Patients often present with fever, abdominal pain, and jaundice. Multiple serum lab values are often elevated, including AST, ALT, and GGT. [radiopaedia.org]

It might be expected that the more severe cases presenting during the study period would not have been biopsied due to the presence of coagulopathy. [gut.bmj.com]

Younger patients present most commonly with a hepatocellular pattern of injury, whereas older patients mostly present with a cholestatic pattern of liver injury. 3 Some studies have found that women have a greater risk of developing DILI than men. 13 [mdedge.com]

Always consider drugs as a cause of any patient presenting with hepatitis in order to provide early effective management. [patient.info]

We present a 26-year-old male bodybuilder who self-administered high doses of androgenic/anabolic steroids that induced liver damage. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Fever

  If fever, rash, or pruritis occurs from any medication, its use should be stopped immediately. [hepatitiscentral.com]

  More common in children Cholestatic type Idiosyncratic reaction Nausea, vomiting, fever, RUQ pain, jaundice, leukocytosis, elevated aminotransferases Clinical improvement upon drug withdrawal No evidence of CLD on follow up 19. [slideshare.net]

  A rash or fever may be part of some drug reactions that affect the liver. Treatment The only specific treatment for most cases of liver damage caused by taking a drug is to stop the drug that caused the problem. [m.ufhealth.org]

  Other viral infections - eg, glandular fever, cytomegalovirus, HIV infection. Autoimmune hepatitis. Wilson's disease, haemochromatosis. Toxins - eg, alcoholic liver disease. [patient.info]

  These include: Pain and fever medicines that have acetaminophen Aspirin and over-the-counter pain and fever medicines (NSAIDs or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medicines) Anabolic steroids, man-made medicines that are like the male sex hormone testosterone [hopkinsmedicine.org]

• Fatigue

  […] liver, including acetaminophen, birth control pills, and methotrexate Individuals with past histories of liver disease are at increased risk of developing Drug-Induced Hepatitis The signs and symptoms of the condition may include nausea, jaundice, and fatigue [dovemed.com]

  Although early signs and symptoms that are non-specific may be seen (e.g. anorexia, nausea, vomiting, fatigue, right upper quadrant pain) the first evidence is usually an elevation of ALT, AST or alkaline phosphatase. [c3isolutions.com]

  The symptoms of vitamin A toxicity may include bone and muscle aches, orange discoloration of skin, fatigue, and headache. [medicinenet.com]

  […] pills Chlorpromazine Erythromycin Halothane (a type of anesthesia) Methyldopa Isoniazid Methotrexate Statins Sulfa drugs Tetracyclines Amoxicillin-clavulanate Some anti-seizure medicines Symptoms Symptoms may include Abdominal pain Dark urine Diarrhea Fatigue [m.ufhealth.org]

  Case Report A 73-year-old female patient was referred to our outpatient liver clinic with fatigue, pruritus, generalized arthralgia, and acute hepatitis. [karger.com]

• Anorexia

  Anorexia, nausea, and vomiting are the usual symptoms; jaundice and hepatomegaly are noted on physical assessment. Symptoms are more intense for the more severely toxic patient. [hepatitiscentral.com]

  SOR) A Good-quality patient-oriented evidence B Inconsistent or limited-quality patient-oriented evidence C Consensus, usual practice, opinion, disease-oriented evidence, case series CASE › James A, age 68, presents to his family physician (FP) with anorexia [mdedge.com]

  Some of the common symptoms are: nausea vomiting headache anorexia jaundice clay color stools dark urine hepatomegaly Diagnosis Diagnosis is typically made through a physical exam along with a patient history to identify any possible hepatotoxins. [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]

  Usually, the onset is abrupt, with chills, fever, rash, pruritus, arthralgia, headache, abdominal pain, anorexia, nausea and vomiting. Later, overt evidence of liver damage, such as jaundice, dark urine and an enlarged and tender liver, may develop. [patient.info]

  Although early signs and symptoms that are non-specific may be seen (e.g. anorexia, nausea, vomiting, fatigue, right upper quadrant pain) the first evidence is usually an elevation of ALT, AST or alkaline phosphatase. [c3isolutions.com]

• Collapse

  The severe gastrointestinal symptoms may lead to vascular collapse. Delirium, coma, and convulsions develop, and within a few days the patient usually dies of fulminant hepatic failure. [hepatitiscentral.com]

  This course together with persistent fatigue and nausea prompted us to perform a percutaneous liver biopsy, which showed features compatible with AIH such as lymphoplasmacellular infiltration, necrosis, and fibrous collapse (Fig. 2 ). Fig. 1. [karger.com]

  Reticuliln showed only rare foci of piecemeal necrosis (arrow), without significant collapse or regenerative change. E. PAS-D shows a focus of chronic inflammation of the lobule with destruction of hepatocytes; note PAS-D macrophages. F. [librepathology.org]

• Malaise

  Initially, anorexia, nausea, and malaise may occur, followed by pruritus in some but not all patients. [clinicalgate.com]

  These incidents usually occur during the first 6 months of treatment and are preceded by nonspecific symptoms such as malaise, weakness, lethargy, facial edema, anorexia, vomiting, and even loss of seizure control. [emedicine.medscape.com]

• Nausea

  Anorexia, nausea, and vomiting are the usual symptoms; jaundice and hepatomegaly are noted on physical assessment. Symptoms are more intense for the more severely toxic patient. [hepatitiscentral.com]

  More common in children Cholestatic type Idiosyncratic reaction Nausea, vomiting, fever, RUQ pain, jaundice, leukocytosis, elevated aminotransferases Clinical improvement upon drug withdrawal No evidence of CLD on follow up 19. [slideshare.net]

  Symptoms of nitrofurantoin hepatitis include: fatigue, fever, muscle and joint aches, poor appetite, nausea, weight loss, vomiting, jaundice, and sometimes itching. [medicinenet.com]

  You may need to get fluids through a vein if nausea and vomiting are very bad. Outlook (Prognosis) Drug-induced liver injury most often goes away within days or weeks after you stop taking the drug that caused it. [m.ufhealth.org]

  Good-quality patient-oriented evidence B Inconsistent or limited-quality patient-oriented evidence C Consensus, usual practice, opinion, disease-oriented evidence, case series CASE › James A, age 68, presents to his family physician (FP) with anorexia, nausea [mdedge.com]

• Vomiting

  Anorexia, nausea, and vomiting are the usual symptoms; jaundice and hepatomegaly are noted on physical assessment. Symptoms are more intense for the more severely toxic patient. [hepatitiscentral.com]

  More common in children Cholestatic type Idiosyncratic reaction Nausea, vomiting, fever, RUQ pain, jaundice, leukocytosis, elevated aminotransferases Clinical improvement upon drug withdrawal No evidence of CLD on follow up 19. [slideshare.net]

  You may need to get fluids through a vein if nausea and vomiting are very bad. Outlook (Prognosis) Drug-induced liver injury most often goes away within days or weeks after you stop taking the drug that caused it. [m.ufhealth.org]

  When signs and symptoms of toxic hepatitis occur, they may include: Yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes (jaundice) Itching Abdominal pain in the upper right portion of the abdomen Fatigue Loss of appetite Nausea and vomiting Rash Weight loss [mayoclinic.org]

  Others may have Loss of appetite Nausea and vomiting Diarrhea Dark-colored urine and pale bowel movements Stomach pain Jaundice, yellowing of skin and eyes Some forms of hepatitis are mild, and others can be serious. [icdlist.com]

• Loss of Appetite

  When signs and symptoms of toxic hepatitis occur, they may include: Yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes (jaundice) Itching Abdominal pain in the upper right portion of the abdomen Fatigue Loss of appetite Nausea and vomiting Rash Weight loss [mayoclinic.org]

  Others may have Loss of appetite Nausea and vomiting Diarrhea Dark-colored urine and pale bowel movements Stomach pain Jaundice, yellowing of skin and eyes Some forms of hepatitis are mild, and others can be serious. [icdlist.com]

  […] of appetite Nausea and vomiting Rash White or clay-colored stools Exams and Tests You will have blood tests to check liver function. [m.ufhealth.org]

  If there are symptoms, they tend to mimic "flu-like" symptoms such as: mild fever muscle or joint aches nausea vomiting loss of appetite slight abdominal pain diarrhea fatigue The acute phase and its symptoms is rarely serious or fatal, although occasionally [healthcentral.com]

  Weight loss. Loss of appetite. Preventing Liver Damage There are many different things you can do in order to prevent liver damage. [drugabuse.com]

• Jaundice

  Combination of estrogenic and progestational steroids; estrogen is primarily responsible Intrahepatic cholestasis Pruritus and jaundice Susceptible patients: idiopathic jaundice of pregnancy, family history Focal nodular hyperplasia, adenomas 20. [slideshare.net]

  Such sensitization would have been evident during the second postoperative week, with such manifestations as fever, rash, eosinophilia, arthralgia, or jaundice. [hepatitiscentral.com]

  Viral hepatitis Acute hepatitis with jaundice can be the onset manifestation of acute viral hepatitis. [nature.com]

  In addition to the elevation of ALT and AST levels, cases of liver necrosis, jaundice, and fulminant hepatitis with and without jaundice have occurred. [emedicine.medscape.com]

  Others may have Loss of appetite Nausea and vomiting Diarrhea Dark-colored urine and pale bowel movements Stomach pain Jaundice, yellowing of skin and eyes Some forms of hepatitis are mild, and others can be serious. [icdlist.com]

• Hepatomegaly

  Findings include: hepatomegaly >15.5 cm at the midclavicular line 4 possible decreased attenuation around the portal system and at the hepatic hilum (periportal edema) possible diffusely decreased parenchymal attenuation on noncontrast CT diffuse edematous [radiopaedia.org]

  Anorexia, nausea, and vomiting are the usual symptoms; jaundice and hepatomegaly are noted on physical assessment. Symptoms are more intense for the more severely toxic patient. [hepatitiscentral.com]

  ALP isoenzyme test (Medical Encyclopedia) Ascites (Medical Encyclopedia) Diet - liver disease (Medical Encyclopedia) Hepatic encephalopathy (Medical Encyclopedia) Hepatomegaly (Medical Encyclopedia) Liver disease (Medical Encyclopedia) Liver scan (Medical [icdlist.com]

  Some of the common symptoms are: nausea vomiting headache anorexia jaundice clay color stools dark urine hepatomegaly Diagnosis Diagnosis is typically made through a physical exam along with a patient history to identify any possible hepatotoxins. [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]

  ) cystic disease of liver (congenital) ( Q44.6 ) hepatic vein thrombosis ( I82.0 ) hepatomegaly NOS ( R16.0 ) portal vein thrombosis ( I81 ) toxic liver disease ( K71.- ) K76.0 Fatty (change of) liver, not elsewhere classified K76.1 Chronic passive [apps.who.int]

• Recurrent Jaundice

  Oral contraceptives are contraindicated in patients with a history of recurrent jaundice of pregnancy. [scialert.net]

  Patients with recurrent idiopathic jaundice of pregnancy, severe pruritus of pregnancy, or a family history of these disorders are more susceptible to hepatic injury. [emedicine.medscape.com]

• Scleral Icterus

  Patient 1 On July 16, 1992, a 42-year-old man visited his family physician for evaluation of scleral icterus and diffuse jaundice. [cdc.gov]

• Arthralgia

  Such sensitization would have been evident during the second postoperative week, with such manifestations as fever, rash, eosinophilia, arthralgia, or jaundice. [hepatitiscentral.com]

  Hepatitis is infrequent (1 in 1000-10000 px) Unpredictable Response is not dose-dependent Liver injury may occur during or shortly after exposure to the drug Isoniazid, phenytoin, statins, oral contraceptives Extrahepatic manifestations: rash, fever, arthralgia [slideshare.net]

  Hypersensitivity reactions are often associated with arthralgias, fever, rash, and eosinophilia. Agents can be systemic poisons or be converted by the liver into hepatotoxins. [clinicaladvisor.com]

  Usually, the onset is abrupt, with chills, fever, rash, pruritus, arthralgia, headache, abdominal pain, anorexia, nausea and vomiting. Later, overt evidence of liver damage, such as jaundice, dark urine and an enlarged and tender liver, may develop. [patient.info]

  The skin rashes were associated with blistering, ulceration and peeling of sheets of skin and she also had fever, arthralgia, mild icterus and respiratory distress. Initial laboratory investigations after admission are enlisted in [Table - 1]. [jpgmonline.com]

• Pruritus

  Combination of estrogenic and progestational steroids; estrogen is primarily responsible Intrahepatic cholestasis Pruritus and jaundice Susceptible patients: idiopathic jaundice of pregnancy, family history Focal nodular hyperplasia, adenomas 20. [slideshare.net]

  Cholestyramine can be used for alleviation of pruritus. Ursodeoxycholic acid may be used. [scialert.net]

  Case Report A 73-year-old female patient was referred to our outpatient liver clinic with fatigue, pruritus, generalized arthralgia, and acute hepatitis. [karger.com]

  The signs and symptoms of Drug-Induced Hepatitis resemble those of viral hepatitis and may include: Jaundice or yellowing of the skin and eye whites Jaundice may lead to pruritus, an intense itching sensation all over the body Nausea and vomiting White [dovemed.com]

  Usually, the onset is abrupt, with chills, fever, rash, pruritus, arthralgia, headache, abdominal pain, anorexia, nausea and vomiting. Later, overt evidence of liver damage, such as jaundice, dark urine and an enlarged and tender liver, may develop. [patient.info]

• Skin Rash

  The skin rashes were associated with blistering, ulceration and peeling of sheets of skin and she also had fever, arthralgia, mild icterus and respiratory distress. Initial laboratory investigations after admission are enlisted in [Table - 1]. [jpgmonline.com]

• Eruptions

  […] enterocolic perforations and end stage renal failure with nimesulide intake have been reported. [3], [4], [5] Dermatological reactions include urticaria, angioedema, maculopapular rash, pityriasis rosea-like lesions, necrotizing fasciitis, fixed drug eruption [jpgmonline.com]

• Withdrawn

  When the offending medication is withdrawn, symptoms may gradually subside. Reactions may be severe, however, and even fatal, even though the medication is stopped. [hepatitiscentral.com]

  The drug should be withdrawn and glucocorticoids given. Paracetamol poisoning is treated with gastric lavage and N-acetyl cystine which reduces hepatic necrosis, if therapy is started within 8 hours of ingestion. [medicscientist.com]

  UDCA treatment was started on admission and, contemporaneously, flutamide was withdrawn. Clinical and biochemical improvement was progressively observed, and the patient was discharged six weeks after the admission. [link.springer.com]

  Other poor predictors of outcome are old age, female sex, high AST. [51] [52] Drugs withdrawn [ edit ] The following therapeutic drugs were withdrawn from the market primarily because of hepatotoxicity: Troglitazone, bromfenac, trovafloxacin, ebrotidine [en.wikipedia.org]

  Drugs withdrawn from the market secondary to hepatotoxicity In the last few years, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has withdrawn 2 drugs from the market for causing severe liver injury: bromfenac and troglitazone. [emedicine.medscape.com]

• Seizure

  […] that can lead to liver injury include: Amiodarone Anabolic steroids Birth control pills Chlorpromazine Erythromycin Halothane (a type of anesthesia) Methyldopa Isoniazid Methotrexate Statins Sulfa drugs Tetracyclines Amoxicillin-clavulanate Some anti-seizure [medlineplus.gov]

  Carbamazepine - seizures. Cholestasis : Venlafaxine - depression. [3] Thalidomide - multiple myeloma. [4] Specific drugs Acetaminophen: Zone 3 necrosis. [librepathology.org]

  Other factors that increase a person's risk for damage from acetaminophen include the fasting state, malnutrition, and concomitant administration of some other drugs such as phenytoin (Dilantin), phenobarbital, carbamazepine [(Tegretol) (anti- seizure [medicinenet.com]

  Those at particular risk include children younger than 2 years, those with congenital metabolic disorders or organic brain disease, and those with seizure disorders treated with multiple anticonvulsants. [emedicine.medscape.com]

• Confusion

  Mental confusion. Hand tremor (asterixis). Jaundice (yellowing of skin and eyes). Weight loss. Nausea. Fatigue. Abdomen swelling (peritoneal ascites). Swelling of limbs (peripheral edema). Generalized edema (anasarca). Itching. [drugabuse.com]

  More serious complications can involve accumulation of fluid in the abdomen ( ascites ) and mental confusion. A physical examination may reveal a liver that is tender and enlarged. [labtestsonline.org]

  Positive ANA and ASMA findings may add to the diagnostic evaluation but are usually confusing and hence not used. The presence of antibodies to specific forms of CYP has been associated with hypersensitivity to some drugs. [emedicine.medscape.com]

• Convulsions

  Delirium, coma, and convulsions develop, and within a few days the patient usually dies of fulminant hepatic failure. Short of liver transplantation, few treatment options are available. [hepatitiscentral.com]

• Dark Urine

  Later, there may be jaundice and dark urine and an enlarged and tender liver. When the offending medication is withdrawn, symptoms may gradually subside. Reactions may be severe, however, and even fatal, even though the medication is stopped. [hepatitiscentral.com]

  Some of the common symptoms are: nausea vomiting headache anorexia jaundice clay color stools dark urine hepatomegaly Diagnosis Diagnosis is typically made through a physical exam along with a patient history to identify any possible hepatotoxins. [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]

  urine Diarrhea Fatigue Fever Headache Jaundice Loss of appetite Nausea and vomiting Rash White or clay-colored stools Exams and Tests You will have blood tests to check liver function. [m.ufhealth.org]

  Later, overt evidence of liver damage, such as jaundice, dark urine and an enlarged and tender liver, may develop. Two general pathogenic mechanisms are recognised: Predictable or direct: usually promptly follows an exposure to a new medication. [patient.info]

[…] cardiovascular causes, especially right-sided heart failure Cholecystitis Cholangitis Budd-Chiari syndrome Alcoholic liver disease Cholestatic liver disease Pregnancy-related conditions of liver Malignancy Wilson disease Hemochromatosis Coagulation disorders Workup [emedicine.medscape.com]

• Enlargement of the Liver

  Later, there may be jaundice and dark urine and an enlarged and tender liver. When the offending medication is withdrawn, symptoms may gradually subside. Reactions may be severe, however, and even fatal, even though the medication is stopped. [hepatitiscentral.com]

  A diagnosis of Drug-Induced Hepatitis may involve: A complete medical history and a thorough physical examination: A physical exam will include examination for enlargement of the liver. [dovemed.com]

  Later, overt evidence of liver damage, such as jaundice, dark urine and an enlarged and tender liver, may develop. Two general pathogenic mechanisms are recognised: Predictable or direct: usually promptly follows an exposure to a new medication. [patient.info]

• Hepatic Necrosis

  hepatitis Toxic liver disease w chronic lobular hepatitis Toxic liver disease w chronic persistent hepatitis Toxic liver disease w cirrhosis, w fibrosis Toxic liver disease w hepatic necrosis Toxic liver disease w hepatic necrosis, w coma Toxic liver [icd9data.com]

  necrosis, acute hepatitis and granulomatous hepatitis Cholestatic injury: bland cholestasis, acute cholestatic hepatitis and chronic cholestatic injury Steatosis and steatohepatitis Vascular lesion: sinusoidal obstruction syndrome, Budd-Chiari syndrome [pathologyoutlines.com]

  Paracetamol poisoning is treated with gastric lavage and N-acetyl cystine which reduces hepatic necrosis, if therapy is started within 8 hours of ingestion. The main treatment for DILI is withdrawal of the offending drug [medicscientist.com]

  · malignant } } } NEC, with hepatic failure liver (cell) necrosis with hepatic failure yellow liver atrophy or dystrophy Excludes: alcoholic hepatic failure ( K70.4 ) hepatic failure complicating: · abortion or ectopic or molar pregnancy ( O00-O07, O08.8 [apps.who.int]

  Herbal hepatitis: subacute hepatic necrosis secondary to chaparral leaf. J Clin Gastroenterol 1990;12:203-6. Larrey D, Vial T, Pauwels A, et al. [cdc.gov]

The main treatment for DILI is withdrawal of the offending drug [medicscientist.com]

Reichen J: Treatment of cholestasis. Semin Liv Dis 13:302–315, 1993 Google Scholar 23. [link.springer.com]

Treatment There is no specific treatment for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. [labtestsonline.org]

Treatment There is no specific treatment for hepatitis A. The doctor will recommend the abstinence of alcohol and drugs during recovery. Most cases of hepatitis A resolve themselves spontaneously. [healthcentral.com]

Complementary and alternative therapies in the treatment of chronic hepatitis C: a systematic review. J Hepatol. 2004;40(3):491-500. 7. Sherman KE, Sjogren M, et al. [passeportsante.net]

What is the Prognosis of Drug-Induced Hepatitis? (Outcomes/Resolutions) The prognosis of Drug-Induced Hepatitis is usually good. [dovemed.com]

Treatment and prognosis Treatment depends on the etiology of the acute hepatitis. [radiopaedia.org]

Prognosis is good. Notice the presence of fine yellow granular bile pigment in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes around the central vein (zone 3). [meddean.luc.edu]

Prognosis Usually the symptoms will go away after the drug has been eliminated due to the liver repairing itself. A full recovery is typically expected unless it wasn't treated quickly resulting in more liver damage being done than normal. [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]

JCO. 2002, 20:2789-2797 Mavros MN, Mayo SC, Hyder O, Pawlik TM A systematic review treatment and prognosis of patients with fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma. [ivyunion.org]

Etiologies may include: viral hepatitides: (e.g. [radiopaedia.org]

[…] drug exposure varies from hours to months Clinical manifestations range from asymptomatic deranged liver function to fulminant hepatic failure and death Mimic all forms of acute, chronic, vascular or neoplastic liver diseases that are caused by other etiologies [pathologyoutlines.com]

This categorization allows testing for competing etiologies in a systematic approach. [gi.org]

Keywords Primary Biliary Cirrhosis Autoimmune Hepatitis Reference Interval Antimitochondrial Antibody Histocompatibility Leukocyte Antigen Introduction The etiology of autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is unknown. [jmedicalcasereports.biomedcentral.com]

(Etiology) Drug-Induced Hepatitis is caused by certain types of drugs, which include: Amiodarone Anabolic steroids Birth control pills Erythromycin General anesthetic halothane Methotrexate Sulfa antibiotics The exact mechanism of how these drugs lead [dovemed.com]

Hepatotoxicity of Herbals and Dietary Supplements Introduction Epidemiology of and Expenditure on Herbals and Dietary Supplements Origin and Production of Herbals and Botanicals for Medicinal Purposes Regulation of Dietary Supplements The Use of Herbal [elsevier.com]

About 10% of cases are idiosyncratic. [ 1 ] Epidemiology A very large number of drugs have been implicated as a potential cause of drug-induced hepatitis but with variable risk of both frequency and severity. [patient.info]

Prospective surveillance of acute serious liver disease unrelated to infectious, obstructive, or metabolic diseases: Epidemiological and clinical features, and exposure to drugs. [revistagastrocol.com]

This case report intends to draw the attention of clinicians and patients to the importance of recognizing any possible signs of cutaneous adverse reactions during nimesulide therapy, although only extensive epidemiological data can define the real impact [jpgmonline.com]

Epidemiology and individual susceptibility to adverse drug reactions affecting the liver. Seminars Liver Dis., 22: 145-155. PubMed | Lee, W.M. and W.T. Denton, 1989. [scialert.net]

Definition / general Drug / toxin reactions can be intrinsic or predictable, where they are dose dependent (e.g. acetaminophen ); or idiosyncratic and unpredictable, where they are dose independent (e.g. isoniazid) Pathophysiology Underlying mechanisms [pathologyoutlines.com]

The latter are unpredictable and dose-independent and may be related to either toxic or autoimmune pathophysiology. [karger.com]

[…] and mechanisms of drug-induced liver injury Pathophysiologic mechanisms The pathophysiologic mechanisms of hepatotoxicity are still being explored and include both hepatocellular and extracellular mechanisms. [emedicine.medscape.com]

Oxidant Stress, Antioxidant Defense, and Liver Injury Introduction The Major Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species in the Liver and their Sources Pathophysiological Consequences of Oxidative Stress Antioxidants Drug-Induced Oxidative Stress in the Liver [elsevier.com]

Review article: drug-induced liver injury—its pathophysiology and evolving diagnostic tools. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2011;34:11-20. 36. Roy PK. Budd-Chiari syndrome. Medscape. http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/184430-overview. [uspharmacist.com]

To prevent hepatitis D: Since the hepatitis D virus cannot infect on its own without hepatitis B, use the preventive measures outlined in hepatitis B. To prevent hepatitis E, remember to: Wash hands well after using any washroom. [healthcentral.com]

There is no vaccine available to prevent hepatitis C, but research is in progress to develop one. [labtestsonline.org]

Monitoring for and recognition of drug-induced hepatotoxicity may prevent some cases of acute hepatic failure. [nejm.org]

Hepatitis E Whether IG prevents hepatitis E remains undetermined. [clinicalgate.com]

Preventing Liver Damage There are many different things you can do in order to prevent liver damage. Be mindful of the following tips 5, 7 : Don’t take more than the recommended dose of acetaminophen or other non-prescription medications. [drugabuse.com]