Although dextrocardia does not necessarily lead to the appearance of symptoms and dysfunction, some individuals may start to experience shortness of breath, cyanosis (lips and skin), fatigue and a hindered growth. In cases where dextrocardia is isolated, the heart is located on the right side of the thoracic cavity and other cardiac irregularities may be present as well, such as a septal defect, pulmonary hypoplasia, etc [4]. Another type of dextrocardia, dextrocardia with situs inversus, involves the misplacement not only of the heart but of the rest of the viscera as well - the heart is a mirror image of a normal heart and the lungs, diaphragm and other internal organs are mirrored as well. If all of the organs are mirrored, the condition is referred to as dextrocardia with situs inversus totalis.

In general, situs inversus implies the mirror-like reversion of the internal organs in the body and can either accompany a normal heart, or a heart with dextrocardia [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12]. In general, the term dextrocardia means that the cardiac apex is directed to the right when a child is born, but provides no other information concerning the location and arrangement of the atria or ventricles. Situs inversus more frequently occurs when a person is born with a cardiac apex directed to the right [13]; individuals born with levocardia (left orientation of the apex) and situs inversus most often exhibit congenital heart disease as well [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20].

People born with dextrocardia often have their great arteries in a reversed position as well.

• Infertility

  This results in male infertility. As stated above, situs inversus is what sets Kartagener syndrome apart from primary ciliary dyskinesia. [web.archive.org]

  Kartagener syndrome may also be present in patients with dextrocardia but this must be in the setting of situs inversus and may include male infertility. [4] Diagnosis [ edit ] Medical diagnosis of the two forms of congenital dextrocardia can be made [en.wikipedia.org]

• Congestive Heart Failure

  Atrioventricular (AV) nodal ablation and cardiac pacing is the standard of care in refractory congestive heart failure (CHF) due to AF with moderate to rapid ventricular response that failed conventional medical therapy. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Extensive coverage of special problems, including congestive heart failure and syncope, helps you select the best approaches for your patients. A compact, portable size facilitates easy reference in the busy clinical setting. [books.google.de]

  These conditions can lead to: Congestive heart failure Infertility (in males with Kartagener syndrome) Intestinal blockages Respiratory failure Severe or repeated infections Death Living with Dextrocardia Children with dextrocardia who have no other congenital [hopkinsmedicine.org]

  Complications include: Bacteria in the blood (septic shock) Blocked intestines (due to a condition called intestinal malrotation) Congestive heart failure Death Infection (heterotaxy with no spleen) Infertility in males (Kartagener syndrome) Repeated [indiatoday.in]

• Pulmonary Valve Stenosis

  valve stenosis and anomalies of venous return. [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]

• Dyspnea

  A 21-year-old female who was referred to our department because of progressive dyspnea on effort and at rest and minimal cyanosis is presented in this case report. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Case Report The patient is a 67-year-old male with a history of dextrocardia situs inversus, severe aortic stenosis, and atrial fibrillation who presented with dyspnea and orthopnea. [imedpub.com]

  A 40-year-old female presented with complaints of dyspnea and palpitation on exertion since 1 month prior to admission, which had been insidious in onset and progressive. There was no history of orthopnea or paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea. [heartviews.org]

  Case Report A 51-years- old man was admitted in our department with symptoms of exertional and non exertional dyspnea, palpitation, light headedness, orthopnea, giddiness and lethargy. [aclr.com.es]

  Case Report A 66-year-old male patient presented to our clinic with complaints of palpitation and dyspnea. His anamnesis was unremarkable and there was no surgical history. [ispub.com]

• Respiratory Distress

  We described a 44-day-old male child with right pulmonary agenesis presented to us with severe respiratory distress. He was misdiagnosed as a case of foreign body bronchus at emergency room according chest X-ray. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  The child was started on cup feeding, which the child tolerated well initially, but on 4 th day baby developed respiratory distress and cardiac failure, the condition deteriorated rapidly and baby expired within 5 h of symptoms. [jcnonweb.com]

  distress; chronic, persistent lower respiratory symptoms (early onset and persistent wet cough); chronic, persistent upper respiratory symptoms (nasal congestion and otitis media), and a laterality defect (situs inversus or ambiguous). [emedicine.medscape.com]

  Presentation [ 1 ] History Neonatal respiratory distress may occur [ 7 ]. Upper respiratory symptoms may include: chronic rhinorrhoea from early childhood, reduced sense of smell and chronic rhinitis. Recurrent otitis media may occur. [patient.info]

• Orthopnea

  Case Report The patient is a 67-year-old male with a history of dextrocardia situs inversus, severe aortic stenosis, and atrial fibrillation who presented with dyspnea and orthopnea. [imedpub.com]

  Physical examination revealed orthopnea, cyanosis, apical impulse located on the right side of his chest, and hepatic dullness located in the left subcostal region. A 12-lead ECG is shown in Figure 1. [circ.ahajournals.org]

  There was no history of orthopnea or paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea. There was a history of occasional retrosternal chest pain, nonradiating and anginal in character. [heartviews.org]

  Case Report A 51-years- old man was admitted in our department with symptoms of exertional and non exertional dyspnea, palpitation, light headedness, orthopnea, giddiness and lethargy. [aclr.com.es]

• Failure to Thrive

  Noncardiac clinical signs of cyanotic congenital heart disease in babies also include failure to thrive, aspiration and poor feeding, irritability and developmental delay. [cardiologytoday.com.au]

  Complications Failure to thrive Respiratory failure Congestive heart failure Severe infections, especially from encapsulated organisms. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  In 1952, Scragg and Denny reported the first documented case of TOF with situs inversus, [3] in a 2½-year-old girl who presented with prolonged cough, failure to thrive, marked cyanosis, and clubbing in the presence of unrepaired TOF. [heartindia.net]

  Situs inversus totalis may have an associated complaint of recurrent sinus and chest infection with bronchiectasis known as kartagener syndrome. [14] Overtime they may present with failure to thrive. [nigjcardiol.org]

• Choking

  ECG Challenge A 29-year-old male presented to the cardiology department with a 2-day history of aggravating choking sensation in the chest and symptoms of heart failure. He had a history of congenital heart disease diagnosed at 2 years of age. [circ.ahajournals.org]

  There was no history of force feeding or choking while feeding and no cyanosis. On examination, he was acutely ill looking in respiratory distress with exfoliated skin. [nigjcardiol.org]

• Jaundice

  Conditions that may include dextrocardia may cause the following symptoms: Bluish skin Difficulty breathing Failure to grow and gain weight Fatigue Jaundice (yellow skin and eyes) Pale skin (pallor) Repeated sinus or lung infections A complete mirror [nlm.nih.gov]

  Conditions that may include dextrocardia may cause the following symptoms: Bluish skin Difficulty breathing Failure to grow and gain weight Fatigue Jaundice (yellow skin and eyes) Pale skin (pallor) Repeated sinus or lung infections Exams and Tests There [indiatoday.in]

  Conditions that may include dextrocardia may cause the following symptoms: Bluish skin Difficulty breathing Failure to grow and gain weight Fatigue Jaundice (yellow skin and eyes) Pale skin (pallor) Repeated sinus or lung infections Exams and Tests The [trihealth.adam.com]

• Heart Disease

  We report herein for the first time, a case of fetal dextrocardia and situs solitus with complex congenital heart disease in which the FINE method was invaluable in diagnosing multiple abnormalities and defining complex anatomic relationships. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Dextrocardia complicated by acquired organic heart disease must be rare. [annals.org]

  Session Title: FIT Clinical Decision Making: Pulmonary Hypertension, VTE, Congenital Heart Disease and Prevention Abstract Category: Congenital Heart Disease Presentation Number: 1241-136 2018 American College of Cardiology Foundation [onlinejacc.org]

• Heart Failure

  Atrioventricular (AV) nodal ablation and cardiac pacing is the standard of care in refractory congestive heart failure (CHF) due to AF with moderate to rapid ventricular response that failed conventional medical therapy. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Extensive coverage of special problems, including congestive heart failure and syncope, helps you select the best approaches for your patients. A compact, portable size facilitates easy reference in the busy clinical setting. [books.google.de]

  Dextrocardia can be associated with other congenital cardiac anomalies or it can be an isolated finding with normal life expectancy. 2, 5 These patients are increasingly surviving into adulthood and may present with heart failure. [innovationsincrm.com]

• Cyanosis

  Physical examination revealed orthopnea, cyanosis, apical impulse located on the right side of his chest, and hepatic dullness located in the left subcostal region. A 12-lead ECG is shown in Figure 1. [circ.ahajournals.org]

  A 21-year-old female who was referred to our department because of progressive dyspnea on effort and at rest and minimal cyanosis is presented in this case report. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Dextrocardia and situs inversus with associated congenital cardiac anomaly (atrial septal defect), without cyanosis at the present time. 2. [annals.org]

• Tachycardia

  BACKGROUND Poorly controlled ventricular rate associated with atrial fibrillation (AF) leads to tachycardia-induced left ventricular dysfunction. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Noncardiac clinical signs of cyanotic congenital heart disease in adults include tachycardia, tachypnoea, cyanosis, fatigue and dyspnoea on minimal exertion, peripheral oedema from congestive cardiac failure, hypotension, poor peripheral pulses and clubbing [cardiologytoday.com.au]

  […] lez-Cordero A...Franqui-Rivera H 2019 8 Catheter ablation of supraventricular tachycardia in patients with dextrocardia and situs inversus. ( 30661266 ) Zhou GB...Ouyang FF 2019 9 Coronary angioplasty in an adult with dextrocardia and single coronary [malacards.org]

  ERAD is most often seen when impulses originate in the ventricles as with ventricular tachycardia, or ventricular pacemakers. ERAD may appear with dextrocardia. [paramedicine101.blogspot.com]

• Cardiomegaly

  The chest X-ray demonstrated dextrocardia and mild cardiomegaly. Echocardiographic evaluation revealed Shone's complex, including parachute mitral valve anomaly. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  The chest X-ray may reveal cardiomegaly, respiratory infection, and poorly perfused lung fields. Paradoxical embolization, bacterial endocarditis, brain abscess, and congestive heart failure may occur. [aeronline.org]

  A chest X-ray was done which showed a right-sided cardiac shadow with presence of cardiomegaly. 2D echocardiography revealed dextrocardia, situs inversus, concordant atrio-ventricular (AV) connection, large-size (12 mm) ostium secundum type of atrial [heartviews.org]

  Chest X-ray showed a dextrocardia with cardiomegaly while echocardiography revealed a partial atrioventricular canal defect. He had a normal abdominal ultrasound study. Since diagnosis patient has being followed up in the cardiology clinic. [nigjcardiol.org]

• Suggestibility

  Previous reports suggested that dextrocardia may be part of the left sided Poland syndrome. We report and discuss this rare combination. Copyright © 2012 The Society of Thoracic Surgeons. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  When defibrillating or pacing the patient with dextrocardia, its is suggested that you place the pads opposite of normal showed in the diagram below. It is suggested that traditional pad placement should be mirrored to the right chest. [ecg-educator.blogspot.com]

  […] these conditions can be life-threatening if uncorrected Associations Kartagener syndrome ECG The most prominent abnormality recognized is often the "global inversion" of standard (limb) lead I, with inversion of the P wave, QRS complex, and T wave, suggestive [radiopaedia.org]

A safe method in order to definitively confirm suspicion of dextrocardia, with or without situs inversus, is a computed tomography scan (CT), since it enables the physician to accurately pinpoint the position of the internal organs, the position and alignment of the cardiac apex and various other information. An electrocardiogram can also outline inverted waves, that can raise suspicion of the condition. An ultrasonographic scan or a plain X-ray can also reveal signs possibly associated with dextrocardia, but do not suffice in order to establish a diagnosis [21] [22] [23] [24] [25] [26] Should further information be required after performing a CT scan, a magnetic resonance imaging scan can also be carried out [27] [28] [29] [30] .

• Left Axis Deviation

  In this case, the significant left-axis deviation can be explained by the underlying congenital abnormality, which leads to malposition of the conduction system. [circ.ahajournals.org]

• Left Anterior Fascicular Block

  These ECG findings were consistent with mirror-image dextrocardia accompanied by right ventricular hypertrophy and left anterior fascicular block. [circ.ahajournals.org]

• Inverted P Wave

  An inverted P wave in lead I is a reflection of atrial mirror reversal. [circ.ahajournals.org]

  […] by, last update April 30, 2019 ECG Features of Dextrocardia Right axis deviation Positive QRS complexes (with upright P and T waves) in aVR Lead I: inversion of all complexes, aka ‘global negativity’ (inverted P wave, negative QRS, inverted T wave) Absent [lifeinthefastlane.com]

  ECG Features of Dextrocardia * Right axis deviation (RAD) * Positive QRS complexes (with upright P and T waves) in aVR * Lead I : inversion of all complexes, aka ‘global negativity’ (inverted P wave, negative QRS, inverted T wave) * Absent R-wave progression [ecg-educator.blogspot.com]

  Electrocardiography (ECG) showed inverted p wave in lead I and positive QRS complex (Figure 2 ), positive p wave in lead avR, inverted p wave in avL and reverse progression of R wave in leads V1 to V6 (Figure 3 ); ECG tracing with reversed limb leads [jmedicalcasereports.biomedcentral.com]

• Ventricular Hypertrophy

  The differential diagnosis considered was right ventricular hypertrophy. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  These ECG findings were consistent with mirror-image dextrocardia accompanied by right ventricular hypertrophy and left anterior fascicular block. [circ.ahajournals.org]

  The right sided ECG also showed left ventricular hypertrophy using the Sokolow-Lyon criteria (Figure 3). Figure 1. [article.sapub.org]

• Abnormal ECG

  Recognizing the presence of dextrocardia will also help avoid unnecessary workup for an abnormal ECG. [web.archive.org]

Dextrocardia cannot be corrected in itself, since the heart and viscera are located in the opposite positions, in comparison to their normal locations. Patients born with it receive solely symptomatic treatment when their condition interferes with vital functions and leads to health problems; however, the majority of the people born with dextrocardia do not face any symptoms and lead normal and healthy lives.

It is important to bear in mind that, should there be a need for an ECG on a person with dextrocardia, the positions of the leads should be reversed in order to obtain a valid result, in terms of cardiac function. Defibrillation should likewise be conducted with the pads positioned in reverse locations (upper left - lower right). Given that individuals with dextrocardia are often simultaneously affected by other cardiac irregularities, such as septal defects, the latter can also be surgically addressed. Other comorbidities are treated also symptomatically: a malfunctioning spleen or the absence of a spleen, often observed in dextrocardia, render the administration of precautionary antibiotics necessary in some occasions.

In general, many people with dextrocardia lead their lives unaffected by the condition. Severer cases, however, are followed by increased morbidity, surgeries to repair the defect and frequent hospitalizations.

There are five primary types of dextrocardia, which have been outlined following the observation and analysis of fifty cases of the condition. Every case of dextrocardia that is a result of the abnormal growth of the primitive heart tube is termed intrinsic, whereas a cardiac displacement that occurs due to the anomalous positioning of other organs (lungs, diaphragm etc) is termed extrinsic:

• Type I (intrinsic): Otherwise referred to as "mirror-image" dextrocardia, it involves the mirror-like displacement of the heart in such a way, that the right ventricle and atrium is situated to the left of the left ventricle and atrium; the latter are in their normal location.
• Type II (intrinsic): The right ventricle and atrium are positioned to the right of the left chambers, as in every healthy individual. Depending on the degree of dextroversion present (complete, incomplete or mesoversion) the apex of the heart is in an abnormal position. In cases of complete dextroversion, for instance, the apex maintains an anterior position in the right side.
• Type III (intrinsic): In these cases, the atria or ventricles are inverted. The condition is termed "mixed" dextrocardia, since the positioning resembles the one seen in mirror-image dextrocardia or cardioversion.
• Type IV (intrinsic): The fourth type involves a displacement of the heart as an organ.The chambers are all arranged normally, but the organ is placed in the middle of the thorax.
• Type V (extrinsic): The heart is positioned in a different location due to the misplacement of other thoracic structures, which is referred to as situs inversus. Its exact position may vary between an anterior switch (dextroposition, simple) or followed by a rotation as well.

Dextrocardia is a relatively rare condition, with 1 child in every 12,000 live births being born with the condition. There is no ethnic or gender-related predilection [1].

From an embryologic point of view, the heart develops from the primitive heart tube, which is formed after the two endocardial tubes are conjoined. The primitive heart tube lacks mobility and plasticity on both its ends; the middle region is the structure that loops, in order to give shape to the atria, ventricles, sinus venosus, bulbus cordis and truncus arteriosus. The right and left atrium are the first to be formed in an embryo, with their situs being in correspondence to the visceral situs, for this reason, an displacement of the atrium is usually attributed to an anomaly affecting the visceral situs [2].

The bulboventricular region is the part of the primitive heart tube that is curved, in order to produce the aforementioned structures. Its precise direction and bending style is responsible for the potential misplacement of the apex and dextrocardic phenomena. If it is bent in the style of a "D", the cardiac apex is moved from the right side of the thoracic cavity to the left one quite early during gestation. Should the bulboventricular region form the shape of an "L", however, the cardiac apex moves to the left side of the chest. In some cases, the heart's apex does not migrate to the left side of the thorax, even though there is a D-loop, and the resulting condition is known as dextroversion. Quite similarly, an abnormal L-loop of the bulboventricular region also leads to dextrocardia. Large vessels may also accompany a heart that is affected by dextrocardia, alongside other manifestations, including the existence of only one ventricle, atresia of the tricuspid valve, etc [3].

Dextrocardia is a congenital defect and there is no substantial advice concerning its prevention. However, it is believed that, during pregnancy, avoiding drugs such as cocaine and following a correct therapeutic scheme in cases of diabetes mellitus can prevent some cases of dextrocardia. Families can receive genetic counseling if there is a family history of the condition.

Dextrocardia is a congenital defect that affects the heart. It involves the malpositioning of the heart, which, instead of the left hemithorax, is located on the right hemithorax. Cardiac chambers are also malpositioned. The condition typically leads to no severe complications or morbidity. It is important to draw attention to the fact that the alteration in the heart's location induces respective alterations on the morphology of the electrocardiogram, when performed on such a patient. Individuals affected by dextrocardia exhibit the following unique electrocardiographic morphology:

• Negative P wave in lead I
• Negative QRS complex in lead I
• R wave, which is tallest in V1 lead and gradually shortens, with the shortest wave being in v6 lead
• Inverted R wave progression

The aforementioned changes are attributed to the reversed positioning of the cardiac structures. Even though the organ functions normally, in affected individuals depolarization is initiated on the left and is transmitted to the right, since the chambers and atria are located on the opposite of the normal side. A subcategory of dextrocardia is dextrocardia with situs inversus. This condition is characterized not only by the abnormal position of the heart itself, but some or all other viscera (spleen, liver, lungs) are also in a reversed location.

Dextrocardia is a congenital condition. This means that a person cannot develop it during the course of their lives, but it is born with it. Dextrocardia actually means a "right heart": people born with it have their heart in an abnormal position, either on the right side of the trunk, instead of the left, or with the lower frontal part being directed to the right, instead of to the left. Dextrocardia is often accompanied by other abnormalities. Many times it is not the only organ to be positioned in the wrong location, but the rest of the internal organs, such as the lungs, spleen or diaphragm are reversed as well (dextrocardia with situs inversus). The condition is diagnosed with an electrocardiogram, an ultrasonographic scan and a CT scan. Patients most of the times do not need any treatment and experience no symptoms or health problems; in more severe cases, however, surgical treatment, the administration of antibiotics and other measures are taken in order to ensure that the individual can be fully functional.

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