Severe infection in neonates presenting as hepatic failure is rare. [journals.lww.com]

Author information 1 Special Care Baby Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK. [email protected] Abstract We present a case of non-immune hydrops fetalis presenting acutely in the third trimester caused by echovirus infection. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Generalized Disease of the Newborn Neonates often present with an illness resembling bacterial sepsis, with fever, irritability, and lethargy. [doctorslounge.com]

One patient presented with hepatitis without disseminated intravascular coagulopathy (3). [nature.com]

• Fever

  Common symptoms include shortness of breath, chest pain, fever, and weakness. [emedicine.medscape.com]

  Generalized Disease of the Newborn Neonates often present with an illness resembling bacterial sepsis, with fever, irritability, and lethargy. [doctorslounge.com]

  Fever, intestinal infection and skin rash symptoms can be accompanied by other infectious disease symptoms depending on the severity of your infection. [healthblurbs.com]

  ECHO vi·rus an enterovirus from a large group of unrelated viruses belonging to the Picornaviridae, isolated from humans; although many inapparent infections occur, certain serotypes are associated with fever and aseptic meningitis, and some appear to [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]

  After investigation, we found that the case’s mother and some relatives and friends who visited the case had fever and other uncomfortable symptoms before and after birth of the case. [cdc.gov.tw]

• Asymptomatic

  Incidence and Risk Since the vast majority of echovirus infections are asymptomatic, it is difficult to determine what the true incidence of infection might be. [hps.scot.nhs.uk]

  [Article in Hebrew] Abstract Infection with Echovirus 11 is mostly asymptomatic, but it may cause a wide variety of clinical diseases, from gastroenteritis to serious diseases such as meningitis and myocarditis. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  The infants discharging ECHO 22 virus were asymptomatic or of slight symptoms of upper respiratory tract infection and of mild diarrhea. [jstage.jst.go.jp]

  ° Sant Joan de Déu; Barcelona, Spain(Muñoz-Almagro) To the Editors: Enterovirus can cause a wide spectrum of diseases in childhood, from asymptomatic infection to fatal encephalitis and myocarditis. [journals.lww.com]

  Fifty to eighty percent of patients with echoviral infections are asymptomatic. The most common presentation is a nonfocal, asymptomatic febrile illness. [emedicine.medscape.com]

• Sepsis

  We detected twin neonates who developed echovirus 30 infection, complicated by sepsis and hepatic failure with favorable outcome. [journals.lww.com]

  —A 2-month-old female infant was admitted to the Nassau County (New York) Medical Center in September 1981, for suspected sepsis. The infant had been well until the day of admission, when she became irritable and slept more than usual. [jamanetwork.com]

  The surviving sepsis campaign's revised sepsis bundles. Curr Infect Dis Rep. 2013;15:385–393. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 8. Beld M, Minnaar R, Weel J, Sol C, Damen M, van der Avoort H, Wertheim-van Dillen P, van Breda A, Boom R. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Weakness

  Common symptoms include shortness of breath, chest pain, fever, and weakness. [emedicine.medscape.com]

  In this case, you might have severe neurological symptoms including palsy, muscle weakness, or paralysis. An echovirus 11 infection could severely damage your heart, liver, or kidneys. This may lead to permanent problems in these organs. [webmd.com]

  Enteroviruses can also produce the Guillian-Barr é syndrome, which involves weakness and paralysis of the extremities and even the muscles of respiration. [encyclopedia.com]

  One additional complication is the post-polio syndrome in which weakness suddenly worsens many years or even decades after the initial illness. This can be accompanied by pain and general fatigue. [infectiousdiseaseadvisor.com]

• Fatigue

  A 2007 study suggested that acute respiratory or gastrointestinal infections associated with enterovirus may be a factor in chronic fatigue syndrome. [getwellstaywellathome.com]

  This can be accompanied by pain and general fatigue. Management of post-polio syndrome is supportive, with pain control and a regular but non-strenuous exercise or physical therapy regimen. [infectiousdiseaseadvisor.com]

  Encephalitis may present with mild symptoms such as headache, fever, fatigue, and muscle and joint pain or with severe symptoms such as seizures, altered consciousness, and paralysis. [lecturio.com]

  Chronic fatigue. Liver inflammation (hepatitis). Inflammation of the pancreas (pancreatitis). Diabetes. Heart muscle disease (cardiomyopathy) . [patient.info]

• Sore Throat

  Herpangina Herpangina is usually caused by coxsackievirus A and presents as acute-onset fever, sore throat, dysphagia, and grayish-white papulovesicular lesions on an erythematous base that ulcerate. [doctorslounge.com]

  Sore throat and dysphagia are the prominent symptoms and precede the appearance of the oral lesions. [emedicine.medscape.com]

  throat, bronchitis, bronchiolitis Echovirus respiratory tract infections will cause similar symptoms to those of rhinovirus, adenovirus and respiratory syncytial virus. [healthblurbs.com]

  Symptoms include fever, muscle pain, sore throat, gastrointestinal distress, and headache. Abdominal discomfort may also be reported in some patients. Enteroviruses are by far the most common causes of aseptic meningitis in children. [getwellstaywellathome.com]

  However, it is now known that echoviruses can cause a number of different diseases, including rashes, diarrhea, respiratory infections (such as the common cold, sore throat, bronchitis, and bronchiolitis), muscle inflammation, meningitis, encephalitis [medicinenet.com]

• Cough

  It is a good idea to cover the mouth and nose when coughing and sneezing and to avoid contact with other people who are coughing and sneezing. [humanillnesses.com]

  Symptoms Symptoms depend on the site of infection and may include: Croup (breathing difficulty and harsh cough) Mouth sores Skin rashes Sore throat Chest pain if the infection affects the heart muscle or sac-like covering around the heart (pericarditis [account.allinahealth.org]

  Symptoms depend on the site of infection and may include: Croup (breathing difficulty and harsh cough) Mouth sores Skin rashes Sore throat Exams and Tests Because the illness is often mild and has no specific treatment, testing for echovirus is often [nicklauschildrens.org]

  Symptoms depend on the site of infection and may include: Croup (breathing difficulty and harsh cough) Mouth sores Skin rashes Sore throat Chest pain if the infection affects the heart muscle or sac-like covering around the heart (pericarditis) Severe [medlineplus.gov]

  […] cord Myocarditis — inflammation of your heart muscle Hepatitis — inflammation of your liver Encephalitis — swelling of your brain Symptoms of echovirus 11 infections in babies, as well as adults, can include: Fever Diarrhea Rash Jaundice Congested nose Cough [webmd.com]

• Common Cold

  cold, sore throat, bronchitis, bronchiolitis Echovirus respiratory tract infections will cause similar symptoms to those of rhinovirus, adenovirus and respiratory syncytial virus. [healthblurbs.com]

  However, it is now known that echoviruses can cause a number of different diseases, including rashes, diarrhea, respiratory infections (such as the common cold, sore throat, bronchitis, and bronchiolitis), muscle inflammation, meningitis, encephalitis [medicinenet.com]

  An Enteric Cytopathic Human Orphan virus or ECHOvirus is a type of RNA-virus (a similar structure to the common cold ). The virus enters the body through the digestive tract, replicates in the intestines, and then spreads to the rest of the body. [house.wikia.com]

  Viruses cause familiar infectious diseases such as the common cold, flu and warts. They also cause severe illnesses such as HIV/AIDS, smallpox, and Ebola. Viruses are like hijackers. [icdlist.com]

  Cold ) and human parechoviruses, are picornaviruses ( pico, or small, RNA viruses). [msdmanuals.com]

• Pharyngitis

  Symptoms include elevated temperature, pharyngitis, and dysphagia. It is commonly observed in summer outbreaks involving younger children, often younger than 10 years, and less common in adolescents and young adults. [emedicine.medscape.com]

  These patients were afflicted consecutively with febrile illnesses, and ECHO 9 virus was isolated from the pharyngeal secretions of both patients. [annals.org]

  Echovirus pathogens can cause a broad range of health conditions and symptoms, like: croup diarrhea myositis paralysis herpangina pneumonia pericarditis pleurodynia myocarditis encephalitis neonatal sepsis viral meningitis viral pharyngitis respiratory [healthblurbs.com]

  Nuchal rigidity, conjunctival suffusion, oral ulcerations, and pharyngeal injection were present. Laboratory examination revealed a white blood cell count of 13,900 per mm3 (60% lymphocytes), AST 189 U/l, ALT 205 U/l, and γ-GT 100 U/l. [ejinme.com]

• Dyspnea

  Symptoms consist of fever with dyspnea (shortness of breath) and chest pain. Arrhythmias, heart failure, and myocardial infarction have also been reported. Acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis (eye) can be caused by enteroviruses. [getwellstaywellathome.com]

  Pericarditis and/or myocarditis are typically caused by enteroviruses; symptoms consist of fever with dyspnea and chest pain. Arrhythmias, heart failure, and myocardial infarction have also been reported. [en.wikipedia.org]

• Vomiting

  Echovirus 30 was isolated from the case who vomited into the pool and from six other cases. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Three days after admission, the patient was afebrile but she experienced acute mid-epigastric pain and multiple episodes of vomiting. [ejinme.com]

  In general, enteroviruses cause febrile illnesses, which are often accompanied by a viral exanthem, vomiting, diarrhea, and malaise. [pedclerk.bsd.uchicago.edu]

  Nausea and vomiting are also common. Pleurodynia (Bornholm Disease) Patients with pleurodynia present with an acute onset of fever and spasms of pleuritic chest or upper abdominal pain. [doctorslounge.com]

  Symptoms included fever, headache, vomiting and stiff neck. Three of the four boys attended the same primary school, while the fourth lived near that school. All four were admitted to the Kiryu Kosei General Hospital. [journals.lww.com]

• Nausea

  Nausea and vomiting are also common. Pleurodynia (Bornholm Disease) Patients with pleurodynia present with an acute onset of fever and spasms of pleuritic chest or upper abdominal pain. [doctorslounge.com]

  […] include: Croup (breathing difficulty and harsh cough) Mouth sores Skin rashes Sore throat Chest pain if the infection affects the heart muscle or sac-like covering around the heart (pericarditis) Severe headache, mental status changes, fever and chills, nausea [account.allinahealth.org]

  […] it travels to regional lymph nodes and central nervous system Prognosis most infections with echovirus are asymptomatic neonates with aseptic meningitis are at highest risk of death with mortality up to 10% Presentation Symptoms prodrome with fever, nausea [medbullets.com]

  Pleurodynia is characerized by severe paroxysmal pain in the chest and abdomen, along with fever, and sometimes nausea, headache, and emesis. Pericarditis and/or myocarditis (inflammation of heart) are typically caused by enteroviruses. [getwellstaywellathome.com]

• Abdominal Pain

  Pleurodynia (Bornholm Disease) Patients with pleurodynia present with an acute onset of fever and spasms of pleuritic chest or upper abdominal pain. Chest pain is more frequent in adults, and abdominal pain is more common in children. [doctorslounge.com]

  Coxsackie viruses cause sore throat or fever with chest or abdominal pains. [britannica.com]

  Pleurodynia: Pleurodynia is typified by the abrupt onset of chest and abdominal pain and spasms. Commonly caused by coxsackie A and echoviruses, this is more common in teens and adults. Most people have symptoms for 4-6 days. [pedclerk.bsd.uchicago.edu]

  Although some children with enteroviral infections may have no signs and symptoms, other youngsters can develop a high fever as well as a wide range of other symptoms, including a sore throat, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, skin eruptions, eye inflammation [healthychildren.org]

  Unusual cause should be kept in mind of abdominal pain in female patient. Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome. Gastroenterology. 2011; 140(3):e7-8. Gray-Swain MR, Peipert JF. Pelvic inflammatory disease in adolescents. [sapd.es]

• Dysphagia

  Sore throat and dysphagia are the prominent symptoms and precede the appearance of the oral lesions. [emedicine.medscape.com]

  Herpangina Herpangina is usually caused by coxsackievirus A and presents as acute-onset fever, sore throat, dysphagia, and grayish-white papulovesicular lesions on an erythematous base that ulcerate. [doctorslounge.com]

  Herpangina is caused by Coxsackie A virus and results in a vesicular rash in the oral cavity and on the pharynx, along with high fever, sore throat, malaise, and often dysphagia (difficulty swallowing), loss of appetite, back pain, and headache. [getwellstaywellathome.com]

  Coxiella/Q Fever Clinical URTI Herpangina Herpangina Acute types of coxsackievirus infections or echovirus infections that usually affect children during the summer and are characterized by vesiculoulcerative lesions on the mucous membranes of the throat; dysphagia [lecturio.com]

  Herpangina is caused by Coxsackie A virus, and causes a vesicular rash in the oral cavity and on the pharynx, along with high fever, sore throat, malaise, and often dysphagia, loss of appetite, back pain, and headache. [en.wikipedia.org]

• Chest Pain

  Common symptoms include shortness of breath, chest pain, fever, and weakness. [emedicine.medscape.com]

  When to Call Your Pediatrician Call your pediatrician if your child complains of neck pain, chest pain, difficulty breathing, listlessness, or lethargy. [healthychildren.org]

  Pleurodynia (Bornholm Disease) Patients with pleurodynia present with an acute onset of fever and spasms of pleuritic chest or upper abdominal pain. Chest pain is more frequent in adults, and abdominal pain is more common in children. [doctorslounge.com]

  Symptoms Symptoms depend on the site of infection and may include: Croup (breathing difficulty and harsh cough) Mouth sores Skin rashes Sore throat Chest pain if the infection affects the heart muscle or sac-like covering around the heart (pericarditis [account.allinahealth.org]

  Symptoms depend on the site of infection and may include: Croup (breathing difficulty and harsh cough) Mouth sores Skin rashes Sore throat Chest pain if the infection affects the heart muscle or sac-like covering around the heart (pericarditis) Severe [medlineplus.gov]

• Myalgia

  Fever and myalgias with clinical defervescence followed by reappearance of fever and headache herald the onset of meningitis, similar to what is observed in poliomyelitis. Meningismus, when present, varies from mild to severe. [emedicine.medscape.com]

  A 40-year-old Caucasian woman was admitted to our hospital with high fever, intense frontal headache, multiple episodes of vomiting, rash, and myalgias that had started 2 days prior to her admission. [ejinme.com]

  Other names for Bornholm disease are epidemic pleurodynia or epidemic myalgia. Bornholm disease symptoms The main symptom is pain in the lower part of the chest (pleurodynia) or the upper part of the tummy (abdomen). [patient.info]

  Myalgia was specifically inquired about, and reported in 7 of 40 (17.5%). Twenty three of 40 (58%) had fever on admission, 30 of 38 (79%) had clinical photophobia, and 27 (68%) had meningism on examination. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Rawlings, 2004 10 Neurotropic Viral Infections Echovirus infections may also result in paralysis, encephalitis, neonatal sepsis, exanthema, respiratory disease, myalgia, and myocarditis. [educalingo.com]

• Skin Rash

  Fever, intestinal infection and skin rash symptoms can be accompanied by other infectious disease symptoms depending on the severity of your infection. [healthblurbs.com]

  Nonpolio enterovirus infection; Echovirus infection Enteric cytopathic human orphan (ECHO) viruses are a group of viruses that can lead to infections in different parts of the body, and skin rashes. Many viruses cause skin rashes (exanthem). [mountsinai.org]

  Definition Enteric cytopathic human orphan (ECHO) viruses are a group of viruses that can lead to infections in different parts of the body, and skin rashes. [account.allinahealth.org]

  Definition Enteric cytopathic human orphan (ECHO) viruses are a group of viruses that lead to gastrointestinal infection and skin rashes. [nicklauschildrens.org]

  Enteric cytopathic human orphan (ECHO) viruses are a group of viruses that can lead to infections in different parts of the body, and skin rashes. Echovirus is one of several families of viruses that affect the gastrointestinal tract. [medlineplus.gov]

• Eruptions

  Rubelliform eruption ( rash looks like rubella ): E2 Morbilliform eruption ( rash looks like measles ): E6, E11, E25 Petechiae (tiny purple spots or purpura ): E11, E19 Punctate macular eruption : E19 A vesicular eruption (blisters): E11 Eczema coxsackium [dermnetnz.org]

  Although some children with enteroviral infections may have no signs and symptoms, other youngsters can develop a high fever as well as a wide range of other symptoms, including a sore throat, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, skin eruptions, eye inflammation [healthychildren.org]

  Zoster-like eruption due to echovirus 6. Am J Dis Child 1979; 133: 283–4. PubMed Google Scholar Foreman RE, Guiterrez A. Aseptic meningitis associated with echovirus type 6 and 9 infections in Carlsbad, New Mexico. [nature.com]

  Meningitis Asymmetric flaccid paralysis Bulbar involvement URTI Exanthem Exanthem Diseases in which skin eruptions or rashes are a prominent manifestation. [lecturio.com]

  Enteric Viruses Laboratory, Adolfo Lutz Institute, São Paulo, SP, Brazil Correspondence to SUMMARY Hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) is a contagious enteroviral infection occurring primarily in children and characterized by vesicular palmoplantar eruptions [scielo.br]

• Dermatitis

  E2 Morbilliform eruption ( rash looks like measles ): E6, E11, E25 Petechiae (tiny purple spots or purpura ): E11, E19 Punctate macular eruption : E19 A vesicular eruption (blisters): E11 Eczema coxsackium (a severe infection associated with atopic dermatitis [dermnetnz.org]

• Meningism

  Keywords: Echovirus 33; meningitis; Japan © Williams & Wilkins 1997. All Rights Reserved. [journals.lww.com]

  […] pl. echovi·ruses Any of various enteroviruses of the gastrointestinal tract associated with certain diseases, such as viral meningitis, mild respiratory infections, and severe diarrhea in newborns. [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]

  Echoviral meningitis may have a biphasic pattern. Fever and myalgias with clinical defervescence followed by reappearance of fever and headache herald the onset of meningitis, similar to what is observed in poliomyelitis. [emedicine.medscape.com]

  Aseptic Meningitis and Encephalitis Enteroviruses are the cause of up to 90% of cases of aseptic meningitis in children and young adults in which an etiologic agent can be identified. [doctorslounge.com]

  Aseptic meningitis is one of the most important diseases related to enteroviruses that are responsible for about 80 to 90 percent of viral meningitis over the world. [jjmicrobiol.com]

• Headache

  Abstract Forty-six people became ill with vomiting, diarrhoea and headache within days of an outdoor swimming pool opening for the summer season in a small seaside village. During the weekend of the outbreak, 185 tickets to the pool had been sold. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Symptoms include fever, muscle pain, sore throat, gastrointestinal distress, and headache. Abdominal discomfort may also be reported in some patients. Enteroviruses are by far the most common causes of aseptic meningitis in children. [getwellstaywellathome.com]

  Fever and myalgias with clinical defervescence followed by reappearance of fever and headache herald the onset of meningitis, similar to what is observed in poliomyelitis. Meningismus, when present, varies from mild to severe. [emedicine.medscape.com]

  Snapshot A 4-year-old girl is brought to the emergency room in July for fevers, headache, and rash. Her symptoms first occurred yesterday with subjective fevers and some photophobia. She developed a diffuse rash throughout her body. [medbullets.com]

  […] cause for the headache was evident. [health.gov.au]

• Seizure

  […] between seizure episodes. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Symptoms include lethargy, drowsiness, personality changes, seizures, paresis, and coma. [emedicine.medscape.com]

  […] meningitis distinguishing factor CSF with decreased glucose and increased protein Treatment Management approach mainstay of treatment is supportive care Conservative supportive care indication all patients modalities hemodynamic support Complications Seizures [medbullets.com]

  Encephalitis may present with mild symptoms such as headache, fever, fatigue, and muscle and joint pain or with severe symptoms such as seizures, altered consciousness, and paralysis. [lecturio.com]

  More frequent observable symptoms of aseptic meningitis in these patients included fever (78%), seizures (44%), vomiting (44%), and other symptoms that are shown in Table 1. [jjmicrobiol.com]

• Guillain-Barré Syndrome

  However, this view changed when echoviruses were later frequently isolated from patients suffering from a range of serious human diseases including aseptic meningitis, encephalitis and Guillain–Barré syndrome. [culturecollections.org.uk]

  Guillain-Barré syndrome has been reported rarely in patients infected with echovirus serotypes 6, 7, [20] and 22. Transverse myelitis has been reported with echovirus 2, 5, 18, [21] 19, 25, and 30 [22]. [emedicine.medscape.com]

• Lethargy

  Symptoms include lethargy, drowsiness, personality changes, seizures, paresis, and coma. [emedicine.medscape.com]

  Generalized Disease of the Newborn Neonates often present with an illness resembling bacterial sepsis, with fever, irritability, and lethargy. [doctorslounge.com]

  When to Call Your Pediatrician Call your pediatrician if your child complains of neck pain, chest pain, difficulty breathing, listlessness, or lethargy. [healthychildren.org]

• Hepatic Necrosis

  Postmortem findings showed mild focal hepatic and myocardial necrosis. [jamanetwork.com]

  Necropsy revealed hepatic necrosis, renal hemorrhage, adrenal hemorrhagic necrosis, gastrointestinal hemorrhage, and severe encephalomalacia. [nature.com]

  Fulminant Neonatal Hepatic Necrosis Associated with Echovirus Type 11 Infection. West J Med. 1983;138(2):260-3. Piraino FF, Sedmak G, Raab K. [ama.ba]

  Six cases showed hepatic necrosis which was massive in three. Virus was present in many tissues. Infection was probably acquired from the mothers at delivery in 3 cases. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

There aren’t currently any antiviral treatments available for echovirus infection, but research is being conducted on possible treatments. Usually, there are no long-term complications. [healthline.com]

Your specific treatment will depend on your symptoms, but may include: Breathing support — using treatments like supplemental oxygen and mechanical ventilation, your doctor can make sure your body is getting enough oxygen Medication to reduce inflammation [webmd.com]

A licensed medical professional should be consulted for diagnosis and treatment of any and all medical conditions. [pennstatehershey.adam.com]

Form a definitive diagnosis and create the best treatment plans possible using evidence-based recommendations and expert guidance from world authorities. [books.google.de]

Bornholm disease treatment In most cases, once the diagnosis has been made and other conditions ruled out, the only treatment needed is pain relief. [patient.info]

Prognosis for neonates with enterovirus hepatitis and coagulopathy. Pediatr Infec Dis J. 2001;20:758–763. 2. Chen CA, Tsao PN, Chou HC, Hsieh WS, Huang LM. Severe echovirus 30 infection in twin neonates. J Formos Med Assoc. 2003;102:59–61. 3. [journals.lww.com]

ECHO virus can be identified from: Rectal culture Spinal fluid culture Stool culture Throat culture Outlook (Prognosis) People who have the less severe types of illness should recover completely without treatment. [account.allinahealth.org]

Outlook (Prognosis) People who have the less severe types of illness should recover completely without treatment. Infections of organs such as the heart may cause severe disease and can be deadly. [nicklauschildrens.org]

[…] immunosuppressed status exposure to others with echovirus public swimming pool Pathogenesis echovirus binds to decay-accelerating factor, a receptor the virus then replicates in Peyer’s patches it travels to regional lymph nodes and central nervous system Prognosis [medbullets.com]

Laboratory results obtained showed a white blood cell count of 18.500/μL (31% segmented neutrophils, 20% band forms, 12% metamyelocytes), C-reactive protein (CPR) Potential indicators of an enteroviral etiology 1 include presentation during summer and [journals.lww.com]

Aseptic Meningitis and Encephalitis Enteroviruses are the cause of up to 90% of cases of aseptic meningitis in children and young adults in which an etiologic agent can be identified. [doctorslounge.com]

Enterovirus infections in acute pancreatitis—a possible etiological connection. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 1976; 11: 645-649 Monif G.R. Lee C.W. Hsiung G.D. Isolated myocarditis with recovery of ECHO type 9 virus from the myocardium. New Engl. J. [ejinme.com]

Aseptic meningitis in infants less than two years of age: Diagnosis and etiology. J Infect Dis 1993; 168: 888. PubMed Wilfert CM, Lauer BA, Cohen M, et al. An epidemic of echovirus 18 meningitis. J Infect Dis 1975; 131: 75. [medibas.se]

Seventy-five cases of IUFD of unknown etiology during a five-year period were retrospectively tested for enterovirus in the amniotic fluid samples. [virologyj.biomedcentral.com]

The epidemiologic features of type 22 echovirus infections with regard to age and seasonal distribution, contagiousness and a relative lack of protection by neutralizing antibodies differed from most enterovirus infections. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Ehrnst, A. and Erikson, M. (1993): Epidemiological features of type 22 echovirus infection. Scand. J. Infect. Dis., 25, 275-281. Joki-Korpela, P. and Hyypia, T. (1998): Diagnosis and epidemiology of echovirus 22 infections. Clin. Infect. [www0.nih.go.jp]

The results of the epidemiological investigation are given in Table 2. [health.gov.au]

Funding and Disclosures * From the Section of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine and the Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine. Aided by a grant from the National Foundation. We are indebted to Dr. [nejm.org]

Urea Cycle Disorders: Diagnosis, Pathophysiology, and Therapy. Adv Pediatr. 1996;43:127-70. Mazzella M, Cerone R, Bonacci W, Caruso U, Munnich A, Rustin P, et al. [ama.ba]

Pathophysiology Human echoviral infection occurs via fecal-oral transmission. Host susceptibility depends on the presence of specific cellular membrane receptor proteins that bind different enteroviral types along taxonomic lines. [emedicine.medscape.com]

Prevention The predominantly mild symptoms and the ubiquitous nature of these infections, means that preventative measures are not usually necessary or recommended. Back to Top [hps.scot.nhs.uk]

You can help prevent the spread of the virus simply by keeping your hands and your environment clean. [healthline.com]

Funding and Disclosures * From the Section of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine and the Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine. Aided by a grant from the National Foundation. We are indebted to Dr. [nejm.org]

Healthcare workers should monitor health conditions of neonates and enhance infection control measures in baby rooms to prevent from spreading of infections. [cdc.gov.tw]

Special attention is given to the prevention and treatment of these diseases found in developing countries as well as the latest findings about new antimicrobial agents, gram-negative infections and their management, and recommendations for immunization [books.google.com]