight gain Anxiety, agitation or restlessness Slowed thinking, speaking or body movements Feelings of worthlessness or guilt, fixating on past failures or self-blame Trouble thinking, concentrating, making decisions [mayoclinic.org]

  Physical symptoms may include breast tenderness or swelling, joint or muscle pain, a sensation of “bloating,” or weight gain. These symptoms begin a week to 10 days before the start of menstruation and improve or stop around the onset of menses. [psychiatry.org]

• Nausea

  diarrhea, and sexual dysfunction Serotinin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors ( duloxetine, venlafaxine, desvenlafaxine ): major side effects include nausea, diarrhea, increased heart rate, increased blood pressure, and tremor Tricyclic antidepressants [en.wikipedia.org]

  A person may experience: nausea constipation diarrhea low blood sugar weight loss or weight gain a rash sexual dysfunction Find out more about the possible side effects of antidepressants here. [medicalnewstoday.com]

  Side effects include headaches, nausea, muscle aches and soreness, and confusion or disorientation. [healthline.com]

• Psychomotor Retardation

  In other words, it’s not normal for the symptoms of bereavement to induce significant functional impairment, morbid preoccupation with worthlessness, suicidal thoughts, psychotic symptoms, or psychomotor retardation (a slowing of a person’s physical movements [psychcentral.com]

  Unusual agitation or restlessness OR being sluggish and hesitant and/or confused in speech nearly every day ( psychomotor agitation or psychomotor retardation ). Fatigue or loss of energy almost every day. [verywellmind.com]

  retardation, agitation, loss of appetite, weight loss, and loss of libido. [mkb-dijagnoza.blogspot.com]

  […] agitation ) or be very lethargic ( psychomotor retardation ). [1] Psychomotor agitation is marked by an increase in body activity which may result in restlessness, an inability to sit still, pacing, hand wringing, or fidgeting with clothes or objects [en.wikipedia.org]

• Agitation

  (No conscious dieting is occurring) Sleep changes (either sleeping more or less than normal) Psychomotor (e.g., body) agitation or retardation; either can't sit still, or can hardly move. [mentalhelp.net]

  Agitation or retardation. Agitated and restless expression or slowed down affect that is notable to anyone observing. Fatigue. Fatigue and loss of energy that is more than normal and can’t be explained simply by lack of sleep or low quality sleep. [bridgestorecovery.com]

  Unusual agitation or restlessness OR being sluggish and hesitant and/or confused in speech nearly every day ( psychomotor agitation or psychomotor retardation ). Fatigue or loss of energy almost every day. [verywellmind.com]

  Also present is some combination of altered appetite, weight, or sleep patterns, psychomotor agitation or retardation, difficulty thinking or concentrating, lack of energy and fatigue, feelings of worthlessness, self-reproach, or inappropriate guilt, [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]

  Insomnia (inability to get to sleep or difficulty staying asleep) or hypersomnia (sleeping too much) nearly every day More days than not, problems with sitting still, including constant restlessness, pacing, or picking at one’s cloths (called psychomtotor agitation [psychcentral.com]

• Stupor

  Mania with: · mood-congruent psychotic symptoms · mood-incongruent psychotic symptoms Manic stupor F30.8 Other manic episodes Latin: Episodia maniaca alia F30.9 Manic episode, unspecified Latin: Episodium maniacum, non specificatum Mania NOS F31 Bipolar [mkb-dijagnoza.blogspot.com]

• Tremor

  […] delays or arrythmias Monoamine oxidase inhibitors ( isocarboxazid, phenelzine, selegiline ): major side effects include high blood pressure (emergency) if eaten with foods rich in tyramine (e.g. cheeses, some meats, and home-brewed beer), sedation, tremor [en.wikipedia.org]

[…] settings or in other important areas in order to qualify as an episode. [2] The symptoms are not due to the direct physiological effects of a substance (e.g., abuse of a drug or medication) or a general medical condition (e.g., hypothyroidism ). [2] Workup [en.wikipedia.org]

[…] as treatment “responders”. [dovepress.com]

[…] alternative treatment that has been proven to be effective in the treatment of depression, especially people that have been resistant to four or more treatments. [16] Some of the unique benefits of vagus nerve stimulation include improved neurocognitive [en.wikipedia.org]

Symptom severity predicts the initial mode of treatment ranging from psychotherapy to medications to combination treatment. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

The medication used in the treatment of bipolar affective disorder may last several years as so-called maintenance treatment. [mieli.fi]

Many people experiencing depression recover after a treatment plan. Even with effective treatment, however, a relapse may occur. About half of people do not initially respond to treatment. [medicalnewstoday.com]

Thus, when they do occur together, the depressive symptoms and functional impairment tend to be more severe and the prognosis is worse compared with bereavement that is not accompanied by major depressive disorder. [psychcentral.com]

Conversely, individuals with schizophrenia can become depressed when they realize the stigma surrounding their illness, the poor prognosis, and loss of function. [psycom.net]

Transcranial magnetic stimulation is also an alternative treatment for a major depressive episode. [16] It is a noninvasive treatment that is easily tolerated and shows an antidepressant effect, especially in more typical depression and younger adults. [16] Prognosis [en.wikipedia.org]

Comorbidity of migraine and depression: Investigating potential etiology and prognosis. Neurology 60, 1308 – 1312 ( 2003 ). 21. ↵ Hyde, C.L. et al. [biorxiv.org]

Depressive psychosis: clinical usefulness of MR spectroscopy data in predicting prognosis. Radiology. 2006;238(1):248–255. 53. de Diego-Adelino J, Portella MJ, Gomez-Anson B, et al. [dovepress.com]

Physician Burnout: Definition, Controversies and Etiology The last episode waded into the murky waters of graduate business education. [fahyconsulting.com]

Comorbidity of migraine and depression: Investigating potential etiology and prognosis. Neurology 60, 1308 – 1312 ( 2003 ). 21. ↵ Hyde, C.L. et al. [biorxiv.org]

Childhood depression: Epidemiology, etiological models, and treatment implications. Integr Psychiatry. 1988. 6:1-8. Lewinsohn PM, Hops H, Roberts RE, Seeley JR, Andrews JA. Adolescent psychopathology: I. [medscape.com]

Global variation in the prevalence and incidence of major depressive disorder: A systematic review of the epidemiological literature. [ourworldindata.org]

METHOD: The Netherlands Mental Health Survey and Incidence Study is a prospective epidemiological survey in the adult population (n=7076), using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Julkaisuja Attempted suicide and psychiatric consultation Suicide in alcohol-dependent individuals: epidemiology and Life events, social support, and onset of major depressive episode Level of suicidal intent predicts overall mortality and suicide Completed [demo.seco.tkk.fi]

Epidemiology and heritability of major depressive disorder, stratified by age of onset, sex, and illness course in generation scotland: scottish family health study (GS:SFHS ). [biorxiv.org]

"Epidemiology of Childhood and Adult Mental Illness". Neurologic Clinics. 34 (4): 1023–1033. doi : 10.1016/j.ncl.2016.06.010. ISSN 0733-8619. PMID 27719986. ^ Shalev, A; Freedman, S; Peri, T; Brandes, D; Sahar, T; Orr, SP; Pitman, RK (May 1998). [en.wikipedia.org]

Several regions of the brain, including the hippocampus, are negatively implicated in the pathophysiology MDD. [frontiersin.org]

"PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF DEPRESSION: DO WE HAVE ANY SOLID EVIDENCE OF INTEREST TO CLINICIANS?". World Psychiatry. 9 (3): 155–161. doi : 10.1002/j.2051-5545.2010.tb00298.x. ISSN 1723-8617. PMC 2950973. [en.wikipedia.org]

The relationship of depression and diabetes: Pathophysiological and treatment implications. Psychoneuroendocrinology 36, 1276 – 1286 ( 2011 ). 36. ↵ Das, S. et al. Next-generation genotype imputation service and methods. [biorxiv.org]

[…] changes, such as in N-acetyl aspartate (NAA), choline, myo-inositol, and creatine (Cr), and may affect glutamate regulation.15 Neurobiological alterations, particularly on the left side of the amygdala and DLPFC, are considered to be related to the pathophysiology [dovepress.com]

The role of dopamine in the pathophysiology of depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2007 Mar. 64(3):327-37. [Medline]. Alexopoulos GS. Depression in the elderly. Lancet. 2005 Jun 4-10. 365(9475):1961-70. [Medline]. [medscape.com]

Excessive stress and sleep deprivation should be avoided in order to prevent the episodes from developing. [mieli.fi]

There's no sure way to prevent depression. [mayoclinic.org]

To prevent relapse, people who take medication for depression should continue with treatment — even after symptoms improve or go away — for as long as their doctor advises. Find tips to help prevent depression from returning here. [medicalnewstoday.com]

New York: Guilford Press; 2002: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control. Web-based Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System (WISQARS). Available at http://www.cdc.gov/ncipc/wisqars. [medscape.com]