After the maxillary sinus, the ethmoid sinus is most commonly affected by infectious pathogens (including bacteria but also viruses and fungi), but it is not uncommon for more than one sinus to be involved [1] [2]. The ethmoid sinus lines the medial wall of the orbit and drains into the middle nasal meatus, which is why typical features of sinusitis - nasal obstruction, rhinorrhea (either serous or purulent), malaise and fever in more severe cases - are often present in patients suffering from ethmoid sinusitis [1] [3]. In many individuals, a preexisting infection of the upper respiratory tract is frequently reported, with symptoms of cough, a sore throat, rhinorrhea and a posterior pharyngeal drip [4]. Having in mind the anatomical proximity of the ethmoid sinus to the eye apparatus, the distinguishing feature of this condition is the concomitant presence of pain between the orbits (or behind the eyes), as well as swelling and tenderness in that area [1] [4]. Headaches are also a common manifestation of sinusitis. Symptoms may last from days to weeks, or even months, depending on the type of sinusitis and is an important clinical finding that can determine the course of treatment. Based on the duration of symptoms, acute (< 30 days), subacute (30-90 days) chronic (> 90 days) or recurrent (multiple episodes during the year) forms of sinusitis are described [1] [4]. Although more severe complications of sinusitis are rare, most notable in terms of ethmoid sinusitis are preseptal or orbital cellulitis, osteomyelitis, subperiosteal orbital abscess and dissemination of microorganisms into the central nervous system (CNS), as well as pseudodacryocystitis and nasolacrimal duct obstruction [4] [5].

• Low Fever

  Symptoms of a cold (runny nose and low fever) often give way to pain and pressure in the sinuses, which are usually the first signs of sinusitis. [humanillnesses.com]

• Postnasal Drip

  Nasal discharge or postnasal drip. Symptoms indicating medical emergency: Increasing severity of symptoms, particularly severe headache, altered vision, mild personality or mental changes (may indicate spread of infection to brain). [sinusitiswellness.com]

  The other symptoms that can manifest include the following: Runny nose that lasts longer than 10 days Facial swelling Postnasal drip Dense nasal secretions Sore throat Sinus headaches Fever Bad breath Generalized malaise or fatigue Cough Diminished sense [firstaidsaskatoon.ca]

  Symptoms of Ethmoid Sinus Infection • Nasal congestion and discharge • Postnasal drip • Pressure and pain on the eyes creating headache • Pain on one side of the nose • Headache in the temples • Pain relief when standing up or keeping your head upright [healthguidance.org]

  Signs and symptoms of Ethmoid Sinusitis include pain in the lower forehead, stuffy of running nose, post nasal discharge or postnasal drip, sinus pressure around the inner corners of the eyes, fever, sore throat, and breathing difficulties. [ethmoidsinusdisease.com]

• Hyposmia

  […] sinusitis cause similar symptoms, including Yellow or green pus discharged from the nose Pressure and pain in the face Congestion and blockage in the nose Tenderness (pain when touched) and swelling over the affected sinus Reduced ability to smell (hyposmia [merckmanuals.com]

  Box 2: Symptoms Associated with the Diagnosis of Chronic Sinusitis Facial pain or pressure Facial congestion or fullness Nasal obstruction or blockage Nasal discharge, purulence, or postnasal drip Hyposmia or anosmia Headache Fever Halitosis Fatigue Dental [clevelandclinicmeded.com]

• Anosmia

  When she continued to complain of progressive headaches, right-sided epiphora, and anosmia, limited computed tomography (CT) of the paranasal sinuses was obtained (figure 1). [go.galegroup.com]

  Box 2: Symptoms Associated with the Diagnosis of Chronic Sinusitis Facial pain or pressure Facial congestion or fullness Nasal obstruction or blockage Nasal discharge, purulence, or postnasal drip Hyposmia or anosmia Headache Fever Halitosis Fatigue Dental [clevelandclinicmeded.com]

• Insect Bite

  Preseptal cellulitis is more common and may be secondary to mucosal or skin lesions: viral (zona), bacterial (impetigo, erysipele, secondary infection after trauma), toxic (insect bite), post-URTI (sinusitis), ophthalmologic lesion (conjunctivitis, dacryocystitis [em-consulte.com]

• Diplopia

  Pathology [ edit ] Acute ethmoiditis in childhood and ethmoidal carcinoma may spread superiorly causing meningitis and cerebrospinal fluid leakage or it may spread laterally into the orbit causing proptosis and diplopia. [6] Additional images [ edit ] [en.wikipedia.org]

  Sphenoid and posterior ethmoid mucoceles are less frequent and may present with orbital involvement resulting in decreased vision, exophthalmos, diplopia or with the superior orbital fissure syndrome consisting of ocular palsies and decreased forehead [skullbaseinstitute.com]

  Diplopia can occur if an extraocular muscle, usually the medial rectus, is injured. Atrophic rhinitis has also been reported. [19] More worrisome are the rare, but unfortunate, reports of blindness due to resection of the optic nerve. [emedicine.medscape.com]

  Orbital floor repair may be helpful in cases with diplopia, severe cosmetic deformity or those with little improvement following endoscopic surgery. 3 Most certainly an acquired condition, SSS should be distinguished from maxillary sinus hypoplasia, which [appliedradiology.com]

• Unilateral Proptosis

  This article presents a case of bilateral ethmoid sinusitis with unilateral proptosis as a presenting sign of an unsuspected prostate carcinoma. A 59-year-old Hispanic male presented to his primary care physician with nasal congestion and rhinitis. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  proptosis as an initial manifestation of metastatic prostate carcinoma. ( 7861473 ) Fortson J.K....Moseley D.L. 1994 15 Radiological case of the month. [malacards.org]

• Retroorbital Pain

  Having in mind its anatomical location, eye-related symptoms such as retroorbital pain and swelling are used as a distinguishing feature. [symptoma.com]

• Scotoma

  ( 15547805 ) Busaba N.Y....Salman S.D. 2004 12 Peripheral scotoma associated with chronic ethmoidal sinusitis. [malacards.org]

• Frontal Headache

  Discriminatory clinical features include: pain between the eyes frontal headaches Specific treatment is rarely required. The ethmoiditis usually resolves with that of the acute infection. Links: sinusitis treatment of acute sinusitis [gpnotebook.co.uk]

  Maxillary sinusitis may cause pain in the maxillary area of the face, toothache, and frontal headache. Frontal sinusitis causes frontal pain and headache. Ethmoid sinusitis causes pain behind the eyes and frontal headache. [webhealthcentre.com]

  Because of the progression of his headaches, a maxillofacial and head CT scan was obtained, revealing acute sinusitis with frontal epidural abscess ( Figure 2 ). [aafp.org]

  Osteoma in frontal sinus Osteoma This is a patient who had been having brain MRI for the past 1,5 yrs for frontal headaches. On the MRI (not shown) it looked as if the patient had a little mucosal disease of the frontal sinus. [radiologyassistant.nl]

  Look for: Suspicion of intracranial spread - severe frontal headache, frontal swelling, symptoms or signs of meningitis or focal neurological signs. Suspicion of spread to the orbit - see separate article Orbital and Preseptal Cellulitis. [patient.info]

A meticulous patient history and a thorough physical examination are mandatory steps in achieving a diagnosis of ethmoid sinusitis, principally because clinical criteria are most important when it comes to infection of the paranasal sinuses [1] [2] [4] [6]. Identifying the onset and type of symptoms is detrimental in assessing which sinus is affected, although signs of rhinorrhea, cough, pain and headaches are sufficient to make a presumptive diagnosis of a paranasal infection. Physical findings include dullness (or absence) of light on transillumination exam, whereas detection of serous or mucopurulent discharge is also a notable observation [1] [2]. Clinical suspicion should be supported by imaging studies, which are necessary to confirm ethmoid sinusitis, with plain radiography often employed as the initial method. The occipitomental view is favored for visualization of the ethmoid cells, and an air-fluid level is considered as a diagnostic hallmark [3] [4]. Computed tomography (CT), however, is superior compared to plain X-rays, and is recommended whenever possible [3] [4] [6]. A detailed microbiological investigation is also a mandatory step in the workup. Cultivation of secretions obtained through nasal swabs is detrimental in confirming bacterial etiology, causative agents predominantly being haemophilus influenza, streptococcus pneumoniae, and gram-negative bacilli [7]. On the other hand, rhinovirus, influenza virus, and parainfluenza virus are notable viral agents [4].

• Chlamydia Trachomatis

  No anaerobes, viruses, or Chlamydia trachomatis organisms were identified. Results of this study showed organism isolation frequencies different from those found in other studies of chronic sinusitis reported in the literature. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Treatment The treatment for ethmoid sinusitis might require various measures that ranges from home treatment to surgery in severe cases. [firstaidsaskatoon.ca]

At New York Eye and Ear Infirmary of Mount Sinai (NYEE), we specialize in conditions of the nose and sinuses, employing state-of-the-art therapies and treatment options. [nyee.edu]

Discriminatory clinical features include: pain between the eyes frontal headaches Specific treatment is rarely required. The ethmoiditis usually resolves with that of the acute infection. Links: sinusitis treatment of acute sinusitis [gpnotebook.co.uk]

Since there are numerous causes of ethmoid sinusitis the doctor will choose the most suitable treatment modality. The treatment is generally conservative and majority of patients are prescribed certain medications. [ic.steadyhealth.com]

Treatment of chronic ethmoid sinusitis (ethmoiditis) Conservative treatment is often not given proper effect, providing only a temporary subsidence of the inflammatory process and creating a false premise for discontinuation of treatment. [minclinic.ru]

Treatment and Prognosis The treatment may be either medical or surgical. The initial treatment involves administration of appropriate antibiotics along with an analgesic and an anti-histaminic. [webhealthcentre.com]

Prognosis The importance of accurate pretreatment evaluation and staging with paranasal sinus tumors is critical, the stage and type of the paranasal sinus tumor are the most important factors in determining the prognosis. [skullbaseinstitute.com]

Prognosis The prognosis for acute sinusitis is very good. Most cases will go away within one to two weeks, often without antibiotics. [womenshealthmag.com]

Prognosis All but the acute invasive form carry a good prognosis once the diagnosis is made and treatment completed. Fulminant fungal sinusitis is associated with a 50% mortality rate, even with aggressive surgical and medical treatment. [patient.info]

PURPOSE: Review the microbiology of chronic rhinosinusitis and test the hypothesis that bacterial infections are not the predominant etiology for chronic rhinosinusitis. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Cultivation of secretions obtained through nasal swabs is detrimental in confirming bacterial etiology, causative agents predominantly being haemophilus influenza, streptococcus pneumoniae, and gram-negative bacilli. [symptoma.com]

Uncovering the etiology of chronic sinusitis can be more difficult. [arizonasinus.com]

It may complicate preseptal cellulitis (irrespective of the underlying etiology) or be the presenting symptom. [em-consulte.com]

Etiology The paranasal sinuses all drain into the nasal cavity. All of the sinuses are lined with mucousal membranes. This is the area most commonly infected because of drainage problems. [nku.edu]

There is no epidemiological study in Brazil, but it is most likely similar to the American 2 one. [scielo.br]

Epidemiology Although this is less common than acute sinusitis, it remains a reasonably common entity in itself, accounting for about 25 cases per 10,000 person-years in an average UK GP practice [ 2 ]. [patient.info]

Assess the effect of the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on the epidemiology of acute bacterial sinusitis. 10. Develop new bacterial and viral vaccines to reduce the incidence of acute bacterial sinusitis. [pediatrics.aappublications.org]

[…] chronic bronchitis, exacerbation of these diseases affects more than 90 million people—nearly one in three Americans. 5 The socioeconomic impact of this translates to more than $5.8 billion dollars spent on the treatment of sinusitis. 6 Back to Top Pathophysiology [clevelandclinicmeded.com]

It can occur as a result of a variety of causes of inflammation, the pathophysiology being that this leads to sinus cavity obstruction and subsequent infection (acute sinusitis) and chronic inflammation (chronic disease). [patient.info]

This condition can be prevented by taking a few precautionary and preventive measures. Sinusitis can be prevented or its frequency can be reduced to a great extent by avoiding the potential allergens and irritants, and by using a humidifier. [buzzle.com]

There are also many preventative measures you can take to avoid ethmoid sinusitis such as washing your hands regularly when you have a cold or are around those with a cold. Getting a flu jab can also prevent this by preventing the virus. [healthguidance.org]

Prevention Prevent maxillary sinus disease by strengthening your immune system. A balanced diet and fitness routine does wonders for helping you to fight off any infection, including all types of sinusitis. [ehow.com]

Some chronic sufferers of sinusitis also report that using a humidifier is beneficial to prevent the sinuses from becoming too dry, and subsequently blocked or clogged, as a preventative measure. [naturalremedies.org]

1. Porter RS, Kaplan JL. Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy. 19th Edition. Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp. Whitehouse Station, N.J; 2011
2. Longo DL, Fauci AS, Kasper DL, Hauser SL, Jameson J, Loscalzo J. eds. Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 18e. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2012.
3. Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R. Mandel, Douglas and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. 8th ed. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Churchill Livingstone; 2015.
4. Masood A, Moumoulidis I, Panesar J. Acute rhinosinusitis in adults: an update on current management. Postgraduate Medical Journal. 2007;83(980):402-408.
5. Yazici B, Yazici Z. Pseudodacryocystitis and nasolacrimal duct obstruction secondary to ethmoiditis. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg. 2010;26(5):381-383.
6. Crovetto-Martínez R, Martin-Arregui FJ, Zabala-López-de-Maturana A, Tudela-Cabello K, Crovetto-de la Torre MA. Frequency of the odontogenic maxillary sinusitis extended to the anterior ethmoid sinus and response to surgical treatment. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2014;19(4):e409-e413.
7. Brook I. Bacteriology of Acute and Chronic Ethmoid Sinusitis. J Clin Microbiol. 2005;43(7):3479-3480.