As the World Health Organization (WHO) had declared the eradication of smallpox in 1979 after successful global immunization, the use of vaccinia virus in the prophylaxis of humans was not carried out until the beginning of the 21st century, when smallpox was considered to be a possible biological weapon [1] [2]. Consequently, the United States and several other countries have reintroduced vaccination of military personnel and certain at-risk individuals, which led to reports of various complications and adverse reactions, one of them being eczema vaccinatum [1] [2] [3] [4]. Although seen only in a handful of cases, patients develop eczema vaccinatum shortly after vaccination or after direct contact with recently vaccinated individuals [1] [2] [3] [5] [7]. Studies have confirmed that the main predisposing factor (and a contraindication) for this cutaneous disorder is the presence of atopic dermatitis (or some other type of dermatitis) [1] [2] [4] [5] [6]. The abrupt onset of vesicles, pustules, and erosions in same stages approximately 3-14 days after being in contact with the vaccinia virus is the hallmark of eczema vaccinatum [2]. Lesions that are seen on the skin are commonly superinfected (predominantly by Staphylococcus aureus), while corneal lesions may also develop, potentially leading to corneal ulceration and even blindness [2]. Furthermore, fever, lymphadenopathy, and malaise can accompany skin lesions [2]. In addition to cutaneous and ocular disorders, life-threatening subglottic edema is a possible complication [2], implying that early recognition is vital.

• Fever

  Definition 1: a now rare complication of vaccinia superimposed on atopic dermatitis with high fever and generalized vesicles and papulovesicles - [noun denoting state] Synonyms for eczema vaccinatum in the sense of this definition kaposi's varicelliform [wordfocus.com]

  Figure 1 Ten days after being vaccinated against smallpox, a 27-year-old man was hospitalized with a high fever, facial edema, and an umbilicated, vesicular, crusting rash on his face, neck, upper chest, and hands (Panel A). [nejm.org]

  The appearance of vesicles and pustules, as well as systemic symptoms such as fever and malaise, constitute the clinical presentation. Clinical and microbiological studies are needed to make the diagnosis. [symptoma.com]

  Princeton's WordNet (0.00 / 0 votes) Rate this definition: eczema vaccinatum, Kaposi's varicelliform eruption (noun) a now rare complication of vaccinia superimposed on atopic dermatitis with high fever and generalized vesicles and papulovesicles Freebase [definitions.net]

• High Fever

  Definition 1: a now rare complication of vaccinia superimposed on atopic dermatitis with high fever and generalized vesicles and papulovesicles - [noun denoting state] Synonyms for eczema vaccinatum in the sense of this definition kaposi's varicelliform [wordfocus.com]

  Figure 1 Ten days after being vaccinated against smallpox, a 27-year-old man was hospitalized with a high fever, facial edema, and an umbilicated, vesicular, crusting rash on his face, neck, upper chest, and hands (Panel A). [nejm.org]

  Princeton's WordNet eczema vaccinatum, Kaposi's varicelliform eruption (noun) a now rare complication of vaccinia superimposed on atopic dermatitis with high fever and generalized vesicles and papulovesicles Translation Find a translation for the eczema [synonyms.net]

  A now rare complication of vaccinia superimposed on atopic dermatitis with high fever and generalized vesicles and papulovesicles. Synonyms eczema Kaposi's varicelliform eruption eruption Antonyms inactiveness inaction inactivity 2. eczema noun. [synonym.com]

  用"eczema vaccinatum"造句 英文解释 a now rare complication of vaccinia superimposed on atopic dermatitis with high fever and generalized vesicles and papulovesicles 同义词： Kaposi''s varicelliform eruption , [ichacha.net]

• Military Personnel

  As military personnel are predominantly mentioned in the reports, the patient's occupation (or their parents') should be evaluated. [symptoma.com]

  Smallpox was officially declared eradicated by the World Health Organization in 1979, and inoculation of military personnel was suspended in 1990. [nytimes.com]

  In partnership with the Association of Military Dermatologists Cutis. 2018 February;101(2):87-90 In 2002, the United States implemented a new program for smallpox vaccinations among military personnel using a live vaccinia virus product. [mdedge.com]

  However, smallpox vaccination was required for U.S. military personnel until 1990, when it was discontinued. [microbiologybook.org]

  Vaccinia is used to vaccinate military personnel and health care workers against smallpox. The source of this child's infection was his father, who had been vaccinated in late January in preparation for military deployment. [uchicagomedicine.org]

• Fishing

  Eczema is sometimes caused by an allergic sensitivity to foods such as milk, fish, or eggs. Inhalant allergens such as dust and pollens rarely cause eczema. [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]

  Two types of allergens are commonly linked to symptoms: Airborne allergens including dust mites, animal dander, and pollen, and Eczema food triggers caused by allergens such as milk, eggs, peanuts, soy, wheat and fish. [nationaljewish.org]

• Dyspnea

  Clinical presentation may include chest pain, dyspnea, and palpitations that range from subtle to severe. [cdc.gov]

• Eczema

  […] eruption More words Another word for eczema marginatum Another word for eczema hypertrophicum Another word for eczema herpeticum Another word for eczema Another word for ecumenism Another word for ed Another word for ed sullivan Another word for edacious [wordfocus.com]

  DIAGNOSIS DX: multiple vaccinia skin lesions outside vaccination site + exposure to vaccinia + current eczema or hx of eczema. Eczema vaccinatum appears like the vaccination site, but confluent and with systemic illness. [hopkinsguides.com]

  Review 2012 Review 2012 Eczema vaccinatum. Jennifer L. Reed, Dorothy E. [semanticscholar.org]

  To prevent eczema vaccinatum, vaccination should not be performed in patients with eczema and they should not be in contact with vaccines, if smallpox is not an immediate risk. [medicinenet.com]

  Eczema is also associated with increased complications related to other vesiculating viruses such as chickenpox ; this is called eczema herpeticum. [dict.eudic.net]

• Dermatitis

  Pruritis (dominant symptom) Dermatitis - flexor surfaces Dermatitis is chronic or recurrent Family hx atopy Onset by age 7 Skin changes: Children: pruritic, red patches + scaling; face, scalp, extremities, trunk may be involved. [hopkinsguides.com]

  The atopic dermatitis and eczema vaccinatum models we present here, are the first to simulate the severity of the diseases in humans. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Get information on atopic dermatitis a type of eczema home remedies causes symptoms diagnosis management treatment and medications. Dermatitis also known as eczema is a group of diseases that results in inflammation of the skin. [eczema-prevent.blogspot.com]

• Skin Lesion

  Inhibition of NK cell activity by IL-17 allows vaccinia virus to induce severe skin lesions in a mouse model of eczema vaccinatum. J Exp Med. 2009;206(6):1219-25. [hopkinsguides.com]

  The virus isolation from the skin lesions was done by using the HeLa cells and the human embryonic lung fibroblasts. No abnormal laboratory data were noted in immunoglobulins. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  EV is infectious and could spread to others while skin lesions are open. On average, it takes 21 days for scabs to form and for lesions to begin falling off. However, eczema can make skin healing a longer and slower process. [healthline.com]

• Eruptions

  Definition 1: a now rare complication of vaccinia superimposed on atopic dermatitis with high fever and generalized vesicles and papulovesicles - [noun denoting state] Synonyms for eczema vaccinatum in the sense of this definition kaposi's varicelliform eruption [wordfocus.com]

  Postvaccinal eruptions, according to Danziger,1 were first collectively studied and classified in 1881 by Behrend, who described erythematous, urticarial and herpetic dermatoses as well as the pustular eruptions termed vaccine generalisée by various French [jamanetwork.com]

  Dermatitis Vaccinica (Kaposi's Varicelliform Eruption). Arch. Dermat. & Syph. 1943; 47: 613 Scopus (10) Crossref Google Scholar Lane C.W. Herold W.C. Kaposi's Varicelliform Eruption. Arch. [jpeds.com]

  Synonyms eczema Kaposi's varicelliform eruption eruption Antonyms inactiveness inaction inactivity 2. eczema noun. (ˈɛksəmə) Generic term for inflammatory conditions of the skin; particularly with vesiculation in the acute stages. [synonym.com]

  · Lipschütz ulcer · Eruptive pseudoangiomatosis · Viral-associated trichodysplasia · Gianotti–Crosti syndrome M: VIR virs(prot)/clss cutn/syst (hppv/hiva, infl/zost/zoon)/epon drug(dnaa, rnaa, rtva, vacc) M: INT, SF, LCT anat/phys/devp noco(i/b/d/q/u [dictionnaire.sensagent.leparisien.fr]

• Skin Disease

  It sometimes occurred in other skin diseases with barrier abnormalities. [medscape.com]

  CONTINUE SCROLLING OR CLICK HERE FOR RELATED SLIDESHOW SLIDESHOW Rosacea, Acne, Shingles: Common Adult Skin Diseases See Slideshow [medicinenet.com]

  Synonyms skin disease dermatitis chronic eczema allergic eczema disease of the skin skin disorder Kaposi's varicelliform eruption lichtenoid eczema eczema vaccinatum eczema hypertrophicum eczema herpeticum Etymology eczema (English) ἔκζεμα (Ancient Greek [synonym.com]

  Clearly documenting the morphology, extent of disease involvement (eg, body surface area), treatment plan, response to treatment, and exacerbating factors will aid in ensuring the patient’s medical record accurately reflects their skin disease. [mdedge.com]

  People with other skin diseases (such as atopic dermatitis, burns, impetigo, or herpes zoster ) also have an increased risk of contracting eczema vaccinatum and should not be vaccinated against smallpox. [dict.eudic.net]

• Facial Edema

  Figure 1 Ten days after being vaccinated against smallpox, a 27-year-old man was hospitalized with a high fever, facial edema, and an umbilicated, vesicular, crusting rash on his face, neck, upper chest, and hands (Panel A). [nejm.org]

• Neglect

  Part of this is undoubtedly attributable to its neglect in many of the FULL TEXT [annals.org]

Given the rare occurrence of eczema vaccinatum in clinical practice, the diagnosis may not be easy. For this reason, physicians must obtain a thorough patient history that will assess the course and progression of symptoms, the presence of preexisting skin diseases, and if family members or close relatives/friends (or the patient him/herself) have been recently vaccinated for smallpox. As military personnel are predominantly mentioned in the reports [1] [2] [4], the patient's occupation (or their parents') should be evaluated. A detailed physical examination is equally important, as the abrupt onset of typical lesions has a very narrow differential diagnosis. Microbiological studies, however, are necessary to confirm eczema vaccinatum. Molecular methods that detect viral genetic material - polymerase chain reaction (PCR) are recommended tests for identifying vaccinia virus in skin biopsy samples, swabs from the lesions or from the skin of an open vesicle [1] [2]. Moreover, the specific finding of Guarnieri bodies (intracytoplasmic inclusions) on histological examination is useful in making the diagnosis [2]. Thus, a microbiological investigation should be initiated as soon as clinical suspicion is raised.

• Candida

  Other fungi, including Candida albicans, have been implicated in atopic dermatitis, but the data supporting their role is unproven. [rchsd.org]

  Severe diaper rash rectal rashes or infections rashes in the genital area and colic are the Asthma or eczema is also a common indicator of Candida. Often times itching. [zvonilka.eu]

Vaccinia immune globulin (VIG): licensed by FDA for treatment complications of vaccinia immunization. EV is a VIG CDCclear indication for urgent use. Early treatment may be life-saving. [hopkinsguides.com]

And Prevention Of Eczema Vaccinatum In Atopic Atopic Dermatitis Treatment Pictures Home Remedies Causes Generalized Vaccinia Progressive Vaccinia And Eczema Vaccinatum Smallpox Vaccination And Adverse Reactions Induction Treatment And Prevention Of Eczema [eczema-prevent.blogspot.com]

This treatment is given by injection over the course of several days. Treatment is most successful when it is started early. In some cases, additional treatment might be needed. [healthline.com]

While it is a well known entity to the specially trained dermatologist and pediatrician, the average physician's knowledge of this disease is not commensurate with the importance of his potential rôle in its causation or with the relatively serious prognosis [annals.org]

The etiology is unknown, though the familial tendency is well documented. [nejm.org]

Professional Edition Eczema Symptoms And Diagnosis Everyday Health Dermatitis Wikipedia Atopic Dermatitis Practice Essentials Background Pathophysiology Eczema Symptoms And Diagnosis Everyday Health Kaposi Varicelliform Eruption Background Pathophysiology Etiology [eczema-prevent.blogspot.com]

Lancet. 1942; 2: 667 Abstract Google Scholar Thompson Richard General Review; the Etiology of Postvaccinial Encephalomyelitis. Arch. Path. 1931; 12: 601 Google Scholar Clouston T.M. Quin B.H. Report of Cases; a Case of Post-vaccinal Myelitis. M. J. [jpeds.com]

Author Affiliations * Instructor in epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health; district health officer, Massachusetts Department of Public Health. Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Email Copy URL Permissions [nejm.org]

In each of these chapters, a short discussion of the epidemiology of the disease and the history of immun isation against it is followed by a description of the vaccine, its efficacy, contraindications to its use and future developments. [books.google.ro]

Human herpes simplex virus infections: epidemiology, pathosgenesis, symptomatology, diagnosis, and management. [journals.healio.com]

The epidemiology of atopic dermatitis. Clin Dermatol. 2003;21(2):109–115. doi:10.1016/S0738-081X(02)00360-7 [CrossRef] Horii K, Simon S, Liu D, Sharma V. [healio.com]

Eczema Symptoms And Diagnosis Everyday Health Kaposi Varicelliform Eruption Background Pathophysiology Etiology Complicacoes Decorrentes Da Vacinacao Antivariolica A Eczema Rostrum Smallpox Vaccination Risk Considerations For Patients With Eczema Vaccinatum [eczema-prevent.blogspot.com]

We then discuss current concepts of the pathophysiology of AD, noting how defective skin barrier function, epidermal hyperplasia, and abnormal immune responses favor the spread of poxviral infection, and identify a number of unanswered questions about [read.qxmd.com]

Despite much current research interest, the pathophysiology of these disorders and their optimum treatment remain uncertain. [books.google.ro]

Eczema pathophysiology: T cell immune defect + atopy with high IgE (85%). Prevalence: 6-22% of the general population has eczema or prior hx; many more misdiagnosed. [hopkinsguides.com]

Two pathophysiologic mechanisms have been proposed to explain the increased propensity of persons with AD to develop bacterial and viiral infections. [grantome.com]

Of Eczema Vaccinatum In Atopic Atopic Dermatitis Treatment Pictures Home Remedies Causes Generalized Vaccinia Progressive Vaccinia And Eczema Vaccinatum Smallpox Vaccination And Adverse Reactions Induction Treatment And Prevention Of Eczema Vaccinatum [eczema-prevent.blogspot.com]

JAK inhibitors send messages to certain cells to prevent them from causing inflammation. Calcineurin inhibitors: A person may apply these to the skin to prevent eczema flare-ups and reduce inflammation. [medicalnewstoday.com]

WASHINGTON (Reuters) - A two-year-old boy who developed a serious reaction to his father’s smallpox vaccination has recovered but disease detectives found infectious virus all over his house, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reported on [reuters.com]

To prevent eczema vaccinatum, vaccination should not be performed in patients with eczema and they should not be in contact with vaccines, if smallpox is not an immediate risk. [medicinenet.com]

Poxvirus & Rabies Branch, Atlanta, GA USA Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Bioterrorism Preparedness & Response, Atlanta, GA USA Univ Arizona, Tucson, AZ USA Univ Colorado, Denver, CO 80202 USA SIGA Technol, Corvallis, OR USA US FDA, Washington, DC 20204 [accessdata.fda.gov]

1. Vora S, Damon I, Fulginiti V, et al. Severe eczema vaccinatum in a household contact of a smallpox vaccinee. Clin Infect Dis. 2008;46(10):1555-1561.
2. Jen M, Chang MW. Eczema herpeticum and eczema vaccinatum in children. Pediatr Ann. 2010;39(10):658-664.
3. Moses AE, Cohen-Poradosu R. Images in clinical medicine. Eczema vaccinatum--a timely reminder. N Engl J Med. 2002;346(17):1287.
4. Reed JL, Scott DE, Bray M. Eczema vaccinatum. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;54(6):832-840.
5. Vellozzi C, Lane JM, Averhoff F, et al. Generalized vaccinia, progressive vaccinia, and eczema vaccinatum are rare following smallpox (vaccinia) vaccination: United States surveillance, 2003. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;41(5):689-697.
6. Cono J, Casey C, Bell D. Smallpox vaccination and adverse reactions. Guidance for clinicians. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2003;52(RR-4):1–28.
7. Herderson DA. Smallpox vaccination: a review, part II: adverse events, Clin Infect Dis. 2003;37:251-271.