Anemia is not a diagnosis, but a presentation of an underlying condition. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

[…] common type of anemia worldwide; occurs due to decreased iron levels in the body, which leads to decreased erythropoiesis Characterized by hypochromic microcytic red blood cells (RBCs) Essential features Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is the most frequent presentation [pathologyoutlines.com]

Decreased (Low) Thalassemia S-thalassemia Iron deficiency anemia (RBCs fragmentation) Artificial valves Hb H RBC fragmentation Raised (High) Normal Abnormal hemoglobin Myelofibrosis Early iron or folate deficiency Sideroblastic anemia SS disease (HbS is present [labpedia.net]

• Fatigue

  For the past few weeks, she has become increasingly fatigued and has been having exertional dyspnea. She is taking proper vitamins as prescribed. On examination, she has general pallor and scooping of nails. Her pregnancy has been uncomplicated. [pathologyoutlines.com]

  The patient will feel weakness and fatigue. There are lethargy and malaise. On exertion, there is dyspnoea and palpitation. The older patients may have cardiac failure, angina, or intermittent claudication or confusion. [labpedia.net]

  […] normalize the circulating volume, thus diluting the number of red blood cells remaining Anemia of chronic disease: consider renal failure, underlying malignancies, and autoimmune conditions Bone marrow infiltration: consider in a patient with weight loss, fatigue [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Refractory Anemia

  (RA) Refractory anemia with ringed sideroblasts (RA-RS) Refractory anemia with excess blasts (RA-EB) Refractory anemia with excess blasts in transformation Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML) Drug-induced Diuretics Chemotherapeutic agents Hypoglycemic [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Weight Loss

  consider renal failure, underlying malignancies, and autoimmune conditions Bone marrow infiltration: consider in a patient with weight loss, fatigue. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Headache

  […] specific to iron deficiency (Clin Med (Lond) 2021;21:107) Anemia symptoms: Fatigue Altered behavior, irritability Exertional dyspnea Can lead to decreased cognitive performance and delay mental and motor development in children (N Engl J Med 2015;372:1832) Headache [pathologyoutlines.com]

  They may have dizziness and headaches. There is tinnitus or vertigo. Usually, these patients are irritable. These patients may have gastrointestinal symptoms. These patients may have difficulty sleeping or concentrating. [labpedia.net]

• Lethargy

  Patients with anemia typically present with vague symptoms such as lethargy, weakness, and tiredness. Severe anemia may present with syncope, shortness of breath, and reduced exercise tolerance. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  There are lethargy and malaise. On exertion, there is dyspnoea and palpitation. The older patients may have cardiac failure, angina, or intermittent claudication or confusion. [labpedia.net]

Routine workup of the patient with anemia needs: The patient’s detailed clinical history for diagnosis, physical examination, signs, and symptoms with the following lab workup. Hemoglobin and hematocrit. Red blood cell count. Blood indices. [labpedia.net]

• Bone Marrow with Erythroid Hyperplasia

  Bone marrow shows erythroid hyperplasia. Iron stain shows deficient iron. [labpedia.net]

February 2022]) Medications Proton pump inhibitors directly affect iron metabolism by suppressing iron absorption through the inhibition of duodenal ferroportin via hepcidin upregulation (Toxicol Lett 2020;318:86) Recombinant erythropoietin used in treatment [pathologyoutlines.com]

[Anemia: From Basic Knowledge to Up-to-Date Treatment. Topic: IV. Hemolytic anemia: Diagnosis and treatment]. Nihon Naika Gakkai Zasshi. 2015 Jul 10;104(7):1389-96. [PubMed: 26513958] 2. Bottomley SS, Fleming MD. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

It will give an idea about the iron-deficiency anemia treatment effectiveness. It differentiates iron deficiency from chronic diseases. It monitors the iron status in patients with chronic kidney diseases with or without dialysis. [labpedia.net]

Prognosis The prognosis for anemia depends on the cause of anemia. Nutritional replacements of (iron, B12, folate) should begin immediately. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Hemoglobin facts: Hemoglobin functions: Anemia classification: Anemia may be classified roughly based on Hb level: Anemia classification based on RBC morphology: Anemia classification based on physiological abnormality: Anemia classification based on etiology [labpedia.net]

Objectives: Summarize the etiology of anemia. Describe the pathophysiology of anemia. Outline the use of dietary supplements in the treatment of anemia. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

[…] senescent RBCs undergoing phagocytosis by the reticuloendothelial macrophages; this iron is either used for hematopoiesis or stored as ferritin and hemosiderin (N Engl J Med 2015;372:1832, Merck Manual: Iron Deficiency Anemia [Accessed 7 March 2022]) Etiology [pathologyoutlines.com]

Epidemiology of anemia in older adults. Semin Hematol. 2008 Oct;45(4):210-7. [PMC free article: PMC2572827] [PubMed: 18809090] 5. Badireddy M, Baradhi KM. StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing; Treasure Island (FL): May 8, 2022. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

[…] morphologic abnormalities Terminology Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) Microcytic, hypochromic anemia with anisopoikilocytosis Anemia of chronic disease or anemia of inflammation or acute blood loss anemia or nutritional anemia (depending on the cause) Epidemiology [pathologyoutlines.com]

Pathophysiology The pathophysiology of anemia varies greatly depending on the primary cause. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

[…] deficiency in the absence of anemia is even more frequent (Blood 2019;133:30) Iron deficiency is more common in developing countries than in developed countries like the United States (StatPearls: Iron Deficiency Anemia [Accessed 16 February 2022]) Pathophysiology [pathologyoutlines.com]

[…] transferrin (Medicines (Basel) 2019;6:85) Iron homeostasis Role of hepcidin Peptide hormone produced and secreted by the liver; responsible for regulation of iron levels Binds to iron transporter ferroportin, causes its internalization and degradation, thus preventing [pathologyoutlines.com]

Taking all necessary medications along with lifestyle modifications and frequent follow up with the team of doctors is essential to prevent the development of complications. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]