Case Presentation An 18-year-old, unmarried female presented with the complaint of low grade fever on and off and a perineal swelling. The swelling had been present for 2 years, slowly increasing to its present size. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

The skin above the swellings is thick and sometimes due to prolonged friction there may be skin ulcers present. Increased body temperature is present in some cases. The enlarged body parts are mostly painless. [ic.steadyhealth.com]

At the time of presentation, she was being treated with bosentan and sildenafil for pulmonary arterial hypertension, in addition to prednisone, venlafaxine, lansoprazole, metoclopramide, levothyroxine, temazepam, aspirin, and oxycodone. [mdedge.com]

Presentation of the case A 65-year-old man presented in Beira Central Hospital, Mozambique, with a right scrotal mass (diameter 80 x 80 cm), evolved over 15 years. [journals.plos.org]

• Soft Tissue Mass

  Grossly, it was a single, polypoidal soft tissue mass measuring 5.2 × 3.4 × 2.2 cm. The cut section was grey-white to grey-yellow and firm. Microscopic examination showed a polypoidal lesion covered by acanthotic epidermis. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Perineal Swelling

  Case Presentation An 18-year-old, unmarried female presented with the complaint of low grade fever on and off and a perineal swelling. The swelling had been present for 2 years, slowly increasing to its present size. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Swelling of the Scrotum

  People with the disease can suffer from lymphedema and elephantiasis and in men, swelling of the scrotum, called hydrocele. Lymphatic filariasis is a leading cause of permanent disability worldwide. [cdc.gov]

  In men, elephantiasis can also result in the swelling of the scrotum (hydrocele). Elephantiasis affects the poorest communities, preventing individuals from living a productive working and social life, further trapping them in the cycle of poverty. [unitingtocombatntds.org]

  Definitions of elephantiasis 1 n hypertrophy of certain body parts (usually legs and scrotum); the end state of the disease filariasis Types: elephantiasis neuromatosa hypertrophy of a limb chyloderma, elephantiasis scroti swelling of the scrotum resulting [vocabulary.com]

  Elephantiasis causes swelling of the scrotum, legs, or breasts. Elephantiasis is considered a neglected tropical disease (NTD). It’s more common in tropical and subtropical areas of the world, including Africa and Southeast Asia. [healthline.com]

  In men, lymphedema of the genitalia usually involves swelling of the scrotum, often to the size of a watermelon making it very painful and difficult to walk. In women, the condition may present swelling in one or both breasts. [end.org]

The histopathological diagnosis was suggested as vulval elephantiasis, and further workup was suggested. Subsequent to histopathologic report, filarial antigen serology was done, which was positive. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

[…] affecting humans and animals, caused by filariae; ie, nematode parasites of the family Filariidae. [1] Filarial parasites can be classified according to the habitat of the adult worms in the vertebral host, as follows (see Pathophysiology, Etiology, and Workup [emedicine.medscape.com]

• Polyps

  We identified 24 cases of localized lymphedema presenting as solitary large polyps (11), solid or papillomatous plaques (7), pendulous swellings (4), or tumors mimicking sarcoma (2). [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

“This more effective treatment has the potential to revolutionize the control of this disease, but it will require that in over a few rounds of treatment the programs are able to treat almost the whole population, even the most inaccessible,” says Deirdre [futurity.org]

Various treatment options have been reported for this disease. We present a 64-year-old man with erythrodermic psoriasis and elephantiasis nostras verrucosa in whom the lesions were resolved almost completely after acitretin treatment. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Further Reading All Elephantiasis Content Elephantiasis Causes Elephantiasis Treatments Last Updated: Feb 26, 2019 Written by Dr. Ananya Mandal Dr. Ananya Mandal is a doctor by profession, lecturer by vocation and a medical writer by passion. [news-medical.net]

For this reason, prevention and treatment are intertwined. Drug treatments are discussed below. In addition to drug treatments, there are other preventative methods. [web.stanford.edu]

They found that doxycycline treatment resulted in almost complete elimination of adult worms 14 months after treatment and a sustained loss of larval offspring from at least 8 to 14 months after treatment. [eurekalert.org]

The prognosis for Lymphatic Filariasis is generally good, as most individuals are asymptomatic. [dovemed.com]

Prognosis With DEC treatment, the prognosis is good for early and mild cases of lymphatic filariasis. The prognosis is poor, however, for heavy parasitic infestations. [encyclopedia.com]

To describe the clinical and pathologic characteristics and etiologic factors of localized lymphedema. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Brugia malayi is an etiological agent present in areas of Asia. What is the Cause of the Disease? Etiology The etiology of elephantiasis is lymphatic damage secondary to the nematode infection lymphatic filariasis. [clinicaladvisor.com]

However, other disorders cause tropical lymphedema, and this report aims to identify clinical epidemiological aspects of limb swelling in northern Ethiopia and to provide an algorithm orienting the clinical diagnosis. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Elephantiasis Afflicts 120 Million in Africa, Asia Neglected Diseases - Elephantiasis Epidemiology or prevalence of the condition The condition currently affects over 120 million people, with 40 million affected by a severe form of the disease. [news-medical.net]

Filariasis: Epidemiology, 2013. http://www.who.int/lymphatic_filariasis/epidemiology/en/ > 4 Biology - Life Cycle of Wuchereria bancrofti, 2010. http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/lymphaticfilariasis/biology_w_bancrofti.html > 5 Parasites - Lymphatic Filariasis [microbewiki.kenyon.edu]

‘However, there are differences in the epidemiology and pathophysiology of elephantiasis and hydrocele.’ [en.oxforddictionaries.com]

‘However, there are differences in the epidemiology and pathophysiology of elephantiasis and hydrocele.’ [en.oxforddictionaries.com]

‘However, there are differences in the epidemiology and pathophysiology of elephantiasis and hydrocele.’ ‘During the past four years, 80 million people have been successfully treated for elephantiasis, one of the world's most disfiguring diseases.’ [oxforddictionaries.com]

To the Editor: Elephantiasis nostras verrucosa (ENV) is a skin disorder caused by marked underlying lymphedema that leads to hyperkeratosis, papillomatosis, and verrucous growths on the epidermis. 1 The pathophysiology of ENV relates to noninfectious [mdedge.com]

Pathophysiology The pathophysiology is permanent lymphatic dilatation and dysfunction. This leads to swelling and secondary infections resulting in chronic skin changes and continued risk of infection. [clinicaladvisor.com]

Pathophysiology of edema in congestive heart failure. Heart Dis Stroke 1993 ; 2 : 325 –9. ↵ Turhan E, Ege A, Keser S, Bayar A. Elephantiasis nostras verrucosa complicated with chronic tibial osteomyelitis. [jabfm.org]

The disease prevents people from living normal lives; children who are affected cannot go to school, people affected often have to stop working and it is estimated the disease costs Africa £1.3 billion a year in lost productivity. video Prevention is [gov.uk]

Large-scale treatment (preventive chemotherapy) Elimination of lymphatic filariasis is possible by stopping the spread of the infection through preventive chemotherapy. [who.int]

The best way to prevent elephantiasis is to avoid mosquito bites. [medicalnewstoday.com]

Prevention and Treatment Prevention Since there is no known vaccine or cure for lymphatic filariasis, the most effective method that exists to control the disease is prevention. [web.stanford.edu]

Podoconiosis is unique in being an entirely preventable non-communicable disease. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]