Deterrence and Patient Education Multiple subspecialties may be presented with the initial presentation of enthesopathies, and an astute clinician will need to discern where the patient may need to be referred. [statpearls.com]

Of the 81 patients, 71 (88%) presented with structural damage including 44 (63%) with syndesmophytes or ossifications. The average number of syndesmophytes/ossifications was 4,1±2,6 per patient in this subgroup. [ard.bmj.com]

• Swelling

  The doctor will give you a physical exam, check for swelling, and to see if the area hurts when compressed. They’ll ask if the pain gets better after you exercise. [webmd.com]

  Inspection may reveal localized swelling or erythema. Pain may be elicited by palpating the affected area as well as ranging the affected joint. [statpearls.com]

• Erythema

  Inspection may reveal localized swelling or erythema. Pain may be elicited by palpating the affected area as well as ranging the affected joint. [statpearls.com]

• Arthritis

  Enthesitis is common in some forms of arthritis, including psoriatic arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis. It also can happen in some children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (also known as juvenile rheumatoid arthritis). [webmd.com]

  Journal of anatomy. 2006 Apr; [PubMed PMID: 16637873] [3] Araujo EG,Schett G, Enthesitis in psoriatic arthritis (Part 1): pathophysiology. [statpearls.com]

• HLA-B27

  Diagnostic ultrasound or magnetic resonance imaging can be used to visualize soft tissue, including the enthesis itself.[4] Evaluation of enthesopathies secondary to a diffuse inflammatory response leading to enthesitis may include a complete blood count, HLA-B27 [statpearls.com]

Enthesitis Treatment There’s no specific treatment for enthesopathy, but there are treatments for the diseases that lead to it. Usually they’re a mix of exercise, rest, and medication. Your doctor can help you decide what’s right for you. [webmd.com]

Additionally, imaging studies may be ordered similar to those when evaluating enthesopathies from repetitive use.[3] Treatment / Management Treatment depends on the underlying etiology. [statpearls.com]

Prognosis The prognosis of enthesopathies is generally favorable, given the underlying etiology. With adequate rest and rehabilitation, most cases of enthesopathies will resolve over 2-4 weeks. [statpearls.com]

Enthesopathies from diffuse inflammatory disease may result in prolonged recovery times and is relative to the severity and etiology of the underlying disease. [statpearls.com]

[…] cells to invade the local area and cause inflammation triggered by chemokines.[5] Chemokines involved in the local inflammatory response include CXCL1, CCL2, interleukin (IL)-17, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2).[3][5] Epidemiology [statpearls.com]

Journal of anatomy. 2006 Apr; [PubMed PMID: 16637873] [3] Araujo EG,Schett G, Enthesitis in psoriatic arthritis (Part 1): pathophysiology. [statpearls.com]