[…] of verbatim trace recollection upon presentation of semantically similar stimulus was higher in the control than dyslexia group, (c) the probability of gist trace retrieval upon presentation of semantically similar stimulus was higher in the dyslexia [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Disability

  Reading disability, or dyslexia, is the most common learning disability. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Treatment validity: A unifying concept for reconceptualizing the identification of learning disabilities. Learning Disabilities Research and Practice, 13, 204 – 219. Grigorenko, E.L. & Naples, A.J. (in press). [doi.org]

  Information from the National Library of Medicine’s MedlinePlus Learning Disabilities [ninds.nih.gov]

  People with reading disorders may have other learning disabilities, too, including problems with writing or numbers. Visit learning disabilities for more information about these problems. [nichd.nih.gov]

• Developmental Disorder

  Edit Synonym: reading disorder German : Legasthenie 1 Definition Dyslexia is a type of developmental disorder that causes children of normal intelligence to have trouble with reading and writing. [flexikon.doccheck.com]

  Abstract Dyslexia is a developmental disorder characterized by reading and phonological difficulties, yet important questions remain regarding its underlying neural correlates. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Schematic path for a brain-based diagnosis of developmental disorders. [doi.org]

• Problems at School

  DRD may lead to: Problems in school, including behavior problems Loss of self-esteem Reading problems that continue Problems with job performance Call your provider if your child appears to be having trouble learning to read. [nlm.nih.gov]

  Many children with learning problems in school have trouble with reading and/or writing. If the trouble is severe enough, it may be diagnosed as a “specific learning disorder in reading” or a “specific learning disorder in writing.” [childrenshospital.org]

  Such language problems are often difficult to recognize, but they can lead to major problems in school, in the workplace, and in relating to other people. The effects of dyslexia can reach well beyond the classroom. [dyslexiaida.org]

• Camping

  On the surface, a lot of the story is about Percy’s time at school – sorry, Camp Half-Blood. [telegraph.co.uk]

  While I was missing out on normal kid stuff—my morning swim time, horseback riding at summer camp—something happened to me in that overheated classroom. Reading began to click. [wired.com]

  To illustrate, a critical molecular process related to long-term memory is the effect that CREB (cAMP response element binding protein) has on genetic transcription. [doi.org]

• Movement Disorder

  Movement Disorders: Official Journal of the Movement Disorder Society. 2008; 23 :405–410. 18067184 [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ] Draganski B., Bhatia K.P. Brain structure in movement disorders: a neuroimaging perspective. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  […] eye-movement disorders than in the general population. 137 Problems such as nystagmus interfere with foveal fixation time, yet affected children have not shown an increased likelihood of dyslexia. [dx.doi.org]

• Cough

  Languages such as English, where there is often no clear connection between the written form and sound, as in words such as "cough" and "dough," can be more challenging for a person with dyslexia. The symptoms of dyslexia change with age. [medicalnewstoday.com]

• Nausea

  General symptoms can include headaches, nausea, fatigue, burning eyes, and tearing. [dx.doi.org]

• Abnormal Eye Movement

  […] nystagmus, and we concluded that the term of nystagmus like abnormal eye movement was appropriate for the expression of the spontaneously repeated eye movement. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Visual-perceptual problems and abnormal eye movements are not dyslexia. However, these problems can interfere further with word learning. Aural, rather than visual, problems are now thought to be the predominant causes of reading disabilities. [msdmanuals.com]

  If all eye movements are prevented, then vision fades completely. These small eye movements do not cause blur, however, because they are compensated for by the visual system. [dx.doi.org]

• Hearing Impairment

  Examples include vision problems, hearing impairment, lack of instruction, and social and economic factors. Dyslexia is different from delayed reading development, which may reflect mental disability or cultural deprivation. [medicalnewstoday.com]

  It should also rule out other potential causes like environmental factors or hearing impairment. The school should then make recommendations on how they can support your child and maximize her learning. [childmind.org]

  […] multiple disabilities, hearing impairment, visual impairment, deafness-blindness, and other health impairments. [nap.edu]

  Auditory temporal processing impairment: neither necessary nor sufficient for causing language impairment in children. J. Speech Lang. Hear. [doi.org]

• Dyslexia

  Dyslexia can be inherited in some families, and recent studies have identified a number of genes that may predispose an individual to developing dyslexia. [ninds.nih.gov]

  Further Reading All Dyslexia Content What is Dyslexia? Dyslexia Cause Dyslexia Symptoms Dyslexia Management [news-medical.net]

  More specific tools (eg, the Dyslexia Early Screening Test for testing early years, the Dyslexia Screening Test and the Aston Index) are used. [patient.info]

  KEYWORDS: Dyslexia; Legislation; Prevalence; Specific learning disability [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Confusion

  Can be ambidextrous, and often confuses left/right, over/under. Math and Time Management: Has difficulty telling time, managing time, learning sequenced information or tasks, or being on time. [dyslexia.com]

  Has difficulty decoding single words (reading single words in isolation) May be slow to learn the connection between letters and sounds May confuse small words – at/to, said/and, does/goes Makes consistent reading and spelling errors including: Letter [readingrockets.org]

  First, various analyses of principal components showed that six or more factors of dyslexia can be distinguished (rapid naming, spelling, reading, short-term memory, confusion, phonology, attention, complexity). [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Reversals or visual confusions can occur, most often because of retention or retrieval difficulties that cause affected children to forget or confuse the names of letters and words that have similar structures; subsequently, d becomes b, m becomes w, [msdmanuals.com]

• Hyperactivity

  Overview Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a brain disorder marked by an ongoing pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity that interferes with functioning or development. [nimh.nih.gov]

  Definition Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a brain disorder marked by an ongoing pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity that interferes with functioning or development. [web.archive.org]

  CONCLUSIONS: Our results complement a previous finding that PS partially mediates the sex difference in symptoms of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and helps explain the sex difference in both dyslexia and ADHD and their comorbidity. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  See Understanding Dyscalculia by Understood.org Attention and memory issues ADHD (Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder) affects attention, impulsiveness and/or hyperactivity. Approximately 30% of people with dyslexia also have ADHD. [idaontario.com]

  Comorbidity of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and reading disorder (RD) is frequent. [dx.doi.org]

• Behavior Problem

  Labeled lazy, dumb, careless, immature, "not trying hard enough," or "a behavior problem." Absolutely Somewhat Rarely or Never 3.High in IQ, yet may not test well academically; tests well orally, but not written. [testdyslexia.com]

  DRD may lead to: Problems in school, including behavior problems Loss of self-esteem Reading problems that continue Problems with job performance Call your provider if your child appears to be having trouble learning to read. [nlm.nih.gov]

  Labelled lazy, dumb, careless, immature, “not trying hard enough,” or “behavior problem.” Isn’t “behind enough” or “bad enough” to be helped in the school setting. High in IQ, yet may not test well academically; tests well orally, but not written. [dyslexia.com]

• Irritability

  It is only this television biography that is downright irritating. The story begins in 1966 with a car chase, as Mary and a boyfriend are forced into a crash by some overzealous highway police. [nytimes.com]

  In fact, I'm not even sure that Estes has a direct narrative point at all, nor is he trying to put you in an irritating 'What would you do?' dilemma. [letterboxd.com]

  These are usually identified by change in a child's usual pattern of behavior and deterioration in academics accompanied by withdrawal from activities, greater irritability, mood swings, avoidance of school, change in alertness, eating, sleeping, and [emedicinehealth.com]

  Talk with a doctor if you see any of these side effects while taking stimulants: decreased appetite sleep problems tics (sudden, repetitive movements or sounds); personality changes increased anxiety and irritability stomachaches headaches Non-stimulants [web.archive.org]

  […] hypoaccommodate and may benefit from spectacle correction at lower thresholds. 159 A careful external ocular examination should be performed to determine if the child has problems such as dry eyes, blepharitis, or ocular allergies that could cause eye irritation [dx.doi.org]

• Difficulty Writing

  These problems can contribute to poor hand-eye coordination, or difficulty using visual feedback to guide their writing. [davidsongifted.org]

  Although she was able to write single notes and symbols to dictation, she had difficulty writing the melodies, making mostly rhythmic errors. [doi.org]

This assessment and treatment is to check the health of the eyes and to enable clear and comfortable vision; treatment of visual difficulties is not treatment of dyslexia. [bdadyslexia.org.uk]

Treatment The main focus of treatment should be on the specific learning problems of affected individuals. [ninds.nih.gov]

Early recognition and referral to qualified professionals for evidence-based evaluations and treatments are necessary to achieve the best possible outcome. Because dyslexia is a language-based disorder, treatment should be directed at this etiology. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

The most appropriate treatment strategy depends on the needs of the individual. [nichd.nih.gov]

What is the prognosis? For those with dyslexia, the prognosis is mixed. The disability affects such a wide range of people and produces such different symptoms and varying degrees of severity that predictions are hard to make. [web.archive.org]

Prognosis Although some compensation can occur over time, dyslexia is usually persistent and may have a severe effect on academic achievement. [ 10 ] The effectiveness of treatment depends on the initial severity of the dyslexia. [patient.info]

Their etiologies are multifactorial and reflect genetic influences and dysfunction of brain systems. Reading disability, or dyslexia, is the most common learning disability. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Recent studies have discovered brain differences before formal instruction that likely encourage or discourage learning to read effectively, distinguished between brain differences that likely reflect the etiology of dyslexia versus brain differences [hdl.handle.net]

BACKGROUND: Males are diagnosed with dyslexia more frequently than females, even in epidemiological samples. This may be explained by greater variance in males' reading performance. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

The article focuses on the link between RD and ADHD from an epidemiological, genetic, neurofunctional, neuropsychological, and therapeutic perspective and summarizes the characteristics of the comorbid phenotype. [dx.doi.org]

Over past decades, researchers have attempted to characterize dyslexia neurobiological and genetic levels and unfold its pathophysiology. The genetic research on dyslexia has received attention in Asia from the last decade. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

A family history of ADHD places children at increased risk for the development of dyslexia. [2] [3] Pathophysiology Functional MRI has demonstrated areas in the left occipital-temporal region of the brain that are necessary for skilled reading. [eyewiki.aao.org]

Nonetheless, evaluated prevention programs are available in kindergarten that have been found to promote children's ability to acquire reading and spelling skills in school. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Early Identification and Prevention of Dyslexia: Results from a Prospective Follow-up Study of Children at Familial Risk for Dyslexia Early identification and prevention of dyslexia: Results from a prospective follow-up study of children at familial risk [doi.org]

Preventing Reading Difficulties in Young Children. [nap.edu]