The patient in case 2 presented with 17 days of vertigo and iearing loss. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Nausea

  The affected person may hear abnormal sounds and/or experience difficulty hearing, vertigo and nausea. [livestrong.com]

  Symptoms include sudden (acute), unprovoked attacks of severe, disabling vertigo, nausea, and vomiting. Vertigo is a false sensation that people, their surroundings, or both are moving or spinning. [merckmanuals.com]

  Meniere disease typically causes vertigo with nausea and vomiting, unilateral tinnitus, and chronic, progressive hearing loss. Testing is with audiogram, and MRI is done to rule out other disorders. [msdmanuals.com]

• Hearing Impairment

  The prevalence of disabling hearing impairment was 11.7% in adults and 10.2% in children. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Otalgia

  As the ear has a rich supply of sensory nerves from several cranial nerves, other pathologies can cause referred (secondary) otalgia. [pharmaceutical-journal.com]

  AOM is characterized by the rapid onset of inflammatory symptoms that can include otalgia, irritability, and fever, whereas there are none of these symptoms with OME. [hearingreview.com]

• Fracture

  No fractures or osteonecrosis were reported. CONCLUSION: Although high-dose corticosteroids are associated with known serious side effects, prospective data in the literature are limited. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  | Cochrane Antibiotics to prevent infection of the brain coverings (meningitis) in patients with basilar skull fracture Read more on Cochrane (Australasian Centre) website Antiviral drugs for sudden hearing loss (without known cause) | Cochrane Idiopathic [healthdirect.gov.au]

  Click on Pictures to Enlarge Ear Canal Fracture: This is a picture of a patient's ear canal that was collapsed and fractured when his jaw was forced backward when it was injured in a motor vehicle accident. [entusa.com]

  The injury may be as mild as irritation from a Q-tip or as severe as a skull fracture, a major explosion near your ear, or acid entering your ear. [entcentergr.com]

• Pruritus

  Pruritus is more marked than with other forms of ear infections and discharge is often a marked feature. [patient.info]

  The addition of corticosteroids is useful in reducing inflammation, pruritus and pain. [pharmaceutical-journal.com]

• Headache

  A 14-year-old girl who had been experiencing ear discharge for the previous 3 years was referred to a tertiary care center for management of a 3-day history of severe headache and vomiting. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Headaches in Children Kids get headaches and migraines too. Many adults with headaches started having them as kids, in fact, 20% of adult headache... [medicinenet.com]

  Symptoms of ear infection Symptoms can include: ear pain fever or headache having trouble hearing ears feeling plugged or full, sometimes with ringing or buzzing becoming dizzy or losing your balance nausea or vomiting. [healthdirect.gov.au]

  More minor symptoms include mild headaches, ringing in your ears, pus leaking out of your ears, ear pain and changes in vision. These can vary in severity, and may only last a few weeks. [express.co.uk]

  […] especially when lying down Tugging or pulling at an ear Difficulty sleeping Crying more than usual Acting more irritable than usual Difficulty hearing or responding to sounds Loss of balance Fever of 100 F (38 C) or higher Drainage of fluid from the ear Headache [mayoclinic.org]

• Nystagmus

  AICA infarction after performing magnetic resonance imaging. esults and Conclusions: We differentiated AICA from inner ear disease based on the variability in degree and frequency ange of hearing loss, the duration of vertigo, and the manifestation of nystagmus [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  This is characterized by horizontal and rotary nystagmus, but never vertical nystagmus. - E. cuniculi is generally related to central vestibular disease, which shows typically vertical and positional nystagmus, more rarely horizontal nystagmus. [medirabbit.com]

  In this test, each ear is flushed with warm and then cool usually one ear at a time; the amount of nystagmus resulting is measured. Weak nystagmus or the absence of nystagmus may indicate an inner ear disorder. [earassociates.com]

  Nystagmus, a condition characterized by involuntary movement of the eyes may also be present. Treatment The infection is treated with medication until the symptoms disappear. 9. [thesinusdoctor.com]

  On examination during an acute attack, the patient has nystagmus and falls to the affected side. Between attacks, the examination may be entirely normal. [msdmanuals.com]

Patients affected by immunomediated inner ear disease that had presented an upper respiratory tract infection underwent an immunologic workup study including microbiological study. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

This change may prompt a workup for AIED. [emedicine.medscape.com]

Since EOM patients show gradual or sudden deterioration of hearing, it is important to properly diagnose EOM and to start adequate treatment for EOM. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Otology also includes surgical treatment of conductive hearing loss, such as stapedectomy surgery for otosclerosis. [en.wikipedia.org]

The diagnosis is often missed and this impacts on the prognosis as the condition responds well to steroids and immunosuppressants if recognised early. LACUNA IN KNOWLEDGE: No useful specific test for autoimmunity affecting the inner ear exists. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Prognosis [ 13 ] Once antifungal therapy is started there is usually good resolution in the immunologically competent. [patient.info]

While the scope of management of otitis media is beyond the scope of this article, suffice to say that the introduction of antibiotics dramatically impacted both the treatment and prognosis of children with otitis media. [hearingreview.com]

Prognosis of surgical drainage, e.g. bulla osteotomy, is poor and is accompanied by post-operative complications in rabbits. [medirabbit.com]

Since clinically it can be very difficult to establish a viral etiology for such disorders, serologic studies can be used to confirm the suspected diagnosis. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

The etiology of endolymphatic fluid buildup is unknown. Risk factors include a family history of Meniere disease, preexisting autoimmune disorders, allergies, trauma to the head or ear, and, very rarely, syphilis. [msdmanuals.com]

This definition excludes patients with sudden SNHL occurring in less than 24 hours, which more likely is due to a microvascular or viral etiology. [emedicine.medscape.com]

Abstract Few epidemiological studies of middle ear disease have been conducted in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander populations, yet the disease is common and causes hearing impairment and poorer educational outcomes. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Epidemiology The incidence of otomycosis is not known but it is more common in hot climates and in those who partake in aquatic sports. [patient.info]

Epidemiology of otitis media during the first seven years of life in children in greater Boston: A prospective, cohort study. J Infect Dis. 1989;160:83 Klein JO. Otitis externa, otitis media, and mastoiditis. In: Mandell Dl Bennett, eds. [hearingreview.com]

Hughes et al found that approximately one half of their patients with AIED have manifestations of autoimmune Ménière syndrome. [7, 8] Epidemiology Frequency United States Because the existence of autoimmune inner ear disease (AIED) has been recognized [emedicine.medscape.com]

The different pathophysiologies of s-BPPV associated with different inner ear diseases may explain its diverse clinical features and courses. Copyright 2010 American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery Foundation. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Pathophysiology The term autoimmune inner ear disease (AIED) implies a direct attack of the immune system upon an endogenous inner ear antigen. [emedicine.medscape.com]

[…] over the past 30 years, such as increased birth weight and lower infant mortality, there is evidence to suggest that morbidities associated with infections such as respiratory infections and otitis media have not changed. [10-12] Middle Ear disease: Pathophysiology [amsj.org]

Preventable ear disease is a major cause of hearing loss in the population. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Preventative strategies The advent of the 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine has seen a substantial decrease in invasive pneumococcal disease. [amsj.org]

The surgical repair prevents future infections from outside contamination such as water getting into the middle ear. It also prevents skin from the outside of your eardrum from growing into the middle ear causing a cholesteatoma. [entcentergr.com]

These drugs do not help prevent attacks and thus should not be taken on a regular basis but only during acute spells of vertigo. [merckmanuals.com]