Page and time limitations oblige the authors to present only the essence of their material. Pediatric neurosurgery is an example of a specialty that has devel oped during the past 15 years. [link.springer.com]

Loss of acquired skills in early childhood is present and natural disease course can be lethal in early childhood. Visit the Orphanet disease page for more resources. [malacards.org]

He receives language training and physical therapy at present. [bmcmedgenet.biomedcentral.com]

Nonfebrile seizures may also be present. [hindawi.com]

Microcephaly may occur along with changes on brain MRI, and dysphagia or other feeding difficulties may be present. [ggc.org]

• Global Developmental Delay

  Related phenotypes are intellectual disability and global developmental delay Disease Ontology : 12 An early infantile epileptic encephalopathy that has material basis in heterozygous mutation in the GABRA1 gene on chromosome 5q34. [malacards.org]

  Individuals with a history of seizures and global developmental delay, but insufficient information to identify a specific phenotype, are designated as “unclassified developmental and epileptic encephalopathy.” [ng.neurology.org]

  Showing of 51 | Medical Terms Other Names Learn More: HPO ID 80%-99% of people have these symptoms Global developmental delay 0001263 Intellectual disability Mental deficiency Mental retardation Mental retardation, nonspecific Mental-retardation [ more [rarediseases.info.nih.gov]

We identified 26 patients with Infantile Epileptic Encephalopathy (IEE) of unknown etiology despite extensive workup and without any specific epilepsy syndromic phenotypes. [journals.plos.org]

Diagnostic workup In early myoclonic encephalopathy, EEG is characterized by a "burst-suppression" pattern with bursts of spikes, sharp waves, and slow waves, which are irregularly intermingled and separated by periods of electrical silence. [intechopen.com]

An EEG is an essential part of the workup for LGS. Neuroimaging is an important part of the search for an underlying etiology. LGS can be classified according to its suspected etiology as either idiopathic or symptomatic. [hindawi.com]

• Generalized Spike-Wave Discharges

  Three patients had abnormal EEG with generalized spike-wave discharges or focal discharges. Brain MRI of 1 patient showed a calcified ependymal nodule in the left lateral ventricle. None had a family history of the disorder. [omim.org]

  Thus, EEG demonstrates primarily burst-suppression patterns in the neonatal period, hypsarrhythmia in infancy, and slow generalized spike-wave discharges (GSWDs) in early childhood. [hindawi.com]

Treatment Antiseizure drugs are used to control seizures, but are unfortunately not usually very effective for this disorder. [ninds.nih.gov]

Evidence suggests that affected children can have a favorable response to treatment with uridine (summary by Koch et al., 2017). [malacards.org]

Many children with epilepsy experience seizures which respond well to treatment. [childrenshospital.org]

Neuropsychological assessments should be performed in order to gauge developmental progress and the effect of treatments over time. [emedicine.medscape.com]

Definition Treatment Prognosis Clinical Trials Organizations Publications Definition Ohtahara syndrome is an uncommon type of epilepsy characterized by hard to control seizures and developmental delays. [ninds.nih.gov]

Prognosis The prognosis is related to the underlying disorder. The severity of developmental impairment varies with the type of epilepsy. Early infantile epileptic encephalopathy (Ohtahara syndrome) The prognosis is very poor. [emedicine.medscape.com]

Prognosis Children have a poor prognosis, experiencing developmental regression, and eventual severe mental retardation. [intechopen.com]

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot : 73 Epileptic encephalopathy, early infantile, 35: A form of epileptic encephalopathy, a heterogeneous group of severe childhood onset epilepsies characterized by refractory seizures, neurodevelopmental impairment, and poor prognosis [malacards.org]

Structural brain etiologies Genetic etiologies (STXBP1, SLC25A22, CDKL5, ARX, SPTAN1, PCDH19, KCNQ2, SCN2A and others) Metabolic etiologies (mitochondrial disorders, non-ketotic hyperglyinemia, pyridoxine/pyridoxal-5-phosphate disorders, carnitine palmitoyl [epilepsydiagnosis.org]

The developmental prognosis partially depends on the etiology. When classified by etiology, normal development was described in 51% of cryptogenic cases versus only 6% of symptomatic cases. [emedicine.medscape.com]

Etiology No clear etiology is found in approximately 40% of cases (Hrachovy, 2008 & Vigevano, 1992). [intechopen.com]

The etiology is diverse. [hindawi.com]

In epilepsy, copy number variations (CNVs) have been identified as an underlying etiology in some cases of generalized epilepsy with intellectual disability; focal epilepsies; juvenile myoclonic epilepsy; and epileptic encephalopathies. [connect.springerpub.com]

The descriptive epidemiology of infantile spasms among Atlanta children. Epilepsia. 1999; 40(6):748-51. PMID: 10368073 Baxter, P. Epidemiology of pyridoxine dependent and pyridoxine responsive seizures in the UK. Arch. Dis. Child. 1999; 81(5):431-3. [invitae.com]

Epidemiology EIEE was first identified in 1978. I t affects 1 to 1.6 in 100,000 individuals worldwide and is considered a very rare condition. This number includes types of spasms other than those seen in EIEE. [news-medical.net]

Epidemiology of epilepsy in childhood: a cohort of 440 consecutive patients. Pediatr Neurol. 1998 Jan. 18(1):46-50. [Medline]. Aicardi J, Ohtahara S. Severe neonatal epilepsies with suppression-burst pattern. [emedicine.medscape.com]

Epidemiology Early myoclonic encephalopathy is very rare. [intechopen.com]

[…] due to strain from seizure activity, pneumonia or other complications from motor disabilities.[8] Prospects of recovering from OS after hemispherectomy surgery has been shown to be favorable, with patients experiencing "catch up" in development.[29] Epidemiology [en.wikipedia.org]

Pathophysiology The underlying mechanisms of these disorders are still poorly understood. [intechopen.com]

[…] malformations such as hemimegalencephaly, porencephaly, Aicardi syndrome, olivary-dentate dysplasia, agenesis of mamillary bodies, linear sebaceous nevus syndrome, cerebral dysgenesis, and focal cortical dysplasia have been noted as suspect causes.[9] Pathophysiology [en.wikipedia.org]

Pathophysiology The epileptic encephalopathies are a group of age-specific epilepsy syndromes of diverse etiologies that share the potential for causing significant cognitive impairment. [emedicine.medscape.com]

“We can now identify the genetic cause of EIEE and select medications best suited to each patient to decrease the frequency of seizures earlier and hopefully prevent developmental delays.” [drugtargetreview.com]

It is also possible that understanding the genetic basis of early-onset epilepsies may in some instances make it possible to prevent it from occurring in the future. [childrenshospital.org]

[…] treatment for abnormal muscle tone, stomach or lung problems.[7] A ketogenic diet may be suggested for reduction of symptoms.[2] Should the child survive past the age of three, vagus nerve stimulation could be considered.[2] No recent findings allude to preventive [en.wikipedia.org]

Prevention No information is available. Genetic counseling might be helpful. 6.6. [intechopen.com]