While leucocoria (a white reflex) is a common presenting sign of retinoblastoma in most high-income countries, an enlarged eye or proptosis with extraocular tumour extension remains the most common presenting sign in low- and middle-income countries.2 [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

While leucocoria (a white reflex) is a common presenting sign of retinoblastoma in most high-income countries, an enlarged eye or proptosis with extra ocular tumour extension remains the most common presenting sign in low- and middle-income countries.2 [cehjournal.org]

Locally advanced tumors (Class I-III) were present in 83.1% of the patients. [bdsp-ehesp.inist.fr]

However, within 2 days of presentation, the child died, most probably due to extensive systemic and CNS metastasis. [casereports.bmj.com]

PRIOR PRESENTATION Presented in part at the 2017 American Society of Clinical Oncology meeting (oral), June 3, 2017, Chicago, IL; the International Society of Pediatric Oncology (SIOP) meeting (oral), October 15, 2017, Washington, DC; and the 2019 International [ascopubs.org]

• Confusion

  The different staging systems used for retinoblastoma can be confusing. Be sure to ask your child’s doctor if you have any questions about the stage of your child’s cancer. [cancer.org]

These changes can often be appreciated; for example, the degree of tumor differentiation in retinoblastoma is evaluated during the diagnostic workup by ophthalmic pathologists, but may be hard to quantify and reproduce between observers. 15 Gamel J.W. [ophthalmologyscience.org]

• Toxocara Canis

  Serum titers positive for toxocara canis would further confirm the diagnosis. A and B-scan ultrasound is helpful to differentiate retinoblastoma from these conditions. [eyewiki.aao.org]

The 5-year overall survival was 55.1% in the first treatment period and 59.4% in the second treatment period (P=0.69). [bdsp-ehesp.inist.fr]

[…] to treatment protocol. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

The 5-year overall survival was 55.1% in the first treatment period and 59.4% in the second treatment period (P = 0.69). [pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

This chapter describes the treatment options described in the scientific literature for treatment of the various stages of extraocular disease. [link.springer.com]

ATP-hydrolysing) Isomerases Enzyme Vincristine Enzyme inhibitor Antimitotic Cyclophosphamide Epidemiology Brazil South America America Alkaloid Doxorubicin Antibiotic Anthracyclins Etoposide Child Human Drug combination Treatment Therapeutic protocol Prognosis [bdsp-ehesp.inist.fr]

Abstract Metastatic retinoblastoma has a poor prognosis when treated with conventional chemotherapy and radiation therapy (RT). Intensified therapy may improve the outcome. [ascopubs.org]

PMID: 12973854 Prognosis Pant G, Verma N, Kumar A, Pooniya V, Gupta SK Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2017 Nov;34(8):419-424. Epub 2018 Jan 16 doi: 10.1080/08880018.2017.1422060. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Retinoblastomas in Ibadan: Treatment and prognosis West Afr J Med. 1993;12:223–7 Cited Here 7. Stannard C, Lipper S, Sealy R, Sevel D. [journals.lww.com]

(c) 2014 one.aao.org Early diagnosis of retinoblastoma can maximize the patient's visual prognosis as well as survival rate. [eyewiki.aao.org]

[from NCI] Etiology Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2017 Nov;34(8):419-424. Epub 2018 Jan 16 doi: 10.1080/08880018.2017.1422060. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

The current study was performed to evaluate two regimens of treatment and to describe clinical and epidemiologic characteristics in patients with extraocular retinoblastoma. METHODS. [bdsp-ehesp.inist.fr]

Free article Abstract Background: The current study was performed to evaluate two regimens of treatment and to describe clinical and epidemiologic characteristics in patients with extraocular retinoblastoma. [pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

The epidemiological challenge of the most frequent eye cancer: retinoblastoma, an issue of birth and death. Br J Ophthalmol 2009;93(9):1129–31. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 2. Ali AA, Elsheikh SM, Elhaj A, et al. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

The epidemiological challenge of the most frequent eye cancer: retinoblastoma, an issue of birth and death. Br J Ophthalmol 2009;93(9):1129-31. 2 Ali AA, Elsheikh SM, Elhaj A, et al. [cehjournal.org]

The epidemiological challenge of the most frequent eye cancer: Retinoblastoma, an issue of birth and death Br J Ophthalmol. 2009;93:1129–31 Cited Here 3. Reese AB, Ellsworth RM. [journals.lww.com]

The overall data indicates that aggressive multimodality therapy can, in part, arrest progression of extraocular disease and thereby prevent the high attrition rate associated with metastatic disease. [tandfonline.com]

[…] the anterior segment (front of the eye) tumour covering the optic nerve head tumour in the choroid or sclera (outer layers of the eye) any treatment involving insertion of a needle directly into the eye retinal detachment or bleeding in the eye that prevents [wechope.org]

Clinical trials look at new ways to prevent, find and treat cancer. Find out more about clinical trials. American Cancer Society. Treating Retinoblastoma. 2015. American Society of Clinical Oncology. Retinoblastoma - Childhood. 2015. [cancer.ca]

The role of systemic chemotherapy in preventing pinealoblastoma and second neoplasm in germline retinoblastoma is controversial [57–59]. [hindawi.com]

J Fr Ophtalmol 28: 725–31 CrossRef CAS PubMed Google Scholar Beck MN, Balmer A, Dessing C, et al. (2000) First-line chemotherapy with local treatment can prevent externalbeam irradiation and enucleation in low-stage intraocular retinoblastoma. [link.springer.com]