Defined as a benign tumor of hyaline cartilage that arises in the metaphyseal parts of the bone, an enchondroma is mentioned as a constitutive feature of various disorders, one of them being enchondromatosis, a group of diseases characterized by the presence of multiple enchondromas together with various accompanying features [1] [2] [3] [4] [5]. Although more than 10 disorders have been described in the literature (the majority being non-hereditary), the two most important and most common are Ollier disease and Maffucci syndrome [1] [3] [4] [6]:

• Ollier disease - With a prevalence rate of 1 in 100,000 newborns, Ollier disease has a highly variable number of enchondromas, their location, and the age of onset [1] [3]. In the majority of cases, however, the clinical presentation starts in early childhood as asymmetric limb shortening, limping, and multiple bony masses that are easily palpated [1] [3]. Enchondromas typically develop in the fingers and toes, but virtually all bones in the body (except the rib cage), including the long tubular bones (tibia, femur, fibula) and the pelvis, have been reported as potential tumor locations [1] [3] [4]. Pathological fractures, although less common, is an important symptom as well [3].
• Maffucci syndrome - In addition to the signs and symptoms seen in Ollier disease, Maffucci syndrome is distinguished by the presence of hemangiomas and lymphangiomas, benign vascular tumors presenting as reddish-to-blue that are soft on palpation [1] [5] [6].

Apart from Ollier disease and Maffucci syndrome, conditions in which multiple enchondromas develop may possess a hereditary component (genochondromatosis, in which normal stature, symmetrical lesions and possibly clavicular thickening are encountered, and metachondromatosis), spinal lesions (spondyloenchondrodysplasia) that might be accompanied by mental retardation (cheirospondyloenchondromatosis) or neonatal dwarfism (dysspondyloenchondromatosis) [1]. It must be pointed out that malignant transformation of enchondromas can occur, particularly in Maffucci syndrome [1] [3] [5].

• Developmental Disorder

  Enchondromatosis (Ollier disease, Maffucci syndrome) is a rare developmental disorder characterized by multiple enchondromas. Not much is known about its molecular genetic background. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  […] with extraskeletal hemangiomas Developmental disorder that shows no hereditary features Clinical Presentation Signs/Symptoms: Slow, progressive swelling angular deformity of extremity length discrepancy (affected bones grow slower) Prevalence: no clear [tumorsurgery.org]

  Enchondromatosis represents a distinct developmental disorder of enchondral ossification and is more likely to be cartilage dysplasia. Enchondromatosis is not multifocal enchondromas of bone. [boneandspine.com]

  Abstract Multiple enchondromatosis is a rare developmental disorder characterised by large rounded masses or columns of cartilage in the metaphysis of certain bones, particularly the long bones1. [ispub.com]

• Swelling of the Finger

  Slowly increasing swelling of the fingers is the most common presentation. If the long tubular bones are involved the child can present with angular deformity. Limb leg length discrepancy can occur as the affected bones grow more slowly. [boneandspine.com]

  The first symptom may be the appearance of multiple bony masses (swellings) on a finger or a toe, an asymmetric shortening of an extremity with limping, or skeletal deformities which may be associated with an underlying fracture. [rarediseases.info.nih.gov]

• Pathologist

  Diagnostic Pathology: Bone was designed for practicing pathologists who need access to up-to-date, comprehensive, and concise bone pathology knowledge in one convenient place. [books.google.com]

  Angelo Maffucci was an Italian pathologist who was born in 1847 and died in 1903. He graduated in Naples in 1872. [patient.info]

• Deformed Limbs

  limbs and length difference possible secondary sarcomatous change Other important information Differential diagnosis of enchondromatosis and low-grade chondrosarcoma is very difficult [tumorsurgery.org]

  Clinical problems caused by enchondromas include skeletal deformities, limb-length discrepancy, and the potential risk for malignant change to chondrosarcoma. [iofbonehealth.org]

  When a single limb is affected, severe shortening may develop with associated deformities such as genu varum or valgum. [boneandspine.com]

  These growths may lead to skeletal deformities, limb discrepancy, and fractures. [1] [2] [3] [4] The enchondromas primarily occur in the limb bones, especially the bones of the hands and feet. [rarediseases.info.nih.gov]

  Palpable bony masses develop that may cause angular deformity and asymmetrical growth (Figure 4). The masses increase in size as the child grows, along with asymmetrical shortening of a limb. Affected bones are often shortened and deformed. [kundoc.com]

• Joint Deformity

  In contrast to HME, the exostoses of metachondromatosis point toward the joints and frequently regress spontaneously. Exostoses do not result in shortening of affected long bones or produce bowing, joint deformity or subluxation as seen in HME. [kundoc.com]

• Leg Length Inequality

  In the lower limbs, a significant problem is leg length inequality. [boneandspine.com]

• Suggestibility

  Father and son have consanguineous parents suggesting autosomal recessive inheritance of the trait. However, autosomal dominant inheritance with variable expressivity is also possible. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Signs and symptoms of diseases that comprise enchondromatosis in their pathogenesis may not be easy to detect without a thorough diagnostic workup. Firstly, patients (or their parents) should be asked about the course of symptoms, their progression, and if similar complaints are present in either of the parents (having in mind the autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance for genochondromatosis and metachondromatosis). A meticulous physical examination is perhaps even more important, as a complete body inspection and palpation of the skeleton allows identification of multiple bony masses in a predominantly asymmetric fashion. Imaging studies, however, are the cornerstone in establishing a solid diagnosis. On plain radiography, enchondromas appear as oval or elongated radiolucent homogeneous lesions that possess a well-defined bony margin [1] [2] [3] [4]. If X-rays reveal cortical erosion, tumor extension into soft tissues, or an irregular border, the malignant transformation should be suspected [3]. More advanced studies, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) are employed when inconclusive findings are obtained on radiography [5]. Finally, a biopsy with subsequent histopathological examination might be used for confirmation of an enchondroma [1] [3].

• Soft Tissue Calcification

  The present case demonstrates advanced radiographic features of this disorder associated with unusual soft tissue calcifications and hemangiomas. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  In Maffucci's syndrome the enchondromas occur with multiple cutaneous haemangiomas that appear as soft tissue calcifications or phleboliths on X-ray. [patient.info]

  Generalized enchondromatosis associated with haemangiomas, soft-tissue calcifications and hymihypertrophy. British Journal of Radioliology, 59, 69–74. CrossRef Google Scholar Rozeman, L. B., Hogendoorn, P. C., & Bovee, J. V. (2002). [link.springer.com]

• Candida

  Internal Links Follow Dismenoree Internal Links Follow Distrofie ovariana Internal Links Follow Endometrioza Internal Links Follow Endometrita Internal Links Follow Fibromul uterin Internal Links Follow Fibroza chistica Internal Links Follow Infectia cu Candida [woorank.com]

There is no medical treatment for enchondromatosis. Surgical intervention is may be indicated for treatment of secondary deformities and complications, such as fracture. Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202 United States © 2008 [www2.med.wayne.edu]

Mild lesions may not require any active treatment and should be kept under observation. Where required the treatment would be surgical. [boneandspine.com]

There is no medical treatment for enchondromatosis, but treatment of Ollier disease is usually conservative. Surgery is performed in cases of complications and malignant transformation. [iofbonehealth.org]

However, sometimes surgery causes more enchondromas to develop, so doctors may choose to perform surgery only if absolutely necessary. [5] Other treatment options include physical therapy. [2] The goals of treatment are to relieve any pain caused by the [rarediseases.info.nih.gov]

& Prognosis No specific treatment available Patients require lifetime observation Corrective surgery for deformed limbs and length difference possible secondary sarcomatous change Other important information Differential diagnosis of enchondromatosis [tumorsurgery.org]

The genetics of these associations are analyzed; their influence on prognosis for the individual child and for genetic counselling for the family are discussed. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

The ages of onset and diagnosis, and whether surgery is needed, can also affect the prognosis. [5] [4] Overall, the prognosis is good, with most individuals expected to have a normal lifespan. [1] Research has shown that patients with widely distributed [rarediseases.info.nih.gov]

The rate of chondrosarcoma in Ollier's disease has been estimated at 30-50%. [ 6 ] Prognosis [ 1 ] The prognosis for Ollier's disease is difficult to assess as there is a paucity of peer-reviewed research and much of it is contradictory. [patient.info]

They should be distinguished and adequately diagnosed, not only to guide therapeutic decisions and genetic counseling, but also with respect to research into their etiology. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

[…] dyschondroplasia Synopsis cartilagenous tumours (bone, trachea) multiple osteochondromas(osteochondromatosis) chondrosarcoma asymmetric tubular bone abnormality ovarian juvenile granulosa cell tumor (precocious pseudopuberty) Types Ollier disease Maffucci disease Etiology [humpath.com]

The etiology of enchondromatosis has been associated with post-zygote state mutations during development. [radiopaedia.org]

Ollier’s disease, also known as multiple enchondromatosis, is regarded as a congenital disease with unknown etiology. This rare disease is characterized by the hamartomatous growth of cartilage cells, producing masses termed chondromas. [spandidos-publications.com]

Updated Molecular and Epidemiologic diagrams added to all new chapters. [books.google.com]

Epidemiology Ollier's disease is very rare. The estimated prevalence of Ollier's disease is 1/100,000. [ 1 ] Maffucci's syndrome is even rarer. [patient.info]

Abstract Bone neoplasms or tumors are of great interest for paleopathological studies due to their close relationship with health and survivorship as well as for their epidemiologic and demographic relevance. [scinapse.io]

The association of lymphangiomas with Ollier disease and Maffucci syndrome (another enchondromatosis) has been described in the literature. 3,4 Epidemiology and Classification The estimated prevalence of Ollier disease is 1 in 100,000. 5–7 The true incidence [healio.com]

The pathophysiology and possible common causes of both disorders is discussed. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Pathophysiology The lesions are essentially hamartomatous proliferations of cartilage cells within the metaphyses or perversion of enchondral growth and are therefore confined to cylindrical bone. [boneandspine.com]

Further research is required to understand the pathophysiology of this rare disease. [spandidos-publications.com]

The modified Spranger classification system is widely used to address types of enchondromatosis, and the common subtypes are listed in Table 2. 17 Table 2: Classification of Multiple Enchondromatosis Pathophysiology The pathogenesis of enchondromatosis [healio.com]

الصفحة 131 - GUSTILO, RB, and ANDERSON, JT: Prevention of Infection in the Treatment of One Thousand and Twenty-five Open Fractures of Long Bones. Retrospective and Prospective Analyses. J. Bone and Joint Surg., 58-A: 453-458, June 1976. ‏ [books.google.com]

The cause of this disease is not known and hence preventive options are not known. Maffiucci’s Syndrome This is a nonhereditary disorder affecting the bones and skins as the result of benign multiple enchondromas. [mybiosource.com]

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Intersex (Medical Encyclopedia) [ Read More ] Ollier disease Ollier disease is a disorder characterized by multiple enchondromas, which are noncancerous (benign) growths of cartilage that develop within the bones [icdlist.com]

Prevention Despite acceptance that Ollier's disease carries a risk of malignant change there is little in the literature to quantify the risk and no agreed protocol for screening. [patient.info]

The mechanism is different from that of nuclear staining by basic dyes such as thionine or toluidine blue, staining by basic dyes occurs only from solutions that are less acidic than hemalum, and it is prevented by prior chemical or enzymatic extraction [wikivisually.com]

1. Pansuriya TC, Kroon HM, Bovée JV. Enchondromatosis: insights on the different subtypes. Int J Clin Exp Pathol. 2010;3(6):557-569.
2. Sunny G, Hoisala VR, Cicilet S, Sadashiva S. Multiple Enchondromatosis: Olliers Disease- A Case Report. J Clin Diagn Res. 2016;10(1):TD01-TD02.
3. Silve C, Jüppner H. Ollier disease. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2006;1:37.
4. Kumar A, Jain VK, Bharadwaj M, Arya RK. Ollier Disease: Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Management. Orthopedics. 2015;38(6):e497-506.
5. Khoo RN, Peh WC, Guglielmi G. Clinics in diagnostic imaging (124). Multiple enchondromatosis in Ollier disease. Singapore Med J. 2008;49(10):841-845.
6. Flach HZ, Ginai AZ, Oosterhuis JW. Maffucci syndrome: radiologic and pathologic findings. Radiographics 2001;21:1311-1316.