The patient in case 2 presented with 17 days of vertigo and iearing loss. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Rigor

  Quantitative studies with weaknesses arising from small sample size, few factors measured or weak data analysis were included only when they provided insights not available from more rigorous studies. [amsj.org]

• Yawning

  When you swallow or yawn, this tube normally opens to allow air into the middle ear space and prevents the build-up of fluid. Most children experience middle ear disease at some stage during early childhood. [health.qld.gov.au]

  Treatment Yawning, chewing or swallowing will help relieve the pressure. In some cases, decongestants may be prescribed. 8. Vestibular Neuritis Vestibular neuritis is the inflammation of the inner ear caused by a viral infection. [thesinusdoctor.com]

  This is the tube that we open by yawning or swallowing. Inflammation of the ear is called ‘otitis’. Otitis ear infection occurs when bacteria or a virus invade the external, middle or inner part of the ear. [homehealth-uk.com]

  Yawning helps to open up the Eustachian tubes by contracting the muscles. Use a decongestant if you suffer from ear problems due to the cold. However consult your doctor before taking any such medication. [home-remedies-for-you.com]

• Nausea

  The affected person may hear abnormal sounds and/or experience difficulty hearing, vertigo and nausea. [livestrong.com]

  Symptoms include sudden (acute), unprovoked attacks of severe, disabling vertigo, nausea, and vomiting. Vertigo is a false sensation that people, their surroundings, or both are moving or spinning. [merckmanuals.com]

  Meniere disease typically causes vertigo with nausea and vomiting, unilateral tinnitus, and chronic, progressive hearing loss. Testing is with audiogram, and MRI is done to rule out other disorders. [msdmanuals.com]

• Hearing Impairment

  The prevalence of disabling hearing impairment was 11.7% in adults and 10.2% in children. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Otalgia

  As the ear has a rich supply of sensory nerves from several cranial nerves, other pathologies can cause referred (secondary) otalgia. [pharmaceutical-journal.com]

  AOM is characterized by the rapid onset of inflammatory symptoms that can include otalgia, irritability, and fever, whereas there are none of these symptoms with OME. [hearingreview.com]

• Fracture

  No fractures or osteonecrosis were reported. CONCLUSION: Although high-dose corticosteroids are associated with known serious side effects, prospective data in the literature are limited. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  | Cochrane Antibiotics to prevent infection of the brain coverings (meningitis) in patients with basilar skull fracture Read more on Cochrane (Australasian Centre) website Antiviral drugs for sudden hearing loss (without known cause) | Cochrane Idiopathic [healthdirect.gov.au]

  Click on Pictures to Enlarge Ear Canal Fracture: This is a picture of a patient's ear canal that was collapsed and fractured when his jaw was forced backward when it was injured in a motor vehicle accident. [entusa.com]

  The injury may be as mild as irritation from a Q-tip or as severe as a skull fracture, a major explosion near your ear, or acid entering your ear. [entcentergr.com]

• Dermatitis

  Click on Pictures to Enlarge Delayed Hypersensitivity Reaction: Contact Dermatitis of the Ear Canal. C ontact dermatitis of the ear canal and auricle is commonly caused by medications. Neomycin is a topical antibiotic which can cause this. [entusa.com]

  The PERFECTLY Shaped Human Ear Flying and Ear Problems Cell phone Use May Cause Ear Pain/Dermatitis Products that pop the ears for you. [fauquierent.net]

  […] dependent on physician preference, cost, availability and contra-indications (e.g. aminoglycosides are contra-indicated in patients with perforated ear drum, although some specialists do use them with caution, and neomycin can cause topical contact dermatitis [pharmaceutical-journal.com]

• Pruritus

  Pruritus is more marked than with other forms of ear infections and discharge is often a marked feature. [patient.info]

  The addition of corticosteroids is useful in reducing inflammation, pruritus and pain. [pharmaceutical-journal.com]

• Flushing

  So frustrated was he, that he had a hose and tried to flush his ears out. A doctor called me from the emergency department of our local hospital, apologising that they were bothering my busy day with a non-urgent consultation. [theguardian.com]

  In this test, each ear is flushed with warm and then cool usually one ear at a time; the amount of nystagmus resulting is measured. Weak nystagmus or the absence of nystagmus may indicate an inner ear disorder. [earassociates.com]

• Skin Disease

  This article deals with the more important diseases and disorders of the outer, middle, and inner ear. Outer ear Diseases of the outer ear are those that afflict skin, cartilage, and the glands and hair follicles in the outer-ear canal. [britannica.com]

• Headache

  A 14-year-old girl who had been experiencing ear discharge for the previous 3 years was referred to a tertiary care center for management of a 3-day history of severe headache and vomiting. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Headaches in Children Kids get headaches and migraines too. Many adults with headaches started having them as kids, in fact, 20% of adult headache... [medicinenet.com]

  More minor symptoms include mild headaches, ringing in your ears, pus leaking out of your ears, ear pain and changes in vision. These can vary in severity, and may only last a few weeks. [express.co.uk]

  Symptoms of ear infection Symptoms can include: ear pain fever or headache having trouble hearing ears feeling plugged or full, sometimes with ringing or buzzing becoming dizzy or losing your balance nausea or vomiting. [healthdirect.gov.au]

  Symptoms include: waking up frequently in the middle of the night feeling unrefreshed upon awakening daytime drowsiness mood swings depression waking up with a dry, sore throat morning headaches In addition to these symptoms, many individuals with sleep [verywellhealth.com]

• Nystagmus

  AICA infarction after performing magnetic resonance imaging. esults and Conclusions: We differentiated AICA from inner ear disease based on the variability in degree and frequency ange of hearing loss, the duration of vertigo, and the manifestation of nystagmus [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  This is characterized by horizontal and rotary nystagmus, but never vertical nystagmus. - E. cuniculi is generally related to central vestibular disease, which shows typically vertical and positional nystagmus, more rarely horizontal nystagmus. [medirabbit.com]

  In this test, each ear is flushed with warm and then cool usually one ear at a time; the amount of nystagmus resulting is measured. Weak nystagmus or the absence of nystagmus may indicate an inner ear disorder. [earassociates.com]

  Nystagmus, a condition characterized by involuntary movement of the eyes may also be present. Treatment The infection is treated with medication until the symptoms disappear. 9. [thesinusdoctor.com]

  On examination during an acute attack, the patient has nystagmus and falls to the affected side. Between attacks, the examination may be entirely normal. [msdmanuals.com]

Patients affected by immunomediated inner ear disease that had presented an upper respiratory tract infection underwent an immunologic workup study including microbiological study. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

This change may prompt a workup for AIED. [emedicine.medscape.com]

• Pseudomonas

  The bacteria causing this infection is usually Pseudomonas aeruginosa. There was little pain. The patient was treated by cleansing the external ear canal and placement of an ear wick. [entusa.com]

  Further bacteria known to cause inner ear infection include Streptococcus sp., Escherichia coli, Enterococcus sp, Proteus sp., Pseudomonas sp.. Sporadic cases of yeast infection, e.g. Candida sp. or Pityrosporum sp., are found in rabbits. [medirabbit.com]

  However, this disease has a complex, polymicrobial aetiology, with at least fifteen other genera having been identified in middle ear eff usions. [11] The organisms involved in CSOM are predominantly opportunistic organisms, especially Pseudomonas aeruginosa [amsj.org]

  Bacteria such as Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus), Hemophilus influenzae, Pseudomonas, and Moraxella account for about 85% of cases of acute otitis media. Viruses account for the remaining 15%. [medicinenet.com]

  The most common bacteria isolated in OE are Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus. [pharmaceutical-journal.com]

RESULTS: The majority of patients benefited from treatment for AIED. Four patients (6 ears) received intratympanic therapy as part of their treatment. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

The diagnosis is often missed and this impacts on the prognosis as the condition responds well to steroids and immunosuppressants if recognised early. LACUNA IN KNOWLEDGE: No useful specific test for autoimmunity affecting the inner ear exists. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Prognosis [ 13 ] Once antifungal therapy is started there is usually good resolution in the immunologically competent. [patient.info]

While the scope of management of otitis media is beyond the scope of this article, suffice to say that the introduction of antibiotics dramatically impacted both the treatment and prognosis of children with otitis media. [hearingreview.com]

Prognosis of surgical drainage, e.g. bulla osteotomy, is poor and is accompanied by post-operative complications in rabbits. [medirabbit.com]

Since clinically it can be very difficult to establish a viral etiology for such disorders, serologic studies can be used to confirm the suspected diagnosis. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

The etiology of endolymphatic fluid buildup is unknown. Risk factors include a family history of Meniere disease, preexisting autoimmune disorders, allergies, trauma to the head or ear, and, very rarely, syphilis. [msdmanuals.com]

This definition excludes patients with sudden SNHL occurring in less than 24 hours, which more likely is due to a microvascular or viral etiology. [emedicine.medscape.com]

Abstract Few epidemiological studies of middle ear disease have been conducted in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander populations, yet the disease is common and causes hearing impairment and poorer educational outcomes. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Epidemiology The incidence of otomycosis is not known but it is more common in hot climates and in those who partake in aquatic sports. [patient.info]

Epidemiology of otitis media during the first seven years of life in children in greater Boston: A prospective, cohort study. J Infect Dis. 1989;160:83 Klein JO. Otitis externa, otitis media, and mastoiditis. In: Mandell Dl Bennett, eds. [hearingreview.com]

Hughes et al found that approximately one half of their patients with AIED have manifestations of autoimmune Ménière syndrome. [7, 8] Epidemiology Frequency United States Because the existence of autoimmune inner ear disease (AIED) has been recognized [emedicine.medscape.com]

The different pathophysiologies of s-BPPV associated with different inner ear diseases may explain its diverse clinical features and courses. Copyright 2010 American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery Foundation. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Pathophysiology The term autoimmune inner ear disease (AIED) implies a direct attack of the immune system upon an endogenous inner ear antigen. [emedicine.medscape.com]

[…] over the past 30 years, such as increased birth weight and lower infant mortality, there is evidence to suggest that morbidities associated with infections such as respiratory infections and otitis media have not changed. [10-12] Middle Ear disease: Pathophysiology [amsj.org]

Preventable ear disease is a major cause of hearing loss in the population. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Preventative strategies The advent of the 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine has seen a substantial decrease in invasive pneumococcal disease. [amsj.org]

Prevention of Autoimmune Inner Ear Disease Sadly, at present there is no known way to prevent autoimmune inner ear disease. [medindia.net]