[…] of verbatim trace recollection upon presentation of semantically similar stimulus was higher in the control than dyslexia group, (c) the probability of gist trace retrieval upon presentation of semantically similar stimulus was higher in the dyslexia [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Disability

  Reading disability, or dyslexia, is the most common learning disability. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Treatment validity: A unifying concept for reconceptualizing the identification of learning disabilities. Learning Disabilities Research and Practice, 13, 204 – 219. Grigorenko, E.L. & Naples, A.J. (in press). [doi.org]

  Information from the National Library of Medicine’s MedlinePlus Learning Disabilities [ninds.nih.gov]

  People with reading disorders may have other learning disabilities, too, including problems with writing or numbers. Visit learning disabilities for more information about these problems. [nichd.nih.gov]

• Weakness

  […] words with strong-weak stress pattern (e.g., scandal). [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Developmental Disorder

  Edit Synonym: reading disorder German : Legasthenie 1 Definition Dyslexia is a type of developmental disorder that causes children of normal intelligence to have trouble with reading and writing. [flexikon.doccheck.com]

  Abstract Dyslexia is a developmental disorder characterized by reading and phonological difficulties, yet important questions remain regarding its underlying neural correlates. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Schematic path for a brain-based diagnosis of developmental disorders. [doi.org]

• Asymptomatic

  Looking for evidence of 'asymptomatic' visual field loss Does the patient tend to bump into people or things? Has there been any damage to the car recently? Patients may continue to drive, as they are oblivious of quite significant field loss. [web.archive.org]

  […] insufficiency can interfere with a child's ability to concentrate on print for a prolonged period of time but does not interfere with decoding. 29 Binocular Vision True orthophoria—perfectly straight eyes—occurs rarely; most people demonstrate a small asymptomatic [dx.doi.org]

• Nausea

  General symptoms can include headaches, nausea, fatigue, burning eyes, and tearing. [dx.doi.org]

• Hearing Impairment

  Examples include vision problems, hearing impairment, lack of instruction, and social and economic factors. Dyslexia is different from delayed reading development, which may reflect mental disability or cultural deprivation. [medicalnewstoday.com]

  It should also rule out other potential causes like environmental factors or hearing impairment. The school should then make recommendations on how they can support your child and maximize her learning. [childmind.org]

  […] multiple disabilities, hearing impairment, visual impairment, deafness-blindness, and other health impairments. [nap.edu]

  Auditory temporal processing impairment: neither necessary nor sufficient for causing language impairment in children. J. Speech Lang. Hear. [doi.org]

• Hearing Problem

  It is important to identify language difficulties or any hearing problems which may be the underlying cause or contribute to the reading and spelling difficulties. There is an overlap between ADHD and a reading disorder. [patient.info]

  But the problem they have with processing speech sounds, prevents them from hearing all the individual sounds in a word. So they generally don’t read by sounding out. [das.org.sg]

  Auditory problems in dyslexia encompass a variety of functions. Commonly, a child may have difficulty remembering or understanding what he hears. Recalling sequences of things or more than one command at a time can be difficult. [medicinenet.com]

• Visual Impairment

  Millicent Akotam Agangiba, Emmanuel Boahen Nketiah and William Akotam Agangiba, Web Accessibility for the Visually Impaired: A Case of Higher Education Institutions’ Websites in Ghana, Advances in Web-Based Learning – ICWL 2017, 10.1007/978-3-319-66733 [doi.org]

  Occipital lobe lesions If both occipital lobes are injured then the patient is in a state of cortical visual impairment. [patient.info]

  His computer science and technology background, coupled with a chronic visual impairment, led him to create Microlink in 1992. Microlink stocks a range of technology and tools to help people with learning difficulties. [bbc.com]

  […] multiple disabilities, hearing impairment, visual impairment, deafness-blindness, and other health impairments. [nap.edu]

• Scotoma

  Relative scotoma - an area where objects of low luminance cannot be seen but larger or brighter ones can. Absolute scotoma - nothing can be seen at all within that area. Hemianopia This is a binocular visual defect in each eye's hemifield. [patient.info]

  Scotoma - this is a type of visual field defect. It is a defect surrounded by normal visual field. Relative scotoma - an area where objects of low luminance cannot be seen but larger or brighter ones can. [web.archive.org]

  Reading speed and saccadic eye movements with an artificial paracentral scotoma. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 33, 1418 (1992). 37. Schuett, S., Kentridge, R. W., Zihl, J. & Heywood, C. A. [doi.org]

• Dyslexia

  Dyslexia can be inherited in some families, and recent studies have identified a number of genes that may predispose an individual to developing dyslexia. [ninds.nih.gov]

  Further Reading All Dyslexia Content What is Dyslexia? Dyslexia Cause Dyslexia Symptoms Dyslexia Management [news-medical.net]

  More specific tools (eg, the Dyslexia Early Screening Test for testing early years, the Dyslexia Screening Test and the Aston Index) are used. [patient.info]

  KEYWORDS: Dyslexia; Legislation; Prevalence; Specific learning disability [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Suggestibility

  Brain injury was another suggested cause of dyslexia but in 1925, Samuel T. Orton wrote that dyslexia was independent of brain injury or damage. [news-medical.net]

  The literature from neuropsychology suggests that dyslexia is a subtle language-processing disorder that affects emotional, cognitive, and social development. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Anxiety Disorder

  Other conditions, such as learning disabilities, anxiety disorder, conduct disorder, depression, and substance abuse, are common in people with ADHD. [web.archive.org]

  Affective Disorders ( Anxiety, Depression ): Children with dyslexia may have low self-esteem related to their struggles in academics and are prone to depressive and anxiety disorders. [emedicinehealth.com]

  The rate of depressive disorders in adolescents with dyslexia is twice as high, and anxiety disorders are as much as three times as common ( 7 ). [doi.org]

  Depressive disorders and anxiety disorders are two-three times higher in people with dyslexia, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder is more common, as well. [87] [88] [89] [90] Review of academic achievement and skills: Average spelling/reading [en.wikipedia.org]

  Learning difficulties can be associated with and complicated by attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), 17, 18 oppositional defiant disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, anxiety, or depression. 19 Problems in self-regulatory behaviors, social [dx.doi.org]

• Anger

  For school-age children, frustration, blame, and anger may have built up within a family before a child is diagnosed. Parents and children may need special help to overcome negative feelings. [web.archive.org]

  Namely greed, envy, selfishness and anger, along with the casual fathering of children here, there and everywhere. "The gods are busy," sighs one of Percy's demigoddess friends, who, like him, has been neglected by her immortal parent. [telegraph.co.uk]

  PubMed Google Scholar Gilmour K: An anger management programme for adults with learning disabilities. Int J Lang Commun Disord. 1998, 33 (Suppl): 403-408. [doi.org]

• Hyperactivity

  Overview Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a brain disorder marked by an ongoing pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity that interferes with functioning or development. [nimh.nih.gov]

  Definition Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a brain disorder marked by an ongoing pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity that interferes with functioning or development. [web.archive.org]

  CONCLUSIONS: Our results complement a previous finding that PS partially mediates the sex difference in symptoms of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and helps explain the sex difference in both dyslexia and ADHD and their comorbidity. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  See Understanding Dyscalculia by Understood.org Attention and memory issues ADHD (Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder) affects attention, impulsiveness and/or hyperactivity. Approximately 30% of people with dyslexia also have ADHD. [idaontario.com]

• Stroke

  The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) and other institutes of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) support dyslexia research through grants to major research institutions across the country. [web.archive.org]

  A Japanese-speaking stroke patient with disrupted phonology but relatively good semantics was severely impaired in nonword reading, with better preserved and imageability-modulated word-reading in both kanji and kana. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Visual impairment following stroke: do stroke patients require vision assessment? Age Ageing 38, 188–193 (2009). 17. Zhang, X., Kedar, S., Lynn, M. J., Newman, N. J. & Biousse, V. Natural history of homonymous hemianopia. [doi.org]

• Perseveration

  The analyses assessed the extent to which the perseverations preserved source position as defined by various theories of letter position representation. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Benjamin demonstrates courage, perseverance, vulnerability, tremendous strength... and he’s an ARTIST! I admire you, your work, and your outlook." [today.com]

  Often, their most crucial “life-saving” characteristics were determination and perseverance along with a desperate need to prove that they were not as dumb as they inwardly felt. [dyslexiaonline.com]

  Teach your child to persevere. You can model, through good-humored acceptance of your own mistakes, that mistakes can help you find solutions. Recognize your child's limitations. There may be some things your child will always struggle with. [healthy.kaiserpermanente.org]

• Difficulty Writing

  These problems can contribute to poor hand-eye coordination, or difficulty using visual feedback to guide their writing. [davidsongifted.org]

  Although she was able to write single notes and symbols to dictation, she had difficulty writing the melodies, making mostly rhythmic errors. [doi.org]

This assessment and treatment is to check the health of the eyes and to enable clear and comfortable vision; treatment of visual difficulties is not treatment of dyslexia. [bdadyslexia.org.uk]

Treatment The main focus of treatment should be on the specific learning problems of affected individuals. [ninds.nih.gov]

Early recognition and referral to qualified professionals for evidence-based evaluations and treatments are necessary to achieve the best possible outcome. Because dyslexia is a language-based disorder, treatment should be directed at this etiology. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

The most appropriate treatment strategy depends on the needs of the individual. [web.archive.org]

What is the prognosis? For those with dyslexia, the prognosis is mixed. The disability affects such a wide range of people and produces such different symptoms and varying degrees of severity that predictions are hard to make. [web.archive.org]

Prognosis Although some compensation can occur over time, dyslexia is usually persistent and may have a severe effect on academic achievement. [ 10 ] The effectiveness of treatment depends on the initial severity of the dyslexia. [patient.info]

Their etiologies are multifactorial and reflect genetic influences and dysfunction of brain systems. Reading disability, or dyslexia, is the most common learning disability. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Recent studies have discovered brain differences before formal instruction that likely encourage or discourage learning to read effectively, distinguished between brain differences that likely reflect the etiology of dyslexia versus brain differences [hdl.handle.net]

BACKGROUND: Males are diagnosed with dyslexia more frequently than females, even in epidemiological samples. This may be explained by greater variance in males' reading performance. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

The article focuses on the link between RD and ADHD from an epidemiological, genetic, neurofunctional, neuropsychological, and therapeutic perspective and summarizes the characteristics of the comorbid phenotype. [dx.doi.org]

Over past decades, researchers have attempted to characterize dyslexia neurobiological and genetic levels and unfold its pathophysiology. The genetic research on dyslexia has received attention in Asia from the last decade. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

A family history of ADHD places children at increased risk for the development of dyslexia. [2] [3] Pathophysiology Functional MRI has demonstrated areas in the left occipital-temporal region of the brain that are necessary for skilled reading. [eyewiki.aao.org]

Nonetheless, evaluated prevention programs are available in kindergarten that have been found to promote children's ability to acquire reading and spelling skills in school. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Early Identification and Prevention of Dyslexia: Results from a Prospective Follow-up Study of Children at Familial Risk for Dyslexia Early identification and prevention of dyslexia: Results from a prospective follow-up study of children at familial risk [doi.org]

Preventing Reading Difficulties in Young Children. [nap.edu]