As the World Health Organization (WHO) had declared the eradication of smallpox in 1979 after successful global immunization, the use of vaccinia virus in the prophylaxis of humans was not carried out until the beginning of the 21st century, when smallpox was considered to be a possible biological weapon [1] [2]. Consequently, the United States and several other countries have reintroduced vaccination of military personnel and certain at-risk individuals, which led to reports of various complications and adverse reactions, one of them being eczema vaccinatum [1] [2] [3] [4]. Although seen only in a handful of cases, patients develop eczema vaccinatum shortly after vaccination or after direct contact with recently vaccinated individuals [1] [2] [3] [5] [7]. Studies have confirmed that the main predisposing factor (and a contraindication) for this cutaneous disorder is the presence of atopic dermatitis (or some other type of dermatitis) [1] [2] [4] [5] [6]. The abrupt onset of vesicles, pustules, and erosions in same stages approximately 3-14 days after being in contact with the vaccinia virus is the hallmark of eczema vaccinatum [2]. Lesions that are seen on the skin are commonly superinfected (predominantly by Staphylococcus aureus), while corneal lesions may also develop, potentially leading to corneal ulceration and even blindness [2]. Furthermore, fever, lymphadenopathy, and malaise can accompany skin lesions [2]. In addition to cutaneous and ocular disorders, life-threatening subglottic edema is a possible complication [2], implying that early recognition is vital.

• Fever

  Princeton's WordNet(0.00 / 0 votes)Rate this definition: eczema vaccinatum, Kaposi's varicelliform eruptionnoun a now rare complication of vaccinia superimposed on atopic dermatitis with high fever and generalized vesicles and papulovesicles Freebase [definitions.net]

  EV causes a painful rash, fever, and other symptoms. It is most dangerous to young children and always requires medical treatment. EV can be fatal in severe cases. The symptoms of EV are highly noticeable. [healthline.com]

• High Fever

  Ten days after being vaccinated against smallpox, a 27-year-old man was hospitalized with a high fever, facial edema, and an umbilicated, vesicular, crusting rash on his face, neck, upper chest, and hands (Panel A). [nejm.org]

  Princeton's WordNet(0.00 / 0 votes)Rate this definition: eczema vaccinatum, Kaposi's varicelliform eruptionnoun a now rare complication of vaccinia superimposed on atopic dermatitis with high fever and generalized vesicles and papulovesicles Freebase [definitions.net]

  fever and generalized vesicles and papulovesicles 1 External Machine Translations: Related Translations for eczema vaccinatum [interglot.com]

  Princeton's WordNet eczema vaccinatum, Kaposi's varicelliform eruption (noun) a now rare complication of vaccinia superimposed on atopic dermatitis with high fever and generalized vesicles and papulovesicles Translation Find a translation for the eczema [synonyms.net]

• Vietnamese

  ಕನ್ನಡ (Kannada) 한국어 (Korean) עברית (Hebrew) Gaeilge (Irish) Українська (Ukrainian) اردو (Urdu) Magyar (Hungarian) मानक हिन्दी (Hindi) Indonesia (Indonesian) Italiano (Italian) தமிழ் (Tamil) Türkçe (Turkish) తెలుగు (Telugu) ภาษาไทย (Thai) Tiếng Việt (Vietnamese [definitions.net]

• Developmental Disorder

  Disorders A Smallpox Vaccination Dermatitis Wikiwand Severe Eczema Vaccinatum In A Household Contact Of A Smallpox Eczema Vaccinatum Report Of A Case Nejm Smallpox Vaccine Overview Types Of Vaccine Smallpox Vaccination Ppt Video Online Download Infectious [eczema-prevent.blogspot.com]

• Skin Rash

  It is characterized by serious local or disseminated, umbilicated, vesicular, crusting skin rashes in the face, neck, chest, abdomen, upper limbs and hands, caused by widespread infection of the skin in people with previous diagnosed skin conditions such [wikidoc.org]

  Eczema vaccinatum is a serious, potentially life-threatening skin rash caused by widespread dissemination of vaccinia virus with an ensuing infection of the skin. [sciencephoto.com]

• Excoriation

  Pruritus/excoriation and application of topical corticosteroids can contribute to the spread of infection. Viremia and/or bacterial superinfection leading to bacteremia can lead to septic shock and even death. [infectiousdiseaseadvisor.com]

  B) Detail of the excoriated papules and crusts on the back. This suggests that healthy junctional complexes may be a key deterrent to the spread of HSV-1 from one keratinocyte to another. [optimization-nation.com]

• Facial Edema

  Ten days after being vaccinated against smallpox, a 27-year-old man was hospitalized with a high fever, facial edema, and an umbilicated, vesicular, crusting rash on his face, neck, upper chest, and hands (Panel A). [nejm.org]

• Rabies

  Author information 1 Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA. [email protected] Abstract On March 3, 2007, a 2-year-old boy was hospitalized with eczema [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  They can be used preexposure (eg, for hepatitis A), postexposure (eg, for rabies or hepatitis), and for treating disease (eg, eczema vaccinatum). [context.reverso.net]

  Med Ctr, Infect Control Program, Chicago, IL 60637 USA Univ Chicago, Med Ctr, Dermatol Sect, Chicago, IL 60637 USA Univ Chicago, Med Ctr, Dept Pathol, Chicago, IL 60637 USA Chicago Dept Publ Hlth, Chicago, IL USA Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Poxvirus & Rabies [accessdata.fda.gov]

  Specimens (swabs, lesion biopsy tissue, and/or sera) can also be sent to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) Poxvirus and Rabies Branch for vaccinia species confirmation, culture and serologic response (which are important in heralding patient recovery [infectiousdiseaseadvisor.com]

  Inger Damon, chief of the CDC's poxvirus and rabies branch. Damon has been involved in the daily conference calls on the boy's treatment. [articles.chicagotribune.com]

• Myelopathy

  Myelopathy Following Vaccination.Bull. Los Angeles Neurol. Soc. 1937; 2: 34 Google Scholar Lamm S.S. Case Reports; Postvaccinal Encephalomyelitis.Am. J. Dis. Child. 1938; 56: 824 Google Scholar Young R.H. [jpeds.com]

Given the rare occurrence of eczema vaccinatum in clinical practice, the diagnosis may not be easy. For this reason, physicians must obtain a thorough patient history that will assess the course and progression of symptoms, the presence of preexisting skin diseases, and if family members or close relatives/friends (or the patient him/herself) have been recently vaccinated for smallpox. As military personnel are predominantly mentioned in the reports [1] [2] [4], the patient's occupation (or their parents') should be evaluated. A detailed physical examination is equally important, as the abrupt onset of typical lesions has a very narrow differential diagnosis. Microbiological studies, however, are necessary to confirm eczema vaccinatum. Molecular methods that detect viral genetic material - polymerase chain reaction (PCR) are recommended tests for identifying vaccinia virus in skin biopsy samples, swabs from the lesions or from the skin of an open vesicle [1] [2]. Moreover, the specific finding of Guarnieri bodies (intracytoplasmic inclusions) on histological examination is useful in making the diagnosis [2]. Thus, a microbiological investigation should be initiated as soon as clinical suspicion is raised.

This treatment is given by injection over the course of several days. Treatment is most successful when it is started early. In some cases, additional treatment might be needed. [healthline.com]

Treatment Options Treatment options are summarized in Table I. Table I. [infectiousdiseaseadvisor.com]

While it is a well known entity to the specially trained dermatologist and pediatrician, the average physician's knowledge of this disease is not commensurate with the importance of his potential rôle in its causation or with the relatively serious prognosis [acpjournals.org]

The etiology is unknown, though the familial tendency is well documented. [nejm.org]

Etiology The vaccinia virus cannot penetrate intact skin but can infect through any small breach in the integumen. T cell dysfunction in the skin of patients with eczema leads to a poorly controlled infection and spread of the virus. [infectiousdiseaseadvisor.com]

Professional Edition Eczema Symptoms And Diagnosis Everyday Health Dermatitis Wikipedia Atopic Dermatitis Practice Essentials Background Pathophysiology Eczema Symptoms And Diagnosis Everyday Health Kaposi Varicelliform Eruption Background Pathophysiology Etiology [eczema-prevent.blogspot.com]

Julius Springer, Philadelphia1932: 164-270 Google Scholar Anderson Thomas McKenzie Peter Postvaccinal Encephalitis.Lancet. 1942; 2: 667 Abstract Google Scholar Thompson Richard General Review; the Etiology of Postvaccinial Encephalomyelitis.Arch. [jpeds.com]

Author Affiliations * Instructor in epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health; district health officer, Massachusetts Department of Public Health. Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Email Copy URL Permissions [nejm.org]

In each of these chapters, a short discussion of the epidemiology of the disease and the history of immun isation against it is followed by a description of the vaccine, its efficacy, contraindications to its use and future developments. [books.google.ro]

Monkeypox: epidemiology, pathogenesis, treatment and prevention. Huang Y, Mu L, Wang W. Huang Y, et al. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2022 Nov 2;7(1):373. doi: 10.1038/s41392-022-01215-4. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2022. [pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

The epidemiology of atopic dermatitis. Clin Dermatol. 2003;21(2):109–115. doi:10.1016/S0738-081X(02)00360-7 [CrossRef] Horii K, Simon S, Liu D, Sharma V. [healio.com]

Eczema Symptoms And Diagnosis Everyday Health Kaposi Varicelliform Eruption Background Pathophysiology Etiology Complicacoes Decorrentes Da Vacinacao Antivariolica A Eczema Rostrum Smallpox Vaccination Risk Considerations For Patients With Eczema Vaccinatum [eczema-prevent.blogspot.com]

Despite much current research interest, the pathophysiology of these disorders and their optimum treatment remain uncertain. [books.google.ro]

Eczema pathophysiology: T cell immune defect + atopy with high IgE (85%). Prevalence: 6-22% of the general population has eczema or prior hx; many more misdiagnosed. [hopkinsguides.com]

Two pathophysiologic mechanisms have been proposed to explain the increased propensity of persons with AD to develop bacterial and viiral infections. [grantome.com]

Of Eczema Vaccinatum In Atopic Atopic Dermatitis Treatment Pictures Home Remedies Causes Generalized Vaccinia Progressive Vaccinia And Eczema Vaccinatum Smallpox Vaccination And Adverse Reactions Induction Treatment And Prevention Of Eczema Vaccinatum [eczema-prevent.blogspot.com]

JAK inhibitors send messages to certain cells to prevent them from causing inflammation. Calcineurin inhibitors: A person may apply these to the skin to prevent eczema flare-ups and reduce inflammation. [medicalnewstoday.com]

For instance, antibiotics are sometimes prescribed to prevent or treat bacterial infections or open lesions. EV is extremely rare. The biggest risk factor is having eczema and receiving the smallpox vaccine. [healthline.com]

1. Vora S, Damon I, Fulginiti V, et al. Severe eczema vaccinatum in a household contact of a smallpox vaccinee. Clin Infect Dis. 2008;46(10):1555-1561.
2. Jen M, Chang MW. Eczema herpeticum and eczema vaccinatum in children. Pediatr Ann. 2010;39(10):658-664.
3. Moses AE, Cohen-Poradosu R. Images in clinical medicine. Eczema vaccinatum--a timely reminder. N Engl J Med. 2002;346(17):1287.
4. Reed JL, Scott DE, Bray M. Eczema vaccinatum. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;54(6):832-840.
5. Vellozzi C, Lane JM, Averhoff F, et al. Generalized vaccinia, progressive vaccinia, and eczema vaccinatum are rare following smallpox (vaccinia) vaccination: United States surveillance, 2003. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;41(5):689-697.
6. Cono J, Casey C, Bell D. Smallpox vaccination and adverse reactions. Guidance for clinicians. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2003;52(RR-4):1–28.
7. Herderson DA. Smallpox vaccination: a review, part II: adverse events, Clin Infect Dis. 2003;37:251-271.