Bilateral ankle contractures were present. Both testes are palpable in the scrotum. The neurological exam showed the pupils were equal and sluggishly reactive to light. [medcraveonline.com]

Diagnosis [ edit ] The diagnosis is based on the clinical presentation and on typical electroencephalographic patterns. [19] Treatment [ edit ] Treatment outlook is poor. [en.wikipedia.org]

No single cause has been identified, although in many cases structural brain damage is present. [2] Characteristics Ohtahara syndrome is rare and the earliest-appearing age-related epileptic encephalopathy, with seizure onset occurring within the first [ipfs.io]

Abnormal neurological behavior may be present prior to onset of seizures. Severe developmental delay is seen, with or without regression. Children with this syndrome may evolve to have West or Lennox Gastaut syndrome. [epilepsydiagnosis.org]

Dravet syndrome (DS) is a variant of epileptic encephalopathy that presents in infancy with gradually varying seizure types. [neurologyindia.com]

• Unable to Stand

  Affected calves are blind and unable to stand. portosystemic encephalopathy hepatic encephalopathy. transmissible mink encephalopathy transmissible disease of mink which resembles scrapie in sheep. [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]

• Motor Disturbances

  disturbances, and severe cases can cause permanent brain damage within five minutes. [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]

• Areflexia

  The tongue showed prominent fasciculations consistent with anterior horn cell degeneration, along with profound head lag, generalized hypotonia and areflexia. [medcraveonline.com]

The diagnostic workup of EIEEs remains challenging because of frequent difficulties in defining etiologies. [dnatesting.uchicago.edu]

We identified 26 patients with Infantile Epileptic Encephalopathy (IEE) of unknown etiology despite extensive workup and without any specific epilepsy syndromic phenotypes. [journals.plos.org]

Diagnostic workup In early myoclonic encephalopathy, EEG is characterized by a "burst-suppression" pattern with bursts of spikes, sharp waves, and slow waves, which are irregularly intermingled and separated by periods of electrical silence. [intechopen.com]

• Burst Suppression

  Unlike previously reported cases, this child additionally presented with tonic seizures and a burst suppression EEG pattern that define Ottahara syndrome (Early Infantile Epileptic encephalopathy with burst-suppression) [4]. [medcraveonline.com]

  Clinically, OS is characterized by a " burst suppression " pattern on an EEG. [en.wikipedia.org]

  Clinically, OS is characterized by a “burst suppression” pattern on an EEG. [ipfs.io]

  It is also known as early infantile epileptic encephalopathy or early infantile epileptic encephalopathy with burst suppression pattern. [epilepsy.com]

  EEG pattern is characterised as Burst-Suppression during both waking and sleeping states. [intechopen.com]

Diagnosis [ edit ] The diagnosis is based on the clinical presentation and on typical electroencephalographic patterns. [19] Treatment [ edit ] Treatment outlook is poor. [en.wikipedia.org]

Treatment outlook is poor. Anticonvulsant drugs and glucocorticoid steroids may be used to try to control the seizures, but their effectiveness is limited. [ipfs.io]

Hope for children with Ohtahara Syndrome relies on the medical and research community understanding more about the causes and what treatment may work best in OS. The Rare Epilepsy Network (REN) helps connect families with research in these areas. [epilepsy.com]

Risk and treatment management includes, but is not limited to [6] : For ALDH7A1 related pyridoxine-dependent epilepsy and PNPO related pyridoxamine 5′-phosphate oxidase deficiency: Treatment Pyridoxine should be used For KCNQ2 related early infantile [swisscheckup.com]

[…] the brain associated with long-term use of hemodialysis, marked by speech disorders and constant myoclonic jerks, progressing to global dementia; it is due to high levels of aluminum in the dialysis fluid water or to aluminum-containing drugs used in treatment [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]

Moreover, early recognition and management of seizures may help improve the overall clinical outcome, although unlikely to have an impact on long term prognosis. [medcraveonline.com]

Prognosis Children have a poor prognosis, experiencing developmental regression, and eventual severe mental retardation. [intechopen.com]

Prognosis Prognosis is poor with death usually occurring in infancy (50% before age of 2). Survivors have severe psychomotor impairments with continuing seizures. The documents contained in this web site are presented for information purposes only. [orpha.net]

Prognosis The prognosis is related to the underlying disorder. The severity of developmental impairment varies with the type of epilepsy. Early infantile epileptic encephalopathy (Ohtahara syndrome) The prognosis is very poor. [emedicine.medscape.com]

Structural brain etiologies Genetic etiologies (STXBP1, SLC25A22, CDKL5, ARX, SPTAN1, PCDH19, KCNQ2, SCN2A and others) Metabolic etiologies (mitochondrial disorders, non-ketotic hyperglyinemia, pyridoxine/pyridoxal-5-phosphate disorders, carnitine palmitoyl [epilepsydiagnosis.org]

The etiologic agent is also the cause of new variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]

It is important to recognize PCH type 1 as a possible underlying etiology for Ottahara syndrome, also, the presence of Ottahara syndrome should help distinguish PCH type 1 from other types of spinal muscular atrophy. [medcraveonline.com]

Etiology No clear etiology is found in approximately 40% of cases ( Hrachovy, 2008 & Vigevano, 1992). [intechopen.com]

Etiology EIEE may be the result of different etiologies. Many cases have been associated with structural brain abnormalities. [orpha.net]

The first section of the book introduces the clinical aspects of the science of epileptology with chapters on pathophysiology, genetics, classification, syndromes, epidemiology, etiology, and differential diagnosis. [books.google.com]

Epidemiology of pyridoxine dependent and pyridoxine responsive seizures in the UK. Arch. Dis. Child. 1999; 81(5):431-3. PMID: 10519720 Trevathan, E, et al. The descriptive epidemiology of infantile spasms among Atlanta children. [invitae.com]

Relevant External Links for PCDH19 Genetic Association Database (GAD) PCDH19 Human Genome Epidemiology (HuGE) Navigator PCDH19 Atlas of Genetics and Cytogenetics in Oncology and Haematology: PCDH19 No data available for Genatlas for PCDH19 Gene Epilepsy [genecards.org]

Summary Epidemiology Incidence has been estimated at 1/100 000 births in Japan and 1/50,000 births in the U.K. Clinical description Onset of EIEE occurs within the first 3 months of life but some present within the first few weeks after birth. [orpha.net]

The first section of the book introduces the clinical aspects of the science of epileptology with chapters on pathophysiology, genetics, classification, syndromes, epidemiology, etiology, and differential diagnosis. [books.google.com]

Pathophysiology The underlying mechanisms of these disorders are still poorly understood. [intechopen.com]

Pathophysiology The epileptic encephalopathies are a group of age-specific epilepsy syndromes of diverse etiologies that share the potential for causing significant cognitive impairment. [emedicine.medscape.com]

While these gene discoveries initially had no direct link to the more severe epileptic encephalopathies, they laid the general pathophysiological concept, such as the channelopathy concept of the human epilepsies [Steinlein, 2004], which eventually provided [karger.com]

Mol Genet Metab 104: 48–60 PubMed CrossRef Google Scholar Stöckler S, Schutz PW, Salomons GS (2007) Cerebral creatine deficiency syndromes: clinical aspects, treatment and pathophysiology. [link.springer.com]

This DNA vaccine has the potential to be a safe and effective therapy to prevent Alzheimer disease. He described Machado-Joseph disease (MJD), an autosomal dominant ataxia, with William Nyhan, M.D. Ph.D, in 1976, for the first time. [books.google.com]

However, the high cost of the genetic analysis has prevented the parents from going ahead with the test. At present, the child is on a regular follow-up. He has recently been started on ketogenic diet. [neurologyindia.com]

Prevention No information is available. Genetic counseling might be helpful. 6.6. [intechopen.com]

Clinico-electrical evolution in pre-hypsarrhythmic stage: towards prediction and prevention of West syndrome. Brain Dev. 2001;23(7):482-7.Ohtsuka Y, Kobayashi K, Ogino T, Oka E. Spasms in clusters in epilepsies other than typical West syndrome. [malattierare.regione.veneto.it]