Presentation
A rationalisation of the 1350 boxes used throughout the book gives a simpler and clearer presentation of the various categories. [books.google.com]
We also lack information regarding similar symptoms that may have been present in contacts of this patient. [doi.org]
Patients presented most commonly with fever (100%), nausea and vomiting (55%), and rash (55%). Respiratory (55%) and neurologic (45%) manifestations were also identified frequently. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
Linking to a non-federal website does not constitute an endorsement by CDC or any of its employees of the sponsors or the information and products presented on the website. [cdc.gov]
Entire Body System
- Fever
Typhus fevers are a group of diseases caused by bacteria that are spread to humans by fleas, lice, and chiggers. Typhus fevers include scrub typhus, murine typhus, and epidemic typhus. [web.archive.org]
Mexican typhus Louse-borne typhus Shop typhus Flea-borne typhus Hospital fever Flea-borne rickettsiosis Famine fever European typhus Jail fever Classical typhus (fever) Murine typhus Urban typhus Rat flea typhus Exanthematic Typhus fever Typhus fever [wikidata.org]
In Australia, the Spotted Fevers are the main diseases transmitted by ticks to humans. [medent.usyd.edu.au]
Typhus was also a significant killer during the US Civil War, although typhoid fever was the more prevalent cause of US Civil War "camp fever". [en.wikipedia.org]
- Chills
Symptoms include headache, fever, chills, joint pain, nausea, vomiting, and cough. Scrub typhus[?] is caused by Orientia tsutsugamushi and transmitted by chiggers, which are found in areas of heavy scrub vegetation. [encyclopedia.kids.net.au]
Symptoms include chills, headache and fever, lasting about 12 days. Rash and other manifestations are similar to epidemic typhus. [thirdworldtraveler.com]
* It is a rickettsial disease with variable onset, but is often characterised by the sudden appearance of headaches, chills, prostration, high fever, coughing and severe muscular pain. [web.archive.org]
In people, however, typhus can cause high fever, chills, headache, and rash. It is not transmitted from person to person and can be treated with antibiotics. “Although typhus normally occurs throughout L.A. [losangeles.cbslocal.com]
Characteristics include a sudden onset with headache and chills and fever lasting about two to three weeks. A cutaneous rash commonly appears on the extremities and trunk about the fourth day of illness. [fpnotebook.com]
- Malaise
People with typhus report non-specific symptoms including fever, headache, chills, malaise, anorexia, myalgia, rash, nausea, and vomiting. [dshs.texas.gov]
Duration of untreated illness =12 days Symptoms: Headache-myalgia-nausea-malaise-chills – fever-macular rash – Pulmonary: cough- pneumonia- Complication: bleeding disorder- cerebral bleeding-renal failure Diagnosis : IFA – PCR- Elisa testing. [the-travel-doctor.com]
About 10 days after being bitten, an infected person experiences headache, loss of appetite, malaise, and a rapid rise in temperature with fever, chills, marked prostration, and nausea. [britannica.com]
Clinical presentations vary with the causative agent and patient; however, common symptoms that typically develop within 1–2 weeks of infection include fever, headache, malaise, rash, nausea, and vomiting. [wwwnc.cdc.gov]
Epidemic typhus The incubation period is 10-14 days, after which symptoms last around two weeks in total and may include some or all of: Prodromal malaise lasting 1-3 days. Severe headache. Fever (40°C) for up to two weeks. [patient.info]
- Rigor
R50.9 ICD-10-CM Diagnosis Code R50.9 Fever, unspecified 2016 2017 2018 2019 Billable/Specific Code Applicable To Fever NOS Fever of unknown origin [FUO] Fever with chills Fever with rigors Hyperpyrexia NOS Persistent fever Pyrexia NOS Mexican A75.2 [icd10data.com]
Respiratoric
Gastrointestinal
- Nausea
Patients presented most commonly with fever (100%), nausea and vomiting (55%), and rash (55%). Respiratory (55%) and neurologic (45%) manifestations were also identified frequently. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
People with typhus report non-specific symptoms including fever, headache, chills, malaise, anorexia, myalgia, rash, nausea, and vomiting. [dshs.texas.gov]
Signs and symptoms may include: Fever and chills Headache Rapid breathing Body and muscle aches Rash Cough Nausea Vomiting Confusion Brill-Zinsser disease Some people can remain infected, without symptoms, for years after they first get sick. [cdc.gov]
Symptoms include headache, fever, chills, joint pain, nausea, vomiting, and cough. Scrub typhus[?] is caused by Orientia tsutsugamushi and transmitted by chiggers, which are found in areas of heavy scrub vegetation. [encyclopedia.kids.net.au]
- Vomiting
Patients presented most commonly with fever (100%), nausea and vomiting (55%), and rash (55%). Respiratory (55%) and neurologic (45%) manifestations were also identified frequently. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
People with typhus report non-specific symptoms including fever, headache, chills, malaise, anorexia, myalgia, rash, nausea, and vomiting. [dshs.texas.gov]
Signs and symptoms may include: Fever and chills Headache Rapid breathing Body and muscle aches Rash Cough Nausea Vomiting Confusion Brill-Zinsser disease Some people can remain infected, without symptoms, for years after they first get sick. [cdc.gov]
Symptoms include headache, fever, chills, joint pain, nausea, vomiting, and cough. Scrub typhus[?] is caused by Orientia tsutsugamushi and transmitted by chiggers, which are found in areas of heavy scrub vegetation. [encyclopedia.kids.net.au]
- Abdominal Pain
Symptoms of murine or endemic typhus may include: Abdominal pain Backache Dull red rash that begins on the middle of the body and spreads Fever, can be extremely high, 105°F to 106°F (40.6°C to 41.1°C), that may last up to 2 weeks Hacking, dry cough Headache [nlm.nih.gov]
Joint pain. Abdominal pain. Cough and sneeze. Rash, which usually develops 4-7 days into the illness, normally starting on the chest. [patient.info]
Rocky Mountain spotted fever is frequently characterized by fever, headache, nausea, and abdominal pain; a rash is commonly reported, but eschars are not. [wwwnc.cdc.gov]
In addition, unspecific clinical manifestations (relative frequency given in brackets) might be associated with epidemic typhus such as abdominal pain (60%), nausea (32%), arthralgia (50%), cough (38%) and less frequently conjunctivitis. [ecdc.europa.eu]
- Loss of Appetite
Signs and symptoms may include: Fever and chills Body aches and muscle pain Loss of appetite Nausea Vomiting Stomach pain Cough Rash (typically occurs around day 5 of illness) Most people will recover without treatment, but some cases may be severe. [web.archive.org]
Within 2 weeks, symptoms of the infection set in and can include fever and chills, body aches, muscle pain, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, rash, and cough. [contagionlive.com]
About 10 days after being bitten, an infected person experiences headache, loss of appetite, malaise, and a rapid rise in temperature with fever, chills, marked prostration, and nausea. [britannica.com]
- Diarrhea
Children likely had rashes and diarrhea. This study pointed out murine typhus declined sharply in the U.S. once DDT spraying began in 1945 but stated “now it appears to be on the rise, especially in southern Texas and California.” [breitbart.com]
Liver, Gall & Pancreas
- Hepatomegaly
Hepatomegaly may be present, but jaundice is infrequent. Localized pneumonitis may occur. Untreated patients may develop pneumonia, tissue necrosis, and circulatory failure, with such sequelae as brain and heart damage. [the-travel-doctor.com]
Typhical myocarditis determines the pulse acceleration independently of the fever curve and the emergence of signs of heart failure (mild hepatomegaly stasis and edemas on the shanks). [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
- Hepatosplenomegaly
Mild hepatosplenomegaly appeared, that regressed with fever [ 24 ]. Exanthematous eruption ( Fig. 2 ) occurs in the days 4–8 after onset. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
Skin
- Petechiae
In severe cases of typhus, where haemorrhagic elements are seen, bleeding into the skin (petechiae) may be present. [patient.info]
Petechiae are uncommon. Physician Diagnosis It is important to treat scrub typhus early in the course of the disease in order to avert life-threatening complications. [cdc.gov]
- Papule
The papules were slightly revealed with irregular contour and disappeared under pressure. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
The bacteria multiply at the inoculation site with the formation of a papule that ulcerates and becomes necrotic, evolving into an eschar, with regional lymphadenopathy that progresses to generalized lymphadenopathy within a few days. [the-travel-doctor.com]
Common features are: Papule followed by black eschar at bite site. Fever. Headache. Myalgia. Cough. Gastrointestinal symptoms - pain, vomiting. Lymphadenopathy. Maculopapular rash. More virulent forms of the disease can also cause: Encephalitis. [patient.info]
- Sweating
Case 3 In January 2004, a 26-year-old man from Pennsylvania had high fever (39.4°C), chills, sweats, muscle aches, nausea, and vomiting. The man did not seek medical attention and recovered within a week. [doi.org]
- Flushing
Four to six days after onset, a characteristic rash appears over most of the body; the sick person is flushed, and the eyes are bleary. [britannica.com]
Musculoskeletal
- Arthralgia
Symptoms had started 8 days prior to hospitalization with fever, asthenia, arthralgia, and headache. Four days after the onset of symptoms she had developed a generalized maculopapular skin rash. [doi.org]
Lyme Disease causes a range of non-specific symptoms including fever, fatigue, headaches, myalgia, arthralgia, muscle and joint pain and sore and swollen lymph glands.These symptoms can occur within days, weeks or months of being bitten. [web.archive.org]
In addition, unspecific clinical manifestations (relative frequency given in brackets) might be associated with epidemic typhus such as abdominal pain (60%), nausea (32%), arthralgia (50%), cough (38%) and less frequently conjunctivitis. [ecdc.europa.eu]
Face, Head & Neck
- Epistaxis
The invasion period: sudden onset through chills followed by fever, which grew progressively within the first 24–48 hours to 39–40°C; the patient had congested face, vomiting, intense headache, malaise, epistaxis, congestion of the conjunctival mucosa [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
Neurologic
- Headache
Definition of murine typhus : a mild disease that is marked especially by fever, headache, and rash, is caused by a rickettsia ( Rickettsia typhi synonym R. mooseri ), is widespread in nature in rodents, and is transmitted to humans by a flea Examples [merriam-webster.com]
The most common symptoms are fever, headaches, and sometimes rash. Clinical Guidelines Diagnosis and management of Typhus fevers Murine Typhus Bacterial disease spread by fleas Scrub Typhus Spread by chiggers in Southeast Asia [web.archive.org]
The disease is characterized by high fever, intractable headache, and rash. Temperature reaches 104° F in several days and remains high. Headache is generalized and intense. On the 4th to 6th day, the rash develops and spreads. [thirdworldtraveler.com]
Symptoms include fever, headache, muscle pain, cough, and gastrointestinal symptoms. Definitive diagnosis can be obtained by serological testing. Treatment is often with tetracycline or related antibiotics. [encyclopedia.kids.net.au]
- Confusion
Typhoid fever is a completely different disease caused by various strains of Salmonella, and should not be confused with typhus despite their similar-sounding names. [encyclopedia.kids.net.au]
Signs and symptoms may include: Fever and chills Headache Rapid breathing Body and muscle aches Rash Cough Nausea Vomiting Confusion Brill-Zinsser disease Some people can remain infected, without symptoms, for years after they first get sick. [cdc.gov]
Workup
Serum
- Leukopenia
Ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis should be suspected in febrile patients with leukopenia and thrombocytopenia and mild to moderately elevated levels of hepatic transaminases. DIAGNOSIS Diagnosis is usually based on clinical recognition and serology. [wwwnc.cdc.gov]
FBC can show leukopenia ± thrombocytopenia, but WCC can be elevated or normal; atypical lymphocytes may be seen in blood film. U&E may reveal hyponatraemia or raised creatinine/urea. [patient.info]
Patients typically present with fever and headache or fever and rash and may also experience: Myalgia Anorexia Nausea Vomiting Abdominal pain Cough Altered mental status Common laboratory findings may include anemia, thrombocytopenia, leukopenia, hyponatremia [cdc.gov]
- Hyponatremia
Laboratory findings may include thrombocytopenia, hyponatremia, elevated hepatic transaminases, and CSF abnormalities consistent with aseptic meningitis. [dshs.texas.gov]
Patients typically present with fever and headache or fever and rash and may also experience: Myalgia Anorexia Nausea Vomiting Abdominal pain Cough Altered mental status Common laboratory findings may include anemia, thrombocytopenia, leukopenia, hyponatremia [cdc.gov]
Microbiology
- Rickettsia Typhi
Rickettsia typhi Infections, Murine Typhus Infections, Rickettsia typhi Murine Typhus Murine Typhus Infection Murine Typhus Infections Rickettsia typhi Infection Rickettsia typhi Infections Typhus Infection, Murine Typhus Infections, Murine Typhus, [finto.fi]
AbstractFlea-borne (murine) typhus is a global rickettsiosis caused by Rickettsia typhi. Although flea-borne typhus is no longer nationally notifiable, cases are reported for surveillance purposes in a few U.S. states. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
Typhus is caused by two types of bacteria: Rickettsia typhi or Rickettsia prowazekii. Rickettsia typhi causes endemic or murine typhus. Endemic typhus is uncommon in the United States. [nlm.nih.gov]
typhi or rickettsia felis. [icd10data.com]
Treatment
This disease can be handled successfully with rapid diagnosis, proper antibiotic treatment, and rodent and chigger control. [doi.org]
This avoids the problem of repeated treatments in areas difficult to access regularly. [web.archive.org]
People with epidemic typhus who receive treatment quickly should completely recover. Without treatment, death can occur, with those over age 60 having the highest risk of death. Only a small number of untreated people with murine typhus may die. [nlm.nih.gov]
Prognosis
Prognosis ,Prophylaxis and treatment Starting antibiotics early has significantly reduced mortality from about 20 to 7%. Early treatment prevents most complications. No effective vaccines are available. [the-travel-doctor.com]
Prognosis [ 3 ] Uncomplicated cases that are promptly diagnosed and treated do very well and usually make a full recovery. [patient.info]
Suppurative parotiditis claims an unfavorable prognosis and require surgical treatment as early as possible [ 24, 31 ]. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
Etiology
Flea-borne typhus should be considered in febrile patients with animal or flea exposure and respiratory or neurologic symptoms of unknown etiology. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
Frequency United States Sporadic cases of active infection with R prowazekii, the etiologic agent of epidemic typhus, have been reported. [emedicine.com]
Publication Date Title Wilson et al. 1984 Treatment of streptomycin-susceptible and streptomycin-resistant enterococcal endocarditis Arias et al. 2010 Management of multidrug-resistant enterococcal infections Wallace et al. 1991 Red man syndrome: incidence, etiology [google.sr]
Epidemiology
This book is organized into nine chapters that describe the signs and symptoms, clinical forms and manifestations, incubation period, stages of invasion, mode of transmission, epidemiology, and treatment of different tropical and infectious diseases such [books.google.com]
Register A Clinico-Epidemiological Study of Epidemic Typhus in Africa - 24 Hours access EUR €36.00 GBP £28.00 USD $45.00 Rental This article is also available for rental through DeepDyve. [doi.org]
The importance for human epidemiology is expected to be limited. Late relapse of epidemic typhus (Brill–Zinsser disease) might be the source of a re-emerging outbreak. [ecdc.europa.eu]
While the authors make their opinion in this classic whodunit known, they don’t proclaim to have solved the problem for good, mentioning that “further research is needed to unravel this long-standing epidemiological mystery.” [entomologytoday.org]
Pathophysiology
Pathophysiology : The incubation period from the mite bite is 6-18 days following inoculation. Humans acquire the disease when an infected mite or chigger, bites them while feeding and inoculates R tsutsugamushi pathogens. [the-travel-doctor.com]
Prevention
Health officials recommend taking steps in and around the home to control fleas in order to prevent typhus: Controlling fleas in and around your home is the key to preventing typhus. [ocregister.com]
More than 1.5 million concentration camp prisoners died of typhus, a preventable disease. [books.google.com]
To prevent the spread of disease on the continent, cities through which immigrants passed in large numbers, such as Quebec City, made arrangements to have passengers undergo a medical exam. [mccord-museum.qc.ca]
“This is best achieved by removing and preventing entry of rodents or other small mammals from homes and using flea prevention products on pets to prevent infestations.” [contagionlive.com]