All rights reserved. dys·os·mi·a (dis-oz'mē-ă), Distortion or perversion in the perception of an odorant; an unpleasant perception may occur when a normally pleasant odor is present, or the perception may occur when no odorant is present (olfactory hallucination [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]

Parosmia is sometimes confused with another condition called phantosmia, which causes you to detect a “phantom” scent when there’s no scent present. [healthline.com]

Clinically, olfaction can fail in any of three ways: (i) decreased sensitivity (hyposmia, anosmia) and two types of distortion (dysosmia); (ii) distorted quality of an odorant stimulation (troposmia); (iii) perceived odor when no odorant is present (phantosmia [scitechnol.com]

An olfactory hallucination (phantosmia) makes you detect smells that aren't really present in your environment. The odors detected in phantosmia vary from person to person and may be foul or pleasant. They can occur in one or both nostrils. [mayoclinic.org]

Phantosmia refers to the perception of an odor when there’s no actual odorant present. The etiology of dysosmia still remains a theory. It is typically considered a neurological disorder and clinical associations with the disorder have been made. [dbpedia.org]

• Inflammation

  The death upon respiratory failure may be also associated with the local inflammation- and thrombi-derived damages to the respiratory reflexes in both the lung neuronal network and brainstem center. [covid19.elsevierpure.com]

  Potential causes of this abnormality could be a brain tumor, inflammation, stroke, or an injury following head trauma. Confirming the cause requires an imaging study of the brain (MRI) and a brain-wave test (EEG). [brainandlife.org]

  CT scan of the skull has now replaced the use of X-rays and is typically used to detect problems like: Bleeding within the brain Lesions Brain injury Hemorrhage Inflammation in the paranasal sinuses Previously, X-rays of the skull are generally performed [medicalsubstance.com]

  No obstruction or excess secretion was noted in the nasal passages, and the olfactory epithelium showed no signs of congestion or inflammation. It was determined that the olfactory dysfunction was an adverse effect of metoprolol. [journals.lww.com]

  […] patients with CRS, approximately 65% to 80% have olfactory dysfunction.16 Nasal obstruction preventing airflow in the olfactory fossa is often identified as the etiological factor in these cases, in addition to damage to the neuroepithelium due to chronic inflammation [scielo.br]

• Epilepsy

  Epilepsy, schizophrenia, Alzheimer's disease, and head trauma can all lead to phantosmia. Dysosmia is characterized by a distorted sense of smell. [wisegeek.com]

  […] deficiencies, head injury (severing of axons as they pass through the cribriform plate), many drugs, aging gustation: radiation (cancer treatment), many drugs, aging CENTRAL: hallucinations and loss of discrimination are usually of central origin tumors, epilepsy [d.umn.edu]

  […] associations with the neurological disorder:[2][8] Upper respiratory tract infection (URTIs) Nasal and paranasal sinus disease Toxic chemical exposure Neurological abnormalities Head trauma Nasal surgery Tumors on the frontal lobe or olfactory bulb Epilepsy [en.wikipedia.org]

  Olfactory distortions have also been observed with epilepsy. These conditions should be ruled out if applicable and referral should be made to mental health professionals for diagnosis and care if suspected. [academic.oup.com]

• Rhinitis

  The main diagnoses of the hyposmic patients were upper respiratory tract infection (32%), nasal polyposis (24%), head trauma (8%), idiopathic (8%), old age (5%) and chronic rhinitis (5%). [tandfonline.com]

  […] ageusia typically results in anorexia and severe weight loss, which can be fatal Location PERIPHERAL: chemicals can't reach the receptors, or are altered on the way to the receptor olfaction: smoking, anything that causes swelling of the nasal mucosa (rhinitis [d.umn.edu]

  […] subdivided into 2,5: conductive: an obstruction to the passage of odorants, or sensorineural: dysfunction of the olfactory neurones or olfactory nerve (I) central: dysfunction of the olfactory processing systems of the CNS Conductive Common allergic rhinitis [radiopaedia.org]

  Temporary loss of the sense of smell is common with colds and nasal allergies, such as hay fever (allergic rhinitis). It may occur after a viral illness. Some loss of smell occurs with aging. [pennstatehershey.adam.com]

  head trauma, allergic rhinitis and chronic rhinosinusitis (Mott and Leopold, 1991; Duncan and Seiden, 1995; Apter et al., 1999; Quint et al., 2001). [academic.oup.com]

• Pneumonia

  Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. Lancet. 2020;395(10223):507–513. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30211-7. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  The respiratory condition COVID-19 arises in a human host upon the infection with SARS-CoV-2, a coronavirus that was first acknowledged in Wuhan, China, at the end of December 2019 after its outbreak of viral pneumonia. [covid19.elsevierpure.com]

  Zhou P, Yang X-L, Wang X-G, Hu B, Zhang L, Zhang W et al (2020) A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin. Nature 579:270–273 Article Google Scholar 4. [jkamprs.springeropen.com]

• Nasal Discharge

  Complaints of nasal discharge or unilateral epistaxis are suggestive of an upper airway abnormality. [clinicalgate.com]

  The nasal discharge is then collected and sent for laboratory examination to detect the eosinophil (one type of white blood cells) count, which is primarily responsible for initiating allergy. [medicalsubstance.com]

• Nasal Congestion

  Tests that may be performed include: CT scan MRI scan Nasal endoscopy Olfactory nerve testing Smell testing If the loss of sense of smell is caused by a stuffy nose (nasal congestion), decongestants or antihistamines may be prescribed. [pennstatehershey.adam.com]

• Rhinorrhea

  The following were evaluated: age, gender, duration of complaint, symptoms at diagnosis (nasal obstruction, anterior or posterior rhinorrhea, epistaxis, headache, among others), comorbidities, as well as findings during the otorhinolaryngology examination [scielo.br]

• Fracture

  […] has now replaced the use of X-rays and is typically used to detect problems like: Bleeding within the brain Lesions Brain injury Hemorrhage Inflammation in the paranasal sinuses Previously, X-rays of the skull are generally performed to evaluate the fractures [medicalsubstance.com]

• Parosmia

  The toxins and chemicals in cigarettes can cause parosmia over time. For this same reason, exposure to toxic chemicals and high volumes of air pollution can cause parosmia to develop. [healthline.com]

  A central theory of parosmia is still viable that states that the integrative or interpretive centers in the brain form parosmia. [practicalneurology.com]

  Dysosmia can be classified as either parosmia (also called troposmia) or phantosmia. Parosmia refers to a distortion in the perception of an odorant. Odorants smell different from what one remembers. [dbpedia.org]

  Experiments in treating parosmia with the drug L-Dopa were conducted during the 1970s, but no conclusive results were reached. [wisegeek.com]

  Dysosmia can be classified as either parosmia (also called troposmia) or phantosmia. Parosmia is a distortion in the perception of an odorant. Odorants smell different from what one remembers. [mindat.org]

• Confusion

  The extent to which specific medical and experimental manipulations induce consistent changes in psychophysical odorant object space as inferred from the olfactory Confusion matrix (OCM) and from psychophysical ratings of odorant dissimilarity using a [grantome.com]

  However, this early symptom may reflect the nasal proliferation that should not be confused with the viral access in the central nervous system of the host, which can instead be allowed by means of other routes for spreading in most of the neuroanatomical [covid19.elsevierpure.com]

  Parosmia is sometimes confused with another condition called phantosmia, which causes you to detect a “phantom” scent when there’s no scent present. [healthline.com]

  The terms used to describe olfactory distortions have been confusing in the past, but generally the following terms are now used. `Dysosmia' can be used to describe any distortion of the sense of smell. [academic.oup.com]

  The causes of conduction, in turn, include nasal tumors, traumatic septal deviations affecting the cribriform plate, and CRS with polyps.13 This classification is often confusing, as some causes can be identified as both conduction and sensorineural, [scielo.br]

• Neglect

  Disentangling the Hypothesis of Host Dysosmia and SARS-CoV-2: The Bait Symptom That Hides Neglected Neurophysiological Routes. Frontiers in Physiology, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2020.00671 [covid19.elsevierpure.com]

• Irritability

  This method was shown to be inadequate, as even normal patients have difficulties in naming certain types of odors, whereas certain substances may produce irritation of the nasal mucosa and stimulate the perception of patients with hyposmia. [scielo.br]

• Burning Sensation

  The trigeminal nerve senses texture, pain, and temperature of food, exg. the cooling effect of menthol or the burning sensation of spicy food.[10] Diagnosis[edit] Diagnosing dysosmia precisely can be difficult due to the variety of causes and symptoms [en.wikipedia.org]

The big puzzle in this treatment is why olfactory function returns after cutting all the olfactory nerves. Treatment of Dysgeusia You may question whether my patient really had dysgeusia. [practicalneurology.com]

Recovery times vary according to the underlying cause of your parosmia symptoms and the treatment that you use. If your parosmia is caused by a virus or infection, your sense of smell may return to normal without treatment. [healthline.com]

Most patients benefit from medical treatment, but for some, surgical treatment is required. [en.wikipedia.org]

Important Points in Treatment Your doctor will review your medical history, particularly your medication history. [leggettmedical.com]

Dysosmia Treatment There are very few treatment options for this particular condition. [medicalsubstance.com]

However, the nature, prevalence, prognosis, and etiology… Expand [semanticscholar.org]

Age, gender, and how good your sense of smell was to begin with all play a part in the long-term prognosis for people with parosmia. Speak to your doctor if you experience any changes in the way that you experience smell. [healthline.com]

The etiology of dysosmia still remains a theory. It is typically considered a neurological disorder and clinical associations with the disorder have been made. [dbpedia.org]

The etiology of dysosmia still remains a theory. From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. Unfortunately there are no accurate diagnostic tests or methods for dysosmia. [dictionary.cambridge.org]

However, the nature, prevalence, prognosis, and etiology… Expand [semanticscholar.org]

MRI cost per dysosmia etiology diagnosis was $9445. Costs increased to $32,355 and $48,880 per intracranial cause or neoplasm, respectively. Cost to diagnose 1 causal intracranial neoplasm was $146,400. [onlinelibrary.wiley.com]

Randomized studies are still necessary when comparing responses to treatment between different etiological groups of olfactory disorders. [scielo.br]

Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. Lancet. 2020;395(10223):507–513. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30211-7. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Chen N, Zhou M, Dong X, Qu J, Gong F, Han Y et al (2020) Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. Lancet 395(10223):507–513 Article Google Scholar 5. [jkamprs.springeropen.com]

[…] endoscopic excision of the olfactory epithelium has been described as a safe and effective phantosmia treatment.[11] The Bifrontal craniotomy results in permanent anosmia, and both surgeries are accompanied with the risks associated with general surgery.[1] Epidemiology [en.wikipedia.org]

[…] and the main antecedents related to parosmia are URTIs, head trauma, and nasal and paranasal sinus disease.[4] Psychiatric causes for smell distortion can exist in schizophrenia, alcoholic psychosis, depression, and olfactory reference syndrome.[1] Pathophysiology [en.wikipedia.org]

The pathophysiology of a stimulated distortion (troposmia) is likely a decreased number of functioning olfactory primary neurons so that an incomplete characterization of the odorant is made. [academic.oup.com]

If a seizure disorder is suspected, antiseizure medications may be used to prevent a seizure and thus eliminate the smell. [brainandlife.org]

This acknowledgment may shed some light on the disease understanding further guiding public health preventive efforts and medical therapies to fight the pandemic that directly or indirectly affects healthy isolated individuals, quarantined subjects, sick [covid19.elsevierpure.com]

Dysosmia Prevention The prevention of this condition involves: Avoiding head trauma Certain precautions, such as wearing helmet, should be taken while playing outdoor games and driving a motorbike in order to reduce the risk of head injuries that might [medicalsubstance.com]

Alternative Names Loss of smell; Anosmia; Hyposmia; Parosmia; Dysosmia Considerations The loss of smell can occur with conditions that prevent air from reaching smell receptors located high in the nose, or loss of or injury to the smell receptors. [pennstatehershey.adam.com]

Additional Resources MedlinePlus National Institutes of Health Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development U.S. Department of Health & Human Services U.S. [jgoldbergmd.com]