She later presented with another seizure and a blood glucose level of 20 mg/dL. [patientcareonline.com]

References: [1] Etiology Clinical features Symptoms of hypoglycemia normally present at approx. 50 mg/dL (2.8 mmol/L) ; however, this threshold is variable. [amboss.com]

Insulin-dependent hypoglycemia is diagnosed by an inappropriately high serum insulin concentration when symptoms of hypoglycemia are present. [britannica.com]

The present study is aimed at measuring the determinants and predictors of hypoglycaemia among diabetes patients. [endocrine-abstracts.org]

Group 2 drivers need to present a medical report certificating they have good diabetes control, have not had any severe or recurrent hypoglycemia in the last twelve months and there aren't any other diabetes complications. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Weight Loss

  This drug has beneficial effects on glucose metabolism and promotes weight loss or at least weight stabilization. In addition, numerous studies have demonstrated that metformin can reduce mortality and the risk of complications. [amboss.com]

  Symptoms Being excessively thirsty Passing more urine Feeling tired and lethargic Always feeling hungry Having cuts that heal slowly Itching, skin infections Blurred vision Unexplained weight loss Mood swings Headaches Feeling dizzy Leg cramps. [diabetesaustralia.com.au]

  Additional benefits are weight loss (two-thirds of weight loss is related to loss of fat tissue and one-third is related to loss of water) and lower blood pressure. [clevelandclinicmeded.com]

  Much less common causes of hypoglycemia include other drugs, critical illness or organ failure, a reaction to carbohydrates (in susceptible people), an insulin-producing tumor in the pancreas, and some types of bariatric (weight loss) surgery. [msdmanuals.com]

  Symptoms include weight loss, increased hunger and thirst, and problems with eyesight. Without treatment, these symptoms can develop into nerve damage, heart complications, and blindness. [medicalnewstoday.com]

• Fatigue

  Progressive symptoms may appear, such as dry or flushed skin, fatigue, abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting, difficulty breathing, fruity odor on breath, and confusion. [chrisdudley.org]

  A fall in blood glucose causes symptoms such as hunger, sweating, shakiness, fatigue, weakness, and inability to think clearly, whereas severe hypoglycemia causes symptoms such as confusion, seizures, and coma. [msdmanuals.com]

  Hypoglycemia symptoms can include: Shakiness Nervousness or anxiety Sweating, chills, or clamminess Irritability or impatience Dizziness and difficulty concentrating Hunger or nausea Blurred vision Weakness or fatigue Anger, stubbornness, or sadness For [cdc.gov]

  Mild hypoglycemia—for example, blood glucose concentrations less than 55 mg per 100 ml (3 mmol/l)—causes hunger, fatigue, tremour, rapid pulse, and anxiety. [britannica.com]

  Represents around 10 per cent of all cases of diabetes and is one of the most common chronic childhood conditions Onset is usually abrupt and the symptoms obvious Symptoms can include excessive thirst and urination, unexplained weight loss, weakness and fatigue [diabetesaustralia.com.au]

• Pain

  Diarrhea Saxagliptin Joint pain Sitagliptin Diarrhea Joint pain Sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors All sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors can Increase urination Cause dizziness Increase the risk of fungal infections of [msdmanuals.com]

  In other words, if an individual with diabetes is already suffering from pain due to nerve damage, alcohol abuse can dramatically increase the amount of pain that is felt. [drugabuse.com]

  Tell your doctor if you've had symptoms of eye, nerve, kidney, or cardiovascular problems such as: Blurred vision Numbness or tingling in your feet Persistent hand, feet, face, or leg swelling Cramping or pain in the legs Chest pain Shortness of breath [webmd.com]

  Diabetes dramatically increases your risk of various cardiovascular problems, including coronary artery disease with chest pain (angina), heart attack, stroke, narrowing of the arteries (atherosclerosis) and high blood pressure. [mayoclinic.org]

  This produces pain, the loss of sensation, and the inability to control muscles, particularly in the arms or legs. [chegg.com]

• Pallor

  Autonomic symptoms Increased sympathetic activity: tremor, pallor, anxiety, tachycardia, sweating, and palpitations Increased parasympathetic activity: hunger, paresthesias, nausea, and vomiting Neuroglycopenic symptoms Agitation, confusion Behavioral [amboss.com]

  […] severe, signs and symptoms of low blood glucose include: Feeling shaky Being nervous or anxious Sweating, chills and clamminess Irritability or impatience Confusion Fast heartbeat Feeling lightheaded or dizzy Hunger Nausea Color draining from the skin (pallor [diabetes.org]

  ANS: A, B, E Whipple triad is the presence of the symptoms of hypoglycemia (e.g., diaphoresis, pallor, tachycardia), the documentation of low blood glucose levels when symptoms are present, and the improvement of symptoms as the blood glucose level rises [quizlet.com]

  Signs of hypoglycemia • Common signs of hypoglycemia include : 1. diaphoresis and pallor. 2. [slideshare.net]

• Rigor

  Adler GK, Bonyhay I, Failing H et al (2009) Antecedent hypoglycemia impairs autonomic cardiovascular function: implications for rigorous glycemic control. Diabetes 58:360–366 PubMedCentral PubMed CrossRef 20. [springermedizin.de]

  Antecedent hypoglycemia impairs autonomic cardiovascular function: implications for rigorous glycemic control. Diabetes. 2009;58(2):360–6. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 14. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Despite having a rigorous study protocol for the management of dyslipidemia, only 21% of those treated reached study target LDL-C levels (LDL C <2.6 mmol/L); LDL-C levels rose with A1C, independent of treatment group. [guidelines.diabetes.ca]

  However, quantitative data (i.e., event rates) from patients with type 2 diabetes treated to near-euglycemia with rigorous ascertainment of hypoglycemia are not available. Over 6 years of follow-up of patients with type 2 diabetes in the U.K. [care.diabetesjournals.org]

• Abdominal Pain

  Progressive symptoms may appear, such as dry or flushed skin, fatigue, abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting, difficulty breathing, fruity odor on breath, and confusion. [chrisdudley.org]

  Physical signs and symptoms of DKA include: Hyperglycemia (250 mg/dL or greater) Dry, parched mouth Extreme thirst Frequent urination General weakness Fruity breath Nausea and vomiting Abdominal pain Deep, rapid breathing Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic Nonketotic [visionaware.org]

  •Kussmaul respiration (rapid/deep breathing) •n/v •abdominal pain •psychosis/delirium •dehydration •fruity breath odor Clinical manifestations of DKA 1) polydipsia, polyuria, & dehydration. [chegg.com]

  Symptoms may also include nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, fatigue and confusion. Ketones have a smell much like Juicy Fruit gum and can often be detected by EMS personnel on the patient’s breath. [jems.com]

  Cost-effective Important side effects Metformin-associated lactic acidosis Incidence: ∼ 8 cases/100,000 patient years Clinical features: frequently nonspecific Gastrointestinal prodromal symptoms: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain Severe symptoms [amboss.com]

• Increased Appetite

  Clinical Presentation Classic triad of Diabetes Mellitus are polydipsia (increased thirst), polyphagia (increased appetite and ingestion), and polyuria (increased urination caused by osmotic diuresis). [physio-pedia.com]

  This is in contrast to the increased appetite and weight gain often induced by insulin and sulfonylureas. [bouldermedicalcenter.com]

• Palpitations

  Hypoglycemia unawareness: A complication of diabetes in which the patient is unaware of a deep drop in blood sugar because it fails to trigger the secretion of epinephrine which generates the characteristic symptoms of hypoglycemia (such as palpitations [medicinenet.com]

  The percentage of participants who have experienced hypoglycaemia who know the following symptoms (sweatiness, shivering, hunger, weakness, palpitations, anxiety, confusion, visual disruption, light-headedness, convulsion, headache, inability to concentrate [endocrine-abstracts.org]

  This serves two purposes: The β-effect of epinephrine is responsible for the palpitations and tremors, giving the patient warning that hypoglycemia is present. [en.wikipedia.org]

  Symptoms such as confusion, shakiness, and heart palpitations usually accompany a hypoglycemic episode. Often, you can self-treat by consuming a carbohydrate-rich snack, and then measuring your blood sugar level. [healthline.com]

  Neurogenic manifestations include tachycardia, palpitations, anxiety, tremor, sweating, and hunger. [health.am]

• Tachycardia

  Therefore, beta-blockers are not able to inhibit sweating, but can still inhibit tachycardia and tremors, thus "masking" important signs and symptoms that diabetic patients use to recognize hypoglycemic episodes. [ebmconsult.com]

  The clinical presentation of hypoglycemia includes autonomic symptoms ( i .e., hunger, sweating, tachycardia ) and signs of glucose shortage in the brain ( i .e., confusion, behavioral changes, somnolence ). [amboss.com]

  After percutaneous nephrolithotomy, his condition deteriorated with fever (37.8℃), tachycardia (130/min), acute renal failure, pleural effusion, and pulmonary edema. [dbpia.co.kr]

  Neurogenic manifestations include tachycardia, palpitations, anxiety, tremor, sweating, and hunger. [health.am]

  The signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia are: Lethargy Change in mood Nausea Strange behavior Tachycardia Hypertension Anxiety Sweating Emergency Management Should a patient experience hypoglycemia, the following steps should be taken: Recognize and acknowledge [dentalcare.com]

• Orthostatic Hypotension

  Patients with disabling orthostatic hypotension may be treated with salt tablets, support stockings, or fludrocortisone. [emedicine.medscape.com]

• Sweating

  […] only be able to recognize sweating as a sign of a hypoglycemic episode. [ebmconsult.com]

  Hypoglycemia unawareness: A complication of diabetes in which the patient is unaware of a deep drop in blood sugar because it fails to trigger the secretion of epinephrine which generates the characteristic symptoms of hypoglycemia (such as palpitations, sweating [medicinenet.com]

  The clinical presentation of hypoglycemia includes autonomic symptoms ( i .e., hunger, sweating, tachycardia ) and signs of glucose shortage in the brain ( i .e., confusion, behavioral changes, somnolence ). [amboss.com]

  Symptoms of Hypoglycemia Symptoms of hypoglycemia include the following: Sweating Rapid pulse Shakiness, dizziness, weakness Decreased coordination Difficulty concentrating Blurred vision Headache Trouble performing routine tasks Note: Symptoms can vary [visionaware.org]

  Symptoms include: Shaking, sweating, rapid heartbeat Change in vision Hunger Headache Sudden moodiness As the term implies, low blood sugar, or hypoglycemia, occurs when your brain and body are not getting enough sugar. [dtc.ucsf.edu]

• Blurred Vision

  Symptoms Being excessively thirsty Passing more urine Feeling tired and lethargic Always feeling hungry Having cuts that heal slowly Itching, skin infections Blurred vision Unexplained weight loss Mood swings Headaches Feeling dizzy Leg cramps. [diabetesaustralia.com.au]

  Symptoms may include lethargy, drowsiness, faintness, confusion, blurred vision, difficulty speaking, abnormal behavior, incoordination and seizures. Both hypothermia during hypoglycemia and posthypoglycemic fever have been described. [health.am]

  Hypoglycemia symptoms can include: Shakiness Nervousness or anxiety Sweating, chills, or clamminess Irritability or impatience Dizziness and difficulty concentrating Hunger or nausea Blurred vision Weakness or fatigue Anger, stubbornness, or sadness For [cdc.gov]

  More severe hypoglycemia—for example, blood glucose concentrations less than 45 mg per 100 ml (2.5 mmol/l)—causes blurred vision, impaired thinking and consciousness, confusion, seizures, and coma. [britannica.com]

  When symptoms occur, they include exhaustion, nausea, frequent urination, hunger, thirst, numbness in the extremities, and blurred vision. Without treatment, complications can develop. These can be severe and, on occasion, life-threatening. [medicalnewstoday.com]

• Hunger

  (median intensity score was 7 for hunger and 6 for tiredness). [bmcendocrdisord.biomedcentral.com]

  The clinical presentation of hypoglycemia includes autonomic symptoms ( i .e., hunger, sweating, tachycardia ) and signs of glucose shortage in the brain ( i .e., confusion, behavioral changes, somnolence ). [amboss.com]

  The percentage of participants who have experienced hypoglycaemia who know the following symptoms (sweatiness, shivering, hunger, weakness, palpitations, anxiety, confusion, visual disruption, light-headedness, convulsion, headache, inability to concentrate [endocrine-abstracts.org]

  Symptoms include: Shaking, sweating, rapid heartbeat Change in vision Hunger Headache Sudden moodiness As the term implies, low blood sugar, or hypoglycemia, occurs when your brain and body are not getting enough sugar. [dtc.ucsf.edu]

• Seizure

  Case 3: Young Woman With Recurrent Seizures Clinical background. A 24-year-old woman with new onset generalized seizures was hospitalized. An electroencephalogram and an MRI scan showed no neurological cause of the seizures. [patientcareonline.com]

  Untreated, diabetic hypoglycemia can lead to seizures and loss of consciousness — a medical emergency. Rarely, it can be deadly. [mayoclinic.org]

  If the blood glucose level remains too low, the brain will get insufficient fuel, resulting in confusion, seizures, or loss of consciousness. Resources In This Article [msdmanuals.com]

  Hypoglycemia unawareness can result in prolonged exposure to hypoglycemia, resulting in a seizure, loss of consciousness, or brain damage. [medicinenet.com]

  Tell your diabetes care team if you ever have a severe hypo that caused you to have a seizure or fit. [nhs.uk]

• Confusion

  When to see a doctor Hypoglycemia can leave you confused or even unconscious, which requires emergency care. Make sure your family, friends and co-workers know what to do. [mayoclinic.org]

  If you are feeling drowsy, confused or lose consciousness, the emergency services should be called (112 in Germany and many other countries, 911 in the U.S.). [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  If the blood glucose level remains too low, the brain will get insufficient fuel, resulting in confusion, seizures, or loss of consciousness. Resources In This Article [msdmanuals.com]

  Signs and symptoms include pale, clammy skin, rapid and weak breathing, tachycardia or fast pulse, weakness, headache, and confusion. The person may appear intoxicated. [chrisdudley.org]

• Dizziness

  However, people with type 1 diabetes—whether it’s been diagnosed or not—may experience one or more of the following: Sweating and shaking Blurry vision Poor coordination Dizziness or feeling lightheaded Difficulty concentrating Feeling anxious or irritable [jdrf.org]

  Weakness and dizziness were the most common symptoms, and dizziness, shaking, and excessive hunger were commonly the first symptom of presentation. [ijem.in]

  Hunger, tiredness, dizziness, drowsiness, inability to concentrate, trembling and weakness were the most common symptoms felt by participants when they develop hypoglycemia. [bmcendocrdisord.biomedcentral.com]

  Hypoglycemia symptoms can include: Shakiness Nervousness or anxiety Sweating, chills, or clamminess Irritability or impatience Dizziness and difficulty concentrating Hunger or nausea Blurred vision Weakness or fatigue Anger, stubbornness, or sadness For [cdc.gov]

  Symptoms Early warning signs and symptoms Early signs and symptoms of diabetic hypoglycemia include: Shakiness Dizziness Sweating Hunger Irritability or moodiness Anxiety or nervousness Headache Nighttime symptoms Diabetic hypoglycemia can also occur [mayoclinic.org]

• Headache

  The percentage of participants who have experienced hypoglycaemia who know the following symptoms (sweatiness, shivering, hunger, weakness, palpitations, anxiety, confusion, visual disruption, light-headedness, convulsion, headache, inability to concentrate [endocrine-abstracts.org]

  Symptoms of mild or moderate hypoglycemia include headache, sweating, palpitations, light-headedness, blurred vision, agitation, and confusion. Symptoms of more severe hypoglycemia include seizures and loss of consciousness. [msdmanuals.com]

  Symptoms include: Shaking, sweating, rapid heartbeat Change in vision Hunger Headache Sudden moodiness As the term implies, low blood sugar, or hypoglycemia, occurs when your brain and body are not getting enough sugar. [dtc.ucsf.edu]

  Symptoms Early warning signs and symptoms Early signs and symptoms of diabetic hypoglycemia include: Shakiness Dizziness Sweating Hunger Irritability or moodiness Anxiety or nervousness Headache Nighttime symptoms Diabetic hypoglycemia can also occur [mayoclinic.org]

  Signs and symptoms include pale, clammy skin, rapid and weak breathing, tachycardia or fast pulse, weakness, headache, and confusion. The person may appear intoxicated. [chrisdudley.org]

• Irritability

  Symptoms Early warning signs and symptoms Early signs and symptoms of diabetic hypoglycemia include: Shakiness Dizziness Sweating Hunger Irritability or moodiness Anxiety or nervousness Headache Nighttime symptoms Diabetic hypoglycemia can also occur [mayoclinic.org]

  However, people with type 1 diabetes—whether it’s been diagnosed or not—may experience one or more of the following: Sweating and shaking Blurry vision Poor coordination Dizziness or feeling lightheaded Difficulty concentrating Feeling anxious or irritable [jdrf.org]

  Most skin irritations specific to people with type 2 diabetes are related to changes in the small blood vessels, which supply nutrition to the skin tissues. [healthline.com]

  This concentration is irritant, especially if extravasation occurs. [patient.info]

  Hypoglycemia symptoms can include: Shakiness Nervousness or anxiety Sweating, chills, or clamminess Irritability or impatience Dizziness and difficulty concentrating Hunger or nausea Blurred vision Weakness or fatigue Anger, stubbornness, or sadness For [cdc.gov]

The appropriate workup and management of recurrent hypoglycemia is discussed in each case. [patientcareonline.com]

Workup Approach Considerations Search for a source of infection. [emedicine.medscape.com]

• Some patients have symptoms but normal blood glucoses; they need no further workup, in spite of their insistence. 20. [slideshare.net]

• Ketonuria

  IV Diabetic Keto acidosis: Characteristics- Results- Decreased insulinsensitivity or absent insulin> Glucose unavailable for cellular metabolism> Fats broken down to fatty acids> glycerol in fat converted by liver to ketones excess ketones in: urine "ketonuria [chegg.com]

  Children with hyperglycemia and ketonuria but without acidosis or dehydration may be started on 0.5-0.7 U/kg of intermediate-acting insulin and subcutaneous injections of 0.1 U/kg of regular insulin at 4- to 6-hour intervals. [emedicine.medscape.com]

• Hypoglycemia

  Some people don't have or don't recognize early symptoms (hypoglycemia unawareness). If you have hypoglycemia unawareness, you may require a higher glucose goal range. [mayoclinic.org]

  Because hypoglycemia could be underappreciated [22], patients may underreport hypoglycemia and this could affect the true prevalence of hypoglycemia and IAH. [bmcendocrdisord.biomedcentral.com]

  Moreover, recurrent episodes of mild hypoglycemia can alter the counterregulatory response to decreased blood glucose levels and lead to hypoglycemia unawareness, placing patients at increased risk for development of severe hypoglycemia.1 Recurrent hypoglycemia [jamanetwork.com]

  DEVELOPMENT: After reviewing the pathophysiology of hypoglycemia in diabetic patients we will review the role of hypoglycemia in three clinical situations: the hypoglycemia-associated autonomic failure, the brain effects of hypoglycemia in children and [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Hyperglycemia

  Sokol-McKay, MS, CVRT, CDE, CLVT, OTR/L, SCLV What Is Hyperglycemia? What Is Hypoglycemia? What Is Hyperglycemia? In relation to diabetes, hyperglycemia refers to chronically high blood glucose levels. [visionaware.org]

  In fact, chronic hyperglycemia is the defining characteristic of the disease. Intermittent hyperglycemia may be present in prediabetic states. [en.wikipedia.org]

  The term “uncontrolled” is not synonymous with hyperglycemia. The term “poorly controlled” is synonymous with hyperglycemia when referring to diabetes in ICD-10-CM. [hiacode.com]

  ICD-10 Code Examples E08.65 Diabetes mellitus due to underlying condition with hyperglycemia E09.01 Drug or chemical induced diabetes mellitus with hyperosmolarity with coma R73.9 Transient post-procedural hyperglycemia R79.9 Hyperglycemia, unspecified [instacode.com]

  Hyperglycemia—Diabetic Coma Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) is a severe condition typically resulting from hyperglycemia (rising blood glucose over 130 mg/dL). If untreated, it can lead to a diabetic coma or death. [chrisdudley.org]

• Candida

  One common cause of fungal infections is Candida albicans, a yeast-like fungus. [healthline.com]

Previous studies have examined whether intensive treatment of high blood glucose levels could decrease the risk of these events. Hypoglycemia can occur as a result of intensive treatment of T2D. [medivizor.com]

Evidence Intensive DM treatment is associated with a greater risk of hypoglycemia. [elsevier.es]

6 In conditions other than diabetes, glucose/dextrose supplementation is typically used for initial treatment, but other short-term and long-term treatments are necessary as well. [uspharmacist.com]

Treatment involves short-term solutions — such as taking glucose tablets or drinking fruit juice — to raise your blood sugar into a normal range. Untreated, diabetic hypoglycemia can lead to seizures and loss of consciousness — a medical emergency. [mayoclinic.org]

Hypoglycemia The prognosis of hypoglycemia depends on the cause, severity, and duration. The prognosis is excellent if identified and treated early. If left untreated, hypoglycemia leads to seizures or unconsciousness. [chrisdudley.org]

The prognosis for a person with this health condition is estimated to be a life expectancy of 10 years less than a person without diabetes. [medicinenet.com]

Because of this patient’s poor prognosis, she did not undergo imaging studies to further delineate her pituitary status. [patientcareonline.com]

"Stress hyperglycemia and prognosis of stroke in nondiabetic and diabetic patients: a systematic overview". Stroke. 32 (10): 2426–32. doi:10.1161/hs1001.096194. PMID 11588337. ^ a b Umpierrez, Guillermo E.; Pasquel, Francisco J. (2017). [en.wikipedia.org]

Abstract In patients with hypoglycemia, the etiologic diagnosis depends on an interpretation of the response of the blood sugar to various provocative tests, usually including the administration of glucose, tolbutamide, L-leucine, and a prolonged fast [annals.org]

Undetectable C-peptide concentrations during 3 separate episodes of hypoglycemia excluded endogenous hyperinsulinism, such as caused by insulinoma, as the etiology of recurrent hypoglycemia ( 3 ). [clinchem.aaccjnls.org]

References: [1] Etiology Clinical features Symptoms of hypoglycemia normally present at approx. 50 mg/dL (2.8 mmol/L) ; however, this threshold is variable. [amboss.com]

Etiology and Pathophysiology Loss of hormonal counterregulatory mechanism in glucose metabolism Too little food (skipping or delaying meals), decreased CHO intake Too much insulin or oral hypoglycemic agent (improper dose, timing, or erratic absorption [unboundmedicine.com]

Case 4: Elderly Woman With Insulinoma One of the most commonly discussed etiologies for non-diabetic hypoglycemia, insulinoma, has been conspicuous thus far by its absence. It is an uncommon cause of hypoglycemia, but nonetheless an important one. [patientcareonline.com]

ALERT Hypoglycemia unawareness Major risk factor for severe hypoglycemic reactions Most commonly found in patients with long-standing T1DM and children age Epidemiology Incidence From the ACCORD study, the annual incidence of hypoglycemia was the following [unboundmedicine.com]

The association between symptomatic, severe hypoglycaemia and mortality in type 2 diabetes: retrospective epidemiological analysis of the ACCORD study. BMJ 2010; 340: b4909. 32. Nordin C. [diabetesincontrol.com]

However, it continues to be a neglected complication with very limited epidemiological data in our country. [ijem.in]

Diabetes Epidemiology Research International Group. Geographic patterns of childhood insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Epidemiology Research International Group. Diabetes. 1988 Aug. 37(8):1113-9. [Medline]. [emedicine.medscape.com]

Epidemiologic evidences suggest that unless effective preventive measures are implemented the global prevalence will continue to rise [ 2 ]. [jdmdonline.biomedcentral.com]

DEVELOPMENT: After reviewing the pathophysiology of hypoglycemia in diabetic patients we will review the role of hypoglycemia in three clinical situations: the hypoglycemia-associated autonomic failure, the brain effects of hypoglycemia in children and [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

This is video 1 of 2 on diabetic ketoacidosis (pathophysiology and signs of diabetic ketoacidosis / DKA): 0:08 DKA stats 0:47 DKA - cellular anatomy 1:00 mitochondria 1:48 beta-oxidation 2:30 insulin function 3:08 pyruvate 3:19 diabetes mellitus type [youtube.com]

Hypoglycemia in type 2 diabetes: pathophysiology, frequency, and effects of different treatment modalities. Diabetes Care 2005;28:2948-61. Kjekshus J, Gilpin E, Cali G et al. Diabetic patients and beta-blockers after acute myocardial infarction. [ebmconsult.com]

Etiology and Pathophysiology Loss of hormonal counterregulatory mechanism in glucose metabolism Too little food (skipping or delaying meals), decreased CHO intake Too much insulin or oral hypoglycemic agent (improper dose, timing, or erratic absorption [unboundmedicine.com]

Prevention To help prevent diabetic hypoglycemia: Don't skip or delay meals or snacks. If you take insulin or oral diabetes medication, be consistent about the amount you eat and the timing of your meals and snacks. Monitor your blood sugar. [mayoclinic.org]

If NPO, parenteral supplementation should continue to prevent hypoglycemia. [uspharmacist.com]

The prevention of hypoglycemia requires some principles consideration. [jdmdonline.biomedcentral.com]

PREVENTION AND MANAGEMENT OF HU Prevention of HU Prevention of HU is an important part of modern day intensive diabetes therapy. To prevent HU, the goal is the complete avoidance of hypoglycemia, which is very difficult to achieve[105]. [wjgnet.com]

It is not possible to prevent type 1 diabetes. A healthful diet, regular exercise, avoiding smoking, and attending screening can help to prevent type 2. [medicalnewstoday.com]