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2.1
Disseminated Toxoplasmosis
Toxoplasmosis Multiple Sites

Images

WIKIDATA, Public Domain
WIKIDATA, Public Domain
WIKIDATA, CC BY-SA 3.0

Presentation

Common presentations include encephalitis, pneumonia, and myocarditis. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Immune System

  • Generalized Lymphadenopathy

    A 33-year-old man with AIDS presented with fever, nightsweats, generalized lymphadenopathy, and a 30 Ib. weight loss. An inguinal lymph node biopsy was performed. [va.gov]

    Lymph node: isolated, multiple or generalized lymphadenopathy. Heart: myocarditis, in the severely immunocompromised. Lung: pneumonitis, in HSCT recipients. [hopkinsguides.com]

Entire Body System

  • Fever

    All 10 patients presented with high grade fever. CNS involvement ultimately occurred in seven patients, with refractory respiratory failure and hypotension developing in nine. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  • Infectious Mononucleosis

    A symptomatic infection most often produces swollen glands in the neck and armpits (which may result in the mistaken diagnosis of infectious mononucleosis); other symptoms may include fatigue, malaise, muscle pain and a fluctuating low fever. [web.archive.org]

    When symptoms do occur, they are usually mild, resembling infectious mononucleosis, and include the following: enlarged lymph nodes muscle pains intermittent fever general sick feeling The distinction is made between acquired toxoplasmosis, in which an [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]

    A few of these also have a mild flu-like syndrome of fever, malaise, myalgia, hepatosplenomegaly, and less commonly, pharyngitis, which can mimic infectious mononucleosis and include lymphadenitis. [merck.com]

    Lymphadenopathy and asthenia may persist for several weeks, mimicking infectious mononucleosis, especially since monocytosis can be observed on blood smears. [dx.doi.org]

Neurologic

  • Seizure

    For example, a person who is HIV-infected and who has reactivated Toxoplasma infection can have symptoms that include fever, confusion, headache, seizures, nausea, and poor coordination. [web.archive.org]

Workup

The diagnosis of toxoplasmosis in organ transplant patients is often difficult and is an integration of clinical, radiological, and microbiological workup. [doi.org]

Fetal ultrasound every month until delivery Newborn infant Laboratory workup • Peripheral blood for Toxoplasma IgG, IgM, and IgA (if IgA also available at commercial laboratory) can be sent to commercial laboratories as soon as possible after birth. [pediatrics.aappublications.org]

Diagnostic workup and management of patients with suspected Niemann-Pick type C disease. Ther Adv Neurol Disord 9, 216–229, doi: 10.1177/1756285616635964 (2016). 76. Hu, Y. H. et al. WDFY1 mediates TLR3/4 signaling by recruiting TRIF. [nature.com]

Treatment

Since effective treatment of toxoplasmosis is available, the occurrence of this rare form of toxoplasmosis should be kept in mind. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Five mice from each treatment group were killed immediately at the end of treatment and examined for brain cyst burdens, whereas the remaining mice were observed for the next 12 weeks, at which time (day 120 after initiation of immunosuppressive treatment [dx.doi.org]

Prognosis

[…] of Toxoplasmosis is dependent upon the health status of an individual; in those with poor immune system, the prognosis is guarded Adequate preventive steps for Toxoplasmosis may include consuming well-cooked meat and drinking clean water. [dovemed.com]

Although a rare event in heart transplant recipients, Toxoplasma reactivation must be investigated promptly, since early treatment improves the prognosis. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Prognosis Most cases in immunocompetent healthy individuals remain subclinical or resolve spontaneously. The prognosis in AIDS patients was poor but has improved considerably since the advent of ART (also called HAART) [ 31 ]. [patient.info]

Etiology

Toxoplasmosis in AIDS may present with extra-neural manifestations and may be an etiologic agent for NS in some patients with AIDS. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

[…] techniques, Paris Publication country France Document type Article Language French Keyword (fr) Enfant Etiologie Etude cas Forme clinique Panniculite Peau pathologie Tissu adipeux pathologie Toxoplasmose Homme Infection Protozoose Keyword (en) Child Etiology [pascal-francis.inist.fr]

The odds ratio of 2.73, although modest, exceeds that for most genetic studies and suggests that T. gondii may play some etiological role in a large number of cases. [doi.org]

Etiology and Transmission Toxoplasma gondii causes infection in most warm-blooded animals including livestock and humans. [ncagr.gov]

Epidemiology

Folia Parasitologica 57[2] 95-104 (2010) | DOI: 10.14411/fp.2010.012 1 Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College, Faculty of Medicine, London, W2 1PG, UK 2 Institute of Integrative and Comparative Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds [doi.org]

Published 11 September 2008 Last updated 19 December 2016 + show all updates 19 December 2016 Updated the epidemiology section with information about risk factors. 11 September 2008 First published. [gov.uk]

Therefore, epidemiological surveys remain the most useful way of assessing the relative importance of different … View Full Text Log in Log in using your username and password Log in through your institution Subscribe from £138 * Subscribe and get access [bmj.com]

Toxoplasma gondii Infection in South-East Europe: Epidemiology and Epizootiology By Branko Bobić, Ivana Klun, Aleksandra Nikolić and Olgica Djurković-Djaković 1499 Open access peer-reviewed 3. [intechopen.com]

Pathophysiology

Clinical manifestations of congenital toxoplasmosis first motivated research on the parasite and its pathophysiology and epidemiology. [dx.doi.org]

Prevention

Preventive measures and diagnostic screening methods differ between countries and are related to the seroprevalence of Toxoplasma spp. in the general population. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Fiore, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, E-mails: [email protected], [email protected], and [email protected] [dx.doi.org]

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/toxoplasmosis/. Accessed March 21, 2014. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, et al. [web.archive.org]

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