We report 6 new cases of congenital esophageal stenosis (CES) that presented to us with special diagnostic and management problems and review the literature on this subject. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Left: 50 year-old woman, with a history of lye ingestion in childhood, who presented with dysphagia (difficulty swallowing). [endoatlas.com]

• Pain

  A case of a 31-year-old female with congenital esophageal stenosis presenting with symptoms of chest pain caused by esophageal dysmotility is described. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  If the stricture be due to cancer, the continued dull pain, with occasional darting pains, the distressing dysphagia on taking food or drink, the presence of blood in the ejected food, and, above all, the gradual emaciation, the yellow, waxy, sodden cachexia [henriettes-herb.com]

  Strictures can also cause pain when swallowing, regurgitation (spitting up food or liquids) and weight loss. If the stricture is the result of reflux, your child may also have signs of that, such as heartburn, chest pain or a sore throat. [childrenshospital.org]

• Weight Loss

  We report a case of a 56-year-old woman with a history of allogenic bone marrow transplantation for two years, complaining with dysphagia and weight loss. Upper endoscopy revealed esophageal stenosis and extensive mucosa sloughing. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  The main symptoms include: difficulty swallowing food coming back up the throat from the stomach unintentional weight loss There are several different treatment options for benign esophageal strictures, including: Taking medications to reduce stomach [medicalnewstoday.com]

  Typical symptoms include; Dysphagia: Odynophagia unintended weight loss regurgitation of food or liquids: Heartburn Choking Bad taste in mouth hiccups 12.  Barium Swallow  Esophageal PH monitoring  CT Scan  Endoscopy  Biopsy 13.  Heart burn [slideshare.net]

• Malnutrition

  Symptoms of esophageal strictures include: Difficult or painful swallowing Food feeling stuck in the throat Food coming back up the throat from the stomach Frequent hiccupping or burping Coughing or choking Heartburn Unintentional weight loss and malnutrition [lluh.org]

   Heart burn  Malnutrition  Dehyadration  Choking  Aspiration Pneumonia 14.  On the left images of a patient with a benign stricture high in the esophagus (arrow). [slideshare.net]

  The incidence of protein-calorie malnutrition of early childhood. Am J Public Health 1963;53:905-12. 21. Gurney JM, Jelliffe DB. [redalyc.org]

  […] following symptoms: swallowing becoming difficult or painful food feeling stuck in the throat food returning up to the mouth from the stomach unintentional weight loss heartburn frequent hiccupping or burping coughing or choking drooling dehydration or malnutrition [medicalnewstoday.com]

• Fever

  You may also have chills and a fever. Endocarditis causes some flu-like symptoms: fever, chills, and fatigue. It also causes symptoms such as rapid heartbeat, shortness of breath, and fluid buildup in your arms or legs. [medlineplus.gov]

  A fever and low blood pressure are signs of septicemia. [mayoclinic.org]

  […] seen in more than # patient in #) are dehydration, oesophageal stenosis (narrowing of the oesophagus), vomiting, dysphagia (difficulty swallowing), constipation, nausea (feeling sick), photosensitivity reactions (sunburn-like reactions) and pyrexia (fever [et.glosbe.com]

  After 15 days of treatment the patient began to suffer from dysphagia and a high fever, so another endoscopy was performed (Figure 2). [scielo.org.co]

  Symptoms typically include a persistent high fever and sometimes shock. Endocarditis can quickly damage heart valves, leading to heart failure (with difficulty breathing) and possibly death. Osteomyelitis causes chills, fever, and bone pain. [merckmanuals.com]

• Asymptomatic

  […] primary surgical intervention (4/9 were asymptomatic at follow-up). [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  After 2 years of follow-up, the patient was fully asymptomatic without major abnormalities on esophagoscopy and barium esophagogram images. [jdeonline.in]

• Pharyngitis

  Saunders Ltd", number = "4", } TY - JOUR T1 - Management of pharyngeal and esophageal stenosis AU - Mcquone, Shelly J. [jhu.pure.elsevier.com]

  Laryngeal and pharyngeal stenosis, radionecrosis, tracheotomy dependence, and elongated stenosis were associated with dilation failure. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Oral, pharyngeal and upper esophageal sphincter motility disordersReview Gastroesophageal reflux and asthmaGastroesophageal reflux and chronic cough Gastroesophageal reflux disease > and asthmaOverview Oral, pharyngeal and upper esophageal sphincter [nature.com]

• Dysphagia

  CONCLUSION: Pharyngeal and/or cervical esophageal stenosis may be the cause of dysphagia following radiation for head and neck cancer. Esophageal dilatations often offer temporary relief of the dysphagia. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Dysphagia

  CONCLUSION: Pharyngeal and/or cervical esophageal stenosis may be the cause of dysphagia following radiation for head and neck cancer. Esophageal dilatations often offer temporary relief of the dysphagia. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Choking

   Malnutrition  Dehyadration  Choking  Aspiration Pneumonia 14.  On the left images of a patient with a benign stricture high in the esophagus (arrow). [slideshare.net]

  Symptoms of esophageal strictures include: Difficult or painful swallowing Food feeling stuck in the throat Food coming back up the throat from the stomach Frequent hiccupping or burping Coughing or choking Heartburn Unintentional weight loss and malnutrition [lluh.org]

  This may cause choking or difficulty breathing. Problems swallowing can prevent you from getting enough food and liquid. This may lead to dehydration and malnutrition. [healthline.com]

• Progressive Dysphagia

  Right: Tight stricture at the esophagogastric junction in a 98 year-old woman who had complained of progressive dysphagia to solids. [endoatlas.com]

  A 5-year-old girl with Stevens-Johnson syndrome developed progressive dysphagia secondary to esophageal stenosis. The authors resolved this by treating the patient with balloon dilatation. She has remained symptom-free for 10 months post-treatment. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  dysphagia, may cause total obstruction Back to top [pathologyoutlines.com]

  In another recent paper (Weston, Thosani, Bektas, Oruc, & Bhutani, 2010), a 79-year-old male patient who presented with progressive dysphagia and had endoscopic and ultrasound findings compatible to esophageal cancer was found to have esophageal stricture [nursingcenter.com]

  Case Report An eleven-year old boy presented in our hospital outpatient department with a complaint of significant progressive dysphagia since last 2 years associated with regurgitation of food particles recently without history of significant weight [omicsonline.org]

• Diarrhea

  Food poisoning typically causes nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, and a fever. If you lose too many fluids, you may also become dehydrated. Pneumonia symptoms include a high fever, chills, and cough that doesn't get better. [medlineplus.gov]

  It usually develops suddenly with: A high fever Nausea and vomiting A rash on your palms and soles that resembles sunburn Confusion Muscle aches Diarrhea Abdominal pain Septic arthritis Septic arthritis is often caused by a staph infection. [mayoclinic.org]

  Adverse effects of these drugs when they are used for short term are headache, fatigue, nausea, diarrhea and dizziness. [medlicker.com]

  Staphylococcal food poisoning is an illness of the bowels that causes nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and dehydration. [medicinenet.com]

  A 56-year-old man was admitted for abdominal pain and diarrhea lasting for 2 weeks. The endoscopic findings revealed severe reflux esophagitis and multiple ulcers at the bulb and second portion of the duodenum. [ekjm.org]

• Hypersalivation

  Soon afterwards signs of respiratory distress and hypersalivation emerged. On serial thoracic X-ray, a progressive widening air column was seen projecting on the cervicothoracic area (Figure 1). [jbsr.be]

  Other symptoms may be: hypersalivation, stridor during feeding, development deficits, recurrent pneumonia secondary to aspiration, upper respiratory tract infections, and foreign body or food impactions( 3, 8, 9 ). [scielo.br]

• Chest Pain

  A case of a 31-year-old female with congenital esophageal stenosis presenting with symptoms of chest pain caused by esophageal dysmotility is described. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  This causes chest pain and inability to swallow saliva. Attempts to relieve the obstruction by inducing vomiting at home are usually unsuccessful. Patients with complete esophageal obstruction can breathe and are not at risk of suffocation. [medicinenet.com]

  Strictures can also cause pain when swallowing, regurgitation (spitting up food or liquids) and weight loss. If the stricture is the result of reflux, your child may also have signs of that, such as heartburn, chest pain or a sore throat. [childrenshospital.org]

  Chest pain post dilation in the absence of esophageal perforation is less common in most patient populations. [clinicaladvisor.com]

• Heart Disease

  Other malformations may be present, such as anorectal malformations, congenital heart disease, trisomy 21, microphthalmia with coloboma of iris, atresia or duodenal duplication, malrotation, Meckelâ€(tm)s diverticulum, celiac disease, microgastria, diaphragmatic [scielo.br]

  Relatively frequent anomalies were as follows; congenital heart disease (4.5%), 21trisomy (4.0%), anorectal anomaly (2.0%), duodenal atresia (1.5%), tracheal malacia (1.5%), esophageal hiatal hernia (1.0%). [wjgnet.com]

• Kidney Failure

  People who may be more likely to get a staph infection include those with: Diabetes who use insulin HIV/AIDS Kidney failure requiring dialysis Weakened immune systems — either from a disease or medications that suppress the immune system Cancer, especially [mayoclinic.org]

• Renal Insufficiency

  In a cohort of patients with mild or moderate renal insufficiency, more than 80% responded to treatment, with no detrimental effect on their kidneys. [emedicine.medscape.com]

Further workup was not pursued, as the patient refused initial endoscopy. [acgcasereports.gi.org]

Being selective with the diagnostic workup is essential, and appropriate, timely referrals to an endoscopist merit consideration. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Descriptions of surgical techniques are included, as well as a discussion of potential complications of treatment modalities. [jhu.pure.elsevier.com]

Inappropriate treatment often is carried out before the correct diagnosis is established. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Novel treatment modalities for refractory strictures include temporary stent placement and incisional therapy. [nature.com]

Multivariable analyses indicated only esophageal stenosis as a common factor for poor prognosis. In addition, overall survival tended to decrease according to the GPS subgroups (median survival time (months): GPS0/GPS1/GPS2 16.1/14.9/8.7). [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Nevertheless, there have been reported certain cases where differentiation from malignancy was tricky, yet prognosis diverged significantly. [nursingcenter.com]

Treatment and prognosis The risk of Barrett esophagus in stricture is 20-40% and strictures should be evaluated endoscopically. [radiopaedia.org]

Outlook (Prognosis) The stricture may come back in the future. This would require a repeat dilation. Possible Complications Swallowing problems may keep you from getting enough fluids and nutrients. [nicklauschildrens.org]

Prognosis .—It is unfavorable in the large majority of cases. Where, there is but little structural change, repeated dilatation will effect a cure. Treatment .—It is very doubtful if medicines produce any influence on this unfortunate condition. [henriettes-herb.com]

EUS was useful for determining the etiology of esophageal stenosis and, thus, the appropriate treatment strategy. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

The length of stricture was longer (p=0.040) and the number of therapeutic sessions were increased (p=0.026) in corrosive stricture than other etiologies. [kci.go.kr]

Structures every chapter consistently to include Findings, Imaging Modalities, Clinical Presentation, Pathology, Incidence/Prevalence and Epidemiology, What the Referring Physician Needs to Know, Suggested Readings, and Selected Images to make reference [books.google.com]

Epidemiology[edit] Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) affects approximately 40% of adults. [en.wikipedia.org]

Staphylococcus aureus infections: epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and management. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 2015 Jul; 28 (3):603-61. [ PMC free article : PMC4451395 ] [ PubMed : 26016486 ] 7. DeLeo FR, Diep BA, Otto M. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Diagnosis and management Submit data Epidemiology PHE has carried out mandatory enhanced surveillance of MRSA bacteraemia since October 2005 and of MSSA bacteraemia since January 2011 for NHS acute trusts; patient-level data of any MRSA and MSSA bacteraemias [gov.uk]

The Changing Epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus [17 paragraphs]. Medscape Today [On-line article from Emerg Infect Dis 7(2), 2001]. Available FTP: http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/414383 S15 (2004 March 16). [labtestsonline.cz]

We discuss the pathophysiology, clinical presentation, differential diagnosis, and multidisciplinary management of peptic esophageal strictures. This case illustrates the difficulty in managing high peptic strictures. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Newborn Surgery, Third Edition provides a comprehensive compendium of the pathophysiology, investigation and management of neonatal disorders. [books.google.com]

This suggests that differences in pathophysiology between LPR and GERD patients are part of the basis for the contrasting symptomology. [nature.com]

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY: • Benign esophageal stricture describes a narrowing or tightening of the esophagus. • Benign esophageal stricture typically occurs when stomach acid and other irritants damage the lining of the esophagus over time. • This leads to inflammation [slideshare.net]

CONCLUSION: Biodegradable stents were useful for the treatment of benign esophageal stenosis, particularly for the prevention of post-ESD stenosis. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

They may also recommend them for long-term treatment to prevent recurrence. [healthline.com]