Here we present a 29-year old man who presented with progressive weakness of the left leg, bowel and bladder incontinence. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Nausea

  A 14-year-old boy had a 12-day history of headache, nausea, and vomiting. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a tumor in the fourth ventricle. He underwent a posterior median craniotomy, and total removal was achieved. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  In older children and adults, headache, nausea and vomiting are the most common symptoms. Treatment/Standard of Care Surgery is very important. The neurosurgeon will try to remove as much of the tumour as possible. [braintumour.ca]

  Depending on the location, symptoms can include nausea, headaches, vomiting, papilledema, paresthesias, ataxia, spinal pain, and changes in mood and personality. [link.springer.com]

• Upper Abdominal Pain

  Three days after surgery, the patient complained of upper abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting. Computed tomography of the abdomen showed dilatation of the stomach. Gastroscopy revealed moderate gastritis without gastric outlet obstruction. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Headache

  In our illustrative case, the patient had a 2 year history of hypopituitarism, but no headaches or visual disturbance. Preoperatively, the lesion was thought to be a pituitary macroadenoma. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  A 67-year-old Caucasian man (a smoker with a history of hypertension) presented with headache, altered mental status, and vomiting. View Case [ajnr.org]

  In spring 2005, Jennifer began experiencing strange sensations at the back of her head whenever she would get up too quickly and her headaches were getting worse. [braintumour.ca]

• Increased Ankle Reflex

  reflexes may be present; if they are affected, flaccid paralysis of the legs and loss of knee and ankle reflexes may occur Lesions affecting spinal cord and cauda equina concurrently: Spastic paralysis of one leg with increased ankle reflexes ipsilaterally [emedicine.medscape.com]

Initial workup revealed multifocal spinal ependymoma which was resected and treated with external beam radiotherapy. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

4th ventricle, symptoms are related to obstruction and subsequently increased intracranial pressure In spinal ependymomas, presentation is typically with sensory deficits (compared with astrocytomas, which tend to present with pain and motor symptoms) Workup [en.wikibooks.org]

Ependymoma 12. 12 MRI • MRI is the diagnostic modality of choice in the workup and follow-up observation of intracranial neoplasms, including ependymoma. • MRI exploits the use of increased water content of many neoplasms. [slideshare.net]

Infectious Mononucleosis Workup. Medscape. Available online at http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/222040-workup. Accessed June 13, 2016. (Aug 2004) Hess, R. [labtestsonline.org]

[…] tumors are isointense or slightly hypointense to the surrounding spinal cord on T1-weighted images; most tumors are hyperintense to the spinal cord on T2-weighted images Other diagnostic modalities that may be helpful include the following: EEG See Workup [emedicine.medscape.com]

Complete resection of the tumor without further additional therapy was the treatment of choice in most cases (63.6%), radiotherapy was considered in 10 cases (13.0%). In 18 reported cases of tcE (23.4%), the treatment was not documented. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

A treatment clinical trial is a research study meant to help improve current treatments or obtain information on new treatments for patients with cancer. [cancer.gov]

However, treatment for children is different than treatment for adults. [uwhealth.org]

Data reported in the literature show that prognosis is mainly influenced by grade of resection. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

These ependymomas have a bad prognosis, especially in younger kids, where the 5 year survival is about 50%. [pathologystudent.com]

Prognosis A prognosis is an estimate of the likely progress of a disease after a diagnosis, based on an average patient group. [braintumour.ca]

We also systematically reviewed previously reported cases and described its potential etiology, clinical presentation, radiologic features, pathology, immunohistochemical analysis, and ultrastructural examinations. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Etiology They are thought to arise from the ependymal glia of the filum terminale. Location The vast majority are intradural and extramedullary spinal tumors, occurring in the lumbosacral spine involving the filum terminale and/or conus medullaris. [radiopaedia.org]

The third cyst type, dilation of the central canal, is likely reactive in etiology as well, from partial canal obstruction by the tumor. [appliedradiology.com]

Loiseau, Epidemiology of meningiomas, Neurochirurgie, 10.1016/j.neuchi.2014.05.006, (2014). Francesco Prada, Ignazio G. [doi.org]

Molecular subgroup epidemiology Each molecular subgroup has different epidemiological profile 13 : infratentorial Posterior Fossa A M:F = 2:1 age: young children Posterior Fossa B M:F = 1:1 age: older children and teenagers supratentorial RELA fusion [radiopaedia.org]

Lurie Children's Hospital between 1985 and 2008, and an additional 360 ependymoma patients identified from the Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) database. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Gross anatomy of ependymoma of the 4th ventricle Pathophysiology: Ependymoma brain tumors are believed to grow in response to special genetic conformations that change normal ependymal cells into tumor producing cells. [brain-surgery.com]

Ependymoma: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology. [online] Available at: http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/277621-overview [Accessed 30 Aug. 2017]. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Kilday JP, Rahman R, Dyer S, Ridley L, Lowe J, Coyle B, Grundy R. [physio-pedia.com]

Pollack, IF, Polinko, P, Albright, AL, Towbin, R, Fitz, C 1995 Mutism and pseudobulbar symptoms after resection of posterior fossa tumors in children: incidence and pathophysiology Neurosurgery 37 885 893 PubMed Google Scholar 19. [doi.org]

Clinical trials look at new ways to prevent, find and treat cancer. Find out more about clinical trials . [cancer.ca]

Prevention There are no sure ways of preventing ependymomas. [knowcancer.com]

Although protons have the theoretical advantage of a minimal exit dose to the surrounding uninvolved brain tissue, it is unknown whether they have the same efficacy as photons in preventing local recurrence. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]