We present a case of a 16-year-old girl who presented to our pediatric emergency department with complaints of progressive left vulvar swelling. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Weight Gain

  You’ll find many discussions in this forum on weight gain and swelling that can help you answer questions and find support. [everydayhealth.com]

  Sudden or rapid weight gain Decreased amount of urine Diagnosing edema To diagnose edema, your doctor may check whether the skin over the swollen area indents when pressed. [cancer.net]

• Thrombosis

  Here, we report a case of an AAA complicated by inferior vena cava (IVC) thrombosis and deep venous thrombosis (DVT) due to IVC compression by aneurysm successfully treated by endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR). [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Persistent leg pain and swelling can indicate a blood clot deep in your vein (deep vein thrombosis, or DVT). [mayoclinic.org]

  Management cont... • Deep vein thrombosis – Anticoagulant therapy using LMWH followed by oral anticoagulants like warfarin. [slideshare.net]

  Pharmaceutical side effects (e.g., calcium channel blockers) Protein deficiency (mainly hypoalbuminemia) : nephrotic syndrome, liver cirrhosis, malnutrition, protein-losing enteropathy Hydrostatic: chronic venous insufficiency;, pregnancy, deep vein thrombosis [amboss.com]

  Many women experience mild swelling during pregnancy, but more severe edema can be a sign of serious pregnancy-related complications, including deep vein thrombosis and preeclampsia. [rush.edu]

• Headache

  Valproate has been a drug of choice for the treatment of generalized or partial seizures as monotherapy or adjunctive therapy, bipolar disorder, for the prophylaxis of migraine headache in adults. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Edema in the brain can lead to both short-term and long-term issues, such as headache, memory loss, seizures and impaired speech. [rush.edu]

  Symptoms include headache, neck pain or stiffness, whole or partial vision loss, change in consciousness or mental state, nausea, vomiting, and dizziness. Macular edema: This is a serious complication of diabetic retinopathy. [medicalnewstoday.com]

Three patients with intractable epilepsy underwent a detailed neurologic and neuroradiologic workup to localize the site of epileptogenic foci. Two of the patients had mesial temporal lobe sclerosis, and the other patient had hypothalamic hamartoma. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

[…] with diabetic nephropathy should be observed more closely Lipid and triglyceride levels: Elevated triglyceride and lipid levels increase the risk of retinopathy, while normalization of lipid levels reduces retinal leakage and deposition of exudates See Workup [emedicine.medscape.com]

New Advances in the Diagnostic Workup of Primary Aldosteronism. J Endocr Soc. 2017 Mar 1. 1 (3):149-61. [Medline]. [Full Text]. [Guideline] Funder JW, Carey RM, Fardella C, Gomez-Sanchez CE, Mantero F, Stowasser M, et al. [medscape.com]

Management and Treatment How is edema treated? Treatment for edema varies based on the cause, especially if the cause relates to an underlying health condition. [my.clevelandclinic.org]

One subject showed no significant change, whereas another showed a statistically significant increase in TRT despite the treatment. No subject was found to have photoreceptor damage following treatment. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Edema Treatment Edema Treatment Options There are many options for edema treatment and symptom relief. [therawear.com]

Prognosis; Seek medical attention if... The prognosis for edema of the legs depends on the cause. For most people with edema, the prognosis is excellent. [diagnose-me.com]

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a disease with a poor prognosis and is a risk for perioperative heart and respiratory failure. Few reports exist regarding a colectomy performed in patients with PH. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Prognosis The outlook for edema of the legs depends on the cause. For most people with edema, the prognosis is excellent. [drugs.com]

[…] altitude sickness, pregnancy, hypertension, sickle cell anemia, a compromised lymphatic system or merely long periods of time sitting or standing without moving.[1] Some medicines (e.g. amlodipine, pregabalin) may also cause or worsen the condition.[2] Prognosis [en.wikipedia.org]

The patient did not meet the Duke criteria for infective endocarditis.(1) Acute myocarditis (from HIV or other viral etiologies): Although this may have been the historical etiology of cardiac dysfunction, lack of acuity and absence of chest pain made [hivinsite.ucsf.edu]

The etiology and pathogenesis of macular edema is intricate and multifactorial, in which the hyperglycemic state in diabetes induces a microangiopathy. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Malnutrition Lymphedema Chronic venous insufficiency Post-thrombotic syndrome References:[1][2][3][4] Lymphedema Definition: edema associated with lymphatic obstruction and reduced fluid clearance due to compromised lymphatic vessels or lymph nodes Etiology [amboss.com]

Elevated systemic blood pressure can be considered an etiology of LV outflow obstruction because it increases systemic resistance against the pump function of the left ventricle. [emedicine.medscape.com]

Whether all or only some of these features can be appreciated on the plain chest radiograph, depend on the specific etiology 1. [radiopaedia.org]

[…] proliferative diabetic retinopathy. [5] A study suggests that the pathogenesis of diabetic macular edema is not only related to VEGF dependency but also to other inflammatory and angiogenic cytokine levels that can be suppressed by corticosteroids. [6] Epidemiology [emedicine.medscape.com]

Epidemiology and etiology of cardiomyopathy in Africa. Circulation. 2005 Dec 6;112(23):3577-83. Review. 5. Report of the WHO/ISFC task force on the definition and classification of cardiomyopathies. Br Heart J. 1980 Dec;44(6):672-3. 6. [hivinsite.ucsf.edu]

SFE/SFHTA/AFCE consensus on primary aldosteronism, part 1: Epidemiology of PA, who should be screened for sporadic PA?. Ann Endocrinol (Paris). 2016 Apr 15. 86 (20):1002-8. [Medline]. [Full Text]. Douillard C, Houillier P, Nussberger J, Girerd X. [medscape.com]

Although it is possible to construct a pathophysiologic framework (Figure 17-1) for the differential diagnosis of edema, it is more useful clinically to use the distribution of the edema as the pivotal point: Figure 17-1. Pathophysiology of edema. [accessmedicine.mhmedical.com]

It is of utmost importance to investigate various possible causes and understand the pathophysiological mechanisms of chronic peripheral edema in order to determine the optimal treatment. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Topics Include: - Definition of Edema \ Oedema - Pathophysiologic Categories of Edema \ Oedema - Capillary Hydrostatic Pressure & It's Role - Plasma Osmotic Pressure & It's Role - Edema Due to Lymphatic Obstruction \ Lymphedema - Edema Due to Retention [youtube.com]

One method of classifying pulmonary edema is as four main categories on the basis of pathophysiology which include: increased hydrostatic pressure edema two pathophysiological and radiological phases are recognized in the development of pressure edema [radiopaedia.org]

Prevention You can reduce your risk of edema by taking steps to prevent kidney disease and heart failure from developing. Explore Diabetes and Swelling Join the Diabetes Newsletter [diabetes.co.uk]

Prevention How can I prevent edema? Sometimes, you can’t prevent what caused edema if it is the result of an underlying health condition like heart failure, liver or kidney disease, but you can work with your healthcare provider to manage symptoms. [my.clevelandclinic.org]

Can edema be prevented or avoided? Depending on what it causing your edema, you may not be able to prevent it from happening. [familydoctor.org]

Is It Possible to Prevent Edema? Depending on the cause of the edema, you may not be able to prevent it from happening. [novusspinecenter.com]